2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第58期

2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a babys life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes may not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye which is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mothers back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus ones gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of ones conversation partner”.The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker re-establishes eye contact: If they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.1. The author is convinced that the eyes are（ ）.2.Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person（ ）.3.According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to（ ）.4.To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants（ ）.问题1选项A.of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB.something through which one can see a persons inner worldC.of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD.something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate问题2选项A.whose front view is fully perceivedB.whose face is covered with a maskC.whose face is seen from the sideD.whose face is free of any covering.问题3选项A.one temporarily glancing away from the otherB.eye contact of more than one secondC.improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD.constant adjustment of eye contact问题4选项A.not to wear dark spectaclesB.not to make any interruptionsC.not to glance away from each otherD.not to make unpredictable pauses【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文第一段首句“Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.” 眼睛是不是“心灵的窗户”是有争议的;它们在人际交往中非常重要，这是一个事实。A选项“在表达感情和交换思想方面是极为重要的”，B选项“可以看到一个人内心世界的东西”，C选项“在使谈话变得有趣方面具有相当重要的意义”，D选项“它的价值在很大程度上是一个长期争论的问题”。因此，A选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文，“Significantly, a real human face with eyes may not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye which is presented in profile.”值得注意的是，一张有眼睛的真实的人脸可能不会让人发笑，而只看到一只眼睛的侧面也不会让人发笑。A选项“正面被完全感知”，B选项“脸上戴着面具”，C选项“从侧面看脸”，D选项“脸部没有任何遮盖物”。因此，C选项符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文“If they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation.”如果对方没看，说话者就会认为对方不感兴趣，就会停下来等对方继续看他，或者终止谈话。A选项“一个人暂时把目光从另一个人身上移开”，B选项“眼神交流超过一秒”，C选项“不合时宜地停止眼神接触”，D选项“不断调整眼神接触”。因此，C选项符合题意。4.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文的最后一段的最后一句，“Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.”当两个说话的人都戴着墨镜时，就会清楚地看到这种眼动对保持谈话顺畅有多么重要:谈话中可能会出现由于打断、错误的开始和不可预知的停顿而造成的语塞，A选项“不要戴黑眼镜”，B选项“不要打岔”，C选项“不要把目光从对方身上移开”，D选项“不要出人意料地停顿”。因此，C选项符合题意。2. 单选题Being able to speak two languages fluently is not enough for a person to become a（ ）interpreter. Learning how to speak and listen is also essential.问题1选项A.tranquilB.futileC.mercifulD.simultaneous【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项tranquil “平静的”；B选项futile“无效的”；C选项merciful“仁慈的”；D选项simultaneous“同时的”。句意：能够流利地说两种语言是不足以让一个人成为同声口译员的。学会说和听也很重要。本句表示同声传译。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题After newspaper reports claimed the company was dumping toxic waste illegally. It came under（ ）from the authorities.问题1选项A.insultB.solitudeC.nuisanceD.scrutiny【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项insult“侮辱”；B选项solitude“孤独”；C选项nuisance“损害”；D选项scrutiny“详细审查”。句意：在报纸报道这家公司非法倾倒有毒废料之后，它受到了当局的审查。本句表示公司受到审查。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题The Benefits of New Urbanism(1) New urbanism is the most important planning movement in this century, and is about creating a better future for us all. It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living by creating better places to live in. New urbanism is the revival of our lost art of place-making, and is essentially a re-ordering of the built environment into the form of complete cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoodsthe way communities have been built for centuries around the world. New urbanism involves fixing and infilling cities, as well as the creation of compact new towns and villages. The benefits of new urbanism are as follows:Benefits to Residents(2) Higher quality of life; better places in which to live, work, and play; more stable property values; less traffic congestion and less driving; healthier lifestyle with more walking and less stress; close proximity to main street retail and services; close proximity to bike trail, parks, and nature; pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town, resulting in meaningful relationships with more people, and friendlier town; more freedom and independence to children, the elderly, and the poor in being able to get to jobs recreation, and services without the need for a car or someone to drive them; great savings to residents and school boards in reduced busing costs from children being able to walk or bicycle to neighborhood schools; more diversity and smaller, unique shops and services with local owners who are involved in community; big savings by driving less, and owning less cars; less ugly, congested sprawl to deal with daily; better sense of place and community identity with more unique architecture; more open space to enjoy that will remain open space; more efficient use of tax money with less spent on utilities and roads used for the sprawl.Benefits to Businesses(3) Increased sales due to more foot traffic and people spending less on cars and gas; more profits due to spending less on advertising and large signs; better lifestyle by living near work units saves the stressful and costly commute; economies of scale in marketing due to close proximity and cooperation with other local business incubation; lower rents due to smaller spaces and smaller parking lots; healthier lifestyle due to more walking and being near healthier restaurants; more community involvement from being part of community and knowing residents.(4) Benefits to Developers. More income potential from higher density mixed-use projects due to more leasable square footage, more sales per square foot, and higher property values and selling prices; faster approvals in communities that have adopted smart growth principles resulting in cost/time sayings: cost savings in parking facilities in mixed-use properties due to sharing of spaces throughout the day and night, resulting in less duplication in providing parking; less need for parking facilities due to mix of residences and commercial uses within walking distance of each other; less impact on roads/traffic, which can result in lower impact fees; lower cost of utilities due to compact nature of new urbanist design; faster sellout due to greater acceptance by consumers from a wider product range resulting in wider market share.Benefits to Municipalities(5) Stable, appreciating tax base; less spent per capita on infrastructure and utilities than typical suburban development due to compact high-density nature of projects; increased tax base due to more buildings packed into a tighter area; less traffic congestion due to walkability of design; less crime and less money spent on police due to the presence of more people day and night; better overall community image and sense of place; less incentive to sprawl when urban core area is desirable; easy to install transit where its not, and improve it where it is; greater civic involvement of population leading to better governance.(6) The most effective way to implement new urbanism it to plan for it, and write it into zoning and development codes. This directs all future development into this form.(7) Increasingly, regional planning techniques are being used to control and shape growth into compact, high-density, mixed-use neighborhoods, villages, towns, and cities. Planning new train systems (instead of more roads) delivers the best results when designed in harmony with regional land planning known as Transit Oriented Development (TOD). At the same time, the revitalization of urban areas directs and encourages infill development back into city centers.(8) Planning for compact growth, rather than letting it sprawl out, has the potential to greatly increase the quality of the environment. It also prevents congestion problems and the environmental degradation normally associated with growth.(9) There are some obstacles in implementation of new urbanism. The most important obstacle to overcome is the restrictive and incorrect zoning codes currently in force in most municipalities. Current codes do not allow new urbanism to be built, but do allow sprawl.(10) An equally important obstacle is the continuous road building and expansion taking place in every community across America. This encourages more driving and more sprawl which has a domino effect on increasing traffic congestion across the region. Halting road projects and building new train system can help reverse this problematic trend.1. A pedestrian street is a street（ ）.2. According to the passage new urbanism emphasizes（ ）.3.Which of the following can BEST summarize the benefits of new urbanism to residents?4.Which of the following statements is TRUE?5.To preserve the environment, new urbanism lays stress on（ ）.问题1选项A.suitable for bicyclingB.suitable for walkingC.designed for pedalsD.designed for scooters问题2选项A.the expansion of urban areasB.the artistic decoration of newly-built buildingsC.the improvement of the built environmentD.the environmental preservation问题3选项A.Compactness in civic structure, conveniences and economies in life.B.Better relationships with more people and a friendlier town.C.Easy shopping and more services that reduce busing costs.D.Walkability, healthier lifestyle and more freedom.问题4选项A.New urbanism likes to design more roads in order to facilitate the traffic.B.New urbanism favors the transportation with new railway systems.C.New urbanist planners oppose to pedestrian friendly design.D.New urbanist planners do not support the infill development.问题5选项A.the reduction of factoriesB.the sprawl of the cityC.the lessening of traffic jamsD.the compact growth of the urban area【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人），说明pedestrian street是对行人友好的社区。因此B选项“适合行走”正确。A选项“适合骑自行车”，C选项“为脚踏车设计”和D选项“为小型摩托车设计”都不是指步行，所以A，C，D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living by creating better places to live in.（它是一场改革建筑环境设计的国际运动，是通过创造更好的居住场所来提高我们的生活质量和生活水平。），说明新城市主义强调对居住环境的改善。因此C选项“改善建筑环境”正确。A选项“城市地区的扩张”，B选项“新建筑的艺术装饰”和D选项“环境保护”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。3.主旨大意题。根据题干关键词“residents”可以定位到文章第二段，healthier lifestyle with more walking and less stress（更健康的生活方式，更多的步行和更少的压力）说明新城市主义对居民健康生活方式的好处；pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人）说明了新城市主义注重人的步行友好性；more freedom and independence to children, the elderly, and the poor in being able to get to jobs recreation, and services without the need for a car or someone to drive them（让孩子、老人和穷人有更多的自由和独立，他们有能力去工作、娱乐和服务，而不需要搭乘汽车或别人给他们开车）说明了新城市主义为居民带来了更多的自由。因此D选项“适合步行，更健康的生活方式和更多的自由。”最能概括新城市主义为居民带来的好处。A选项“城市结构的紧凑，生活的便利和经济”中城市结构的紧凑是对城市的好处，所以A错误。B选项“更好的人际关系和更友好的城市”，C选项“方便的购物和更多的服务，减少巴士费用”都只是对居民带来好处的一部分，不能完整概括新城市主义为居民带来的好处，所以B，C错误。4.客观细节题。由B选项关键词“railway systems”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planning new train systems (instead of more roads) delivers the best results when designed in harmony with regional land planning known as Transit Oriented Development.（规划新的铁路系统而不是更多的道路如果设计与区域土地规划相协调，就会产生最好的效果。），说明新城市主义注重于新的铁路系统规划。因此B选项“新城市主义用新的铁路系统促进交通。”正确。由A选项关键词“more roads” 可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planning new train systems (instead of more roads) delivers the best results（规划新的铁路系统而不是修建更多的公路能带来最好的结果），说明新城市主义不主张修建更多的公路。因此A选项“新城市主义喜欢设计更多的道路，以方便交通。”不符合原文。由C选项关键词“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrian friendly communities offer more opportunities to get to know others in the neighborhood and town（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人），说明新城市主义者注重行人友好性。因此C选项“新城市主义规划师反对行人友好的设计。”不符合原文。由D选项关键词“infill development”可以定位到第七段最后一句At the same time, the revitalization of urban areas directs and encourages infill development back into city centers.（与此同时，城市地区的振兴引导和鼓励对城市中心的填充式开发。），说明新城市主义者是支持“infill development”的。因此D选项“新城市主义规划师不支持填充开发。”不符合原文。5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“environment”可以定位到第八段第一句Planning for compact growth, rather than letting it sprawl out, has the potential to greatly increase the quality of the environment.（紧凑发展的规划，而不是让它向外扩张，有可能极大地提高环境质量。），说明为了保护环境，新城市主义强调的是紧凑发展的规划。因此D选项“城市区域的紧凑发展”正确。A选项“工厂的减少”，B选项“城市的扩张”和C选项“交通堵塞的减轻”都和保护环境无关，所以A，B，C错误。5. 单选题Although it was his first experience as chairman, he（ ）over the meeting with great skill.问题1选项A.presidedB.administeredC.masteredD.executed【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项presided“主持”；B选项administered“管理”；C选项mastered“支配”；D选项executed“实行”。句意：虽然这是他第一次当主席，但他还是娴熟地主持了这次会议。本句表示主持会议，只有presided才能与over搭配。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题The statistics Ive cited and the living examples are all too familiar to you. But what may not be so familiar will be the increasing number of women who are looking actively for advancement of for a new job in your offices. This woman may be equipped with professional skills and perhaps valuable experience. She will not be content to be Executive Assistant to Mr. Seldom Seen of the Assistant Vice Presidents Girl Friday, who is the only one who comes in on Saturday.She is the symbol of what I call the Second Wave of Feminism. She is the modern woman who is determined to be.Her forerunner was the radical feminist who interpreted her trapped position as a female as oppression by the master class of men. Men, she believed, had created a domestic, servile role for women in order that men could have the career and the opportunity to participate in making the great decisions of society. Thus the radical feminist held that women through history had been oppressed and dehumanized, mainly because man chose to exploit his wife and the mother of his children. Sometimes it was deliberate exploitation and sometimes it was the innocence of never looking beneath the pretensions of life.The radical feminists found strength in banding together. Coming to recognize each other for the first time, they could explore their own identities, realize their own power, and view the male and his system as the common enemy. The first phases of feminism in the last five years often took on this militant, class-warfare tone. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and many others hammered home their ideas with a persistence that aroused and intrigued many of the brightest and most able women in the country. Consciousness-raising groups allowed women to explore both their identities and their dreamsand the two were often found in direct conflict.What is the stereotyped role of American women? Marriage. A son. Two daughters. Breakfast. Ironing. Lunch. Bowling, maybe a garden club of for the very daring, non-credit courses in ceramics. Perhaps an occasional cocktail party. Dinner. Football or baseball on TV. Each day the same. Never any growth in expectations unless it is growth because the husband has succeeded. The inevitable question: “Is that all there is to life?” The rapid growth of many feminist organizations attests to the fact that these radical feminists had touched some vital nerves. The magazine “Ms.” was born in the year of the death of the magazine “Life.” But too often the consciousness-raising sessions became ends in themselves. Too often sexism reversed itself and man-hating was encouraged. Many had been with the male chauvinist.It is not difficult, therefore, to detect a trend toward moderation. Consciousness-raising increasingly is regarded as a means to independence and fulfillment, rather than a ceremony of fulfillment itself. Genuine independence can be realized through competence, through finding a career, through the use of education. Remember that for many decades the education of women was not supposed to be useful.1. What was the main idea of this passage?2.What was the authors attitude toward the radical?3.What does the word “militant” mean?4.What was the radical feminists view point about the male?问题1选项A.The Second Wave of Feminist.B.Womens Independent Spirits.C.The Unity of Women.D.The Action of Union.问题2选项A.He supported it wholeheartedly.B.He opposed it strongly.C.He disapproved to some extent.D.He ignored it completely.问题3选项A.Aggressive.B.Ambitions.C.Progressive.D.Independent.问题4选项A.Women were exploited by the male.B.Women were independent of the male.C.Womens lives were deprived by the male.D.The male were their common enemy.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。第一段举了一个具体的例子，第二段指明She is the symbol of what I call the Second Wave of Feminism. She is the modern woman who is determined to be.（她是我所说的第二次女权主义浪潮的象征。她就是现代女性的代表。），接下来全文围绕女权运动展开论述。因此A选项“第二次女权主义浪潮。”最符合文章主旨。B选项“女性的独立精神”和C选项“女性的团结”只是文章的一个方面，不能概括文章主旨，所以B，C错误。D选项“工会的行动”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。2.观点态度题。由题干可以定位到文章倒数第二段中The rapid growth of many feminist organizations attests to the fact that these radical feminists had touched some vital nerves. The magazine “Ms.” was born in the year of the death of the magazine “Life.” But too often the consciousness-raising sessions became ends in themselves. Too often sexism reversed itself and man-hating was encouraged. Many had been with the male chauvinist.（许多女权主义组织的迅速发展证明了这样一个事实，即这些激进的女权主义者已经触动了一些重要的神经。女士杂志就在生活杂志停刊那年诞生。可是唤起觉醒的会议常常成为这些活动的目的。性别歧视常常颠倒过来，鼓励憎恨男人。许多人都曾是大男子主义者。），表明了作者对激进分子有点批评、不满的态度。接下来最后一段又说到It is not difficult, therefore, to detect a trend toward moderation. Consciousness-raising incre