2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第28期

2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Almost 15 years ago, in “The Work of Nations,” I described a three-tiered work force found in most advanced economies. At the bottom were workers who offer personal service, mainly in retail outlets, restaurants, hotels and hospitals. In the middle were production workers in factories or offices, performing simple, repetitive tasks. At the top were “symbolic analysts”, like engineers or lawyers, who manipulate information to solve problems. Educated to think critically, almost all have university degrees. They were the knowledge workers of the new economy.I predicted that advances in technology, and globalization, would widen the gaps in income and opportunity between these tiers. What I didnt predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically. The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected. Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. Their incomes in developing economies are soaring, relative to other workers.Two different groups of symbolic analysts are emerging: national and global. Most symbolic analysts still work within a national economy, manipulating various kinds of symbols with the aid of computers. Theyre at the core of their nations middle classaccountants, engineers, lawyers, journalists and other university-trained professionals.Yet a new group is emerging at the very top. Theyre CEOs and CFOs of global corporations, and partners and executives in global investment banks, law firms and consultancies. Unlike most national symbolic analysts, these global symbolic analysts conduct almost all their work in English, and share with one another an increasingly similar cosmopolitan culture.Theres a good economic reason that this group of global symbolic analysts emerged. Global commerce is now occurring on a scale and with a complexity that no commercial contract can adequately cover and no single legal system can sufficiently enforce. Hence, global dealmakers must rely to an ever greater extent on an extended network of people whom they trust.The fears of national symbolic analysts are premature. The demand for their skills is still rising, notwithstanding the new competition. The earnings of university graduates in the United States and most advanced economies continue to outpace the earnings of those with only secondary-school diplomas, and the earnings of people with graduate and professional degrees are rising even faster. If demand for symbolic analysts were dropping, we would expect the opposite.Yet unless the advanced economies invest more in education and basic R&D, they could lose their global lead in science, engineering and high-value-added production within a few decades. China and India are now graduating more engineers and computer scientists than are emerging from American and European universities. At some point, national symbolic analysts in advanced economies will lose ground. Their global brethren, meanwhile, will continue to dominate global commerce. The income and wealth gap between them will widen into a chasm. They will live, literally, in different cultures.1. In what way is the prediction made by the author 15 years ago flawed?2. In what way has the three tiers changed shape in developed countries?3. The emergence of the global symbolic analysts is mainly attributable to the _.4. The author advises advanced countries want to keep their competitive advantage to _.5. The author implies in the text that _.问题1选项A.The income gaps between the tiers are not widening.B.Advances in technology create a fourth tier on the top.C.The income gap between the middle and top tiers is made wider.D.The knowledge workers become the largest group of the workforce.问题2选项A.The number of manufacturing workers is on the decline.B.The symbolic analysts have become the dominant work force.C.The number of people in service industry remains stable.D.The computer workers receive the larger salaries than other workers.问题3选项A.popularity of the English languageB.increased transnational business transactionC.lack of suitable law applicable to global dealingsD.emergence of a global culture问题4选项A.narrow down the income gaps between tiers of the workforceB.give national symbolic analysts consC.pay due attention to the rise of global symbolic analystsD.stream more money into education and research问题5选项A.a four-tiered classification is more suitable for picturing the present work forceB.national symbolic analysts will play a vital role in the upcoming globalizationC.graduates from Chinese and Indian universities will be valued in advanced economiesD.engineers and computer scientists will play different roles in different cultures【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“I predicted that advances in technology, and globalization, would widen the gaps in income and opportunity between these tiers. What I didnt predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically. The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected.（我预测，技术进步和全球化将扩大这些阶层之间的收入和机会差距。我没有预料到的是，这三层的形状会发生如此巨大的变化。顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩，比我预期的要快得多。）”，由顶层在增长，中层在萎缩，可推断出中高层阶级的收入差距变得更大了，这是作者没有预测到的，所以C选项“中高层收入差距进一步扩大”符合题意。根据“What I didnt predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically.（我没有预料到的是，这三层的形状会发生如此巨大的变化。）”可知A选项“各阶层之间的收入差距没有扩大”说法错误；B选项“技术的进步创造了比高层更高的第四层”不符合题意；D选项“知识工人成为劳动力的最大群体”，文章提到“Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. （象征性分析师现在占据了发达经济体所有工作岗位的五分之一以上，而15年前这一比例约为15%。）”，并没有说知识工人成为劳动力的最大群体，D选项错误。因此C选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected. Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. Their incomes in developing economies are soaring, relative to other workers.（顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩，比我预期的要快得多。象征性分析师现在占据了发达经济体所有工作岗位的五分之一以上，而15年前这一比例约为15%。相对于其他工人，他们在发展中国家的收入正在飙升。）”，以及结合第一段可知，中层阶级主要是制造业工人，该句中提到中层阶级在萎缩，由此可推断制造业工人的数量在下降，A选项“制造业工人数量在下降”正确；B选项“象征性分析师已经成为主导的劳动力”，文章只提到了他们的比例有所提高，并没有强调他们的主导地位，B选项错误；根据第一段“At the bottom were workers who offer personal service, mainly in retail outlets, restaurants, hotels and hospitals.（最底层的是提供个人服务的工人，主要在零售店、餐馆、酒店和医院工作。）”，且第二段提到“The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking.（顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩）”可知服务业从业人数增长了，所以C选项“服务业从业人数保持稳定”说法错误；D选项“计算机工人的工资比其他工人高”文章没有提到，因此A选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段“Theres a good economic reason that this group of global symbolic analysts emerged. Global commerce is now occurring on a scale and with a complexity that no commercial contract can adequately cover and no single legal system can sufficiently enforce. Hence, global dealmakers must rely to an ever greater extent on an extended network of people whom they trust.（这群全球符号分析师的出现有一个很好的经济原因。目前全球商业的规模和复杂性是任何商业合同都无法充分涵盖的，是任何单一的法律体系都无法充分执行的。因此，全球交易商必须在更大程度上依赖于他们所信任的扩大网络。）”，由此可推断出全球符号分析师出现的根本原因是因为缺乏适用于全球交易的法律，所以C选项“缺乏适用于全球交易的法律”正确。A选项“英语语言的普及”；B选项“跨国业务交易的增加”虽然也是一个原因，但不是根本原因；D选项“全球文化的出现”。因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Yet unless the advanced economies invest more in education and basic R&D, they could lose their global lead in science, engineering and high-value-added production within a few decades.（然而，除非发达经济体在教育和基础研发方面加大投资，否则它们可能在几十年内失去在科学、工程和高附加值生产方面的全球领先地位。）”，由此可知作者建议发达国家如果想要保持他们的竞争优势，就必须加大对教育和研究与开发方面的投资，所以D选项“加大对教育和研究的资金投入”符合题意。A选项“缩小劳动阶层之间的收入差距”；B选项“给国家象征分析家一些批评”；C选项“对全球符号分析者的崛起给予应有的关注”。因此D选项正确。5.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“China and India are now graduating more engineers and computer scientists than are emerging from American and European universities. At some point, national symbolic analysts in advanced economies will lose ground. Their global brethren, meanwhile, will continue to dominate global commerce. （现在，中国和印度的工程师和计算机科学家毕业生比美国和欧洲大学毕业生还要多。在某种程度上，发达经济体的国家象征性分析师将失去优势。与此同时，他们的全球兄弟将继续主导全球商业。）”，由此可推断出C选项“中国和印度大学的毕业生将在发达经济体受到重视”符合题意。A选项“四级分类更适合描述目前的劳动力”；B选项“国家象征分析家将在即将到来的全球化中扮演至关重要的角色”；D选项“工程师和计算机科学家将在不同的文化中扮演不同的角色”。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题She spoke so _ at the conference, as though the said issue was of little importance.问题1选项A.seriouslyB.casuallyC.stubbornlyD.comically【答案】B【解析】考查副词解析。A选项seriously“认真地；严重地，严肃地”；B选项casually“随便地；偶然地；临时地”；C选项stubbornly“倔强地；顽固地；顽强地；固执地”；D选项comically“滑稽地；诙谐地”。句意：她在会议上讲话那么随便，好像那个问题不重要似的。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题In the case of Finney, where an attendant at a mental hospital caused the death of a patient by releasing a flow of boiling water into a bath, the test was whether he was grossly _.问题1选项A.negativeB.negligentC.neglectedD.negligible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项negative“负的；消极的；否定的；阴性的”；B选项negligent“疏忽的；粗心大意的”；C选项neglected“被忽视的；无人照管的”；D选项negligible“微不足道的，可以忽略的”。句意：在芬尼案中，精神病院的一名护工将沸腾的开水倒入浴缸，导致一名病人死亡，测试的是他是否严重疏忽。因此B选项正确。4. 翻译题With the adoption of the Multiculturalism, a series of non-discriminatory programmes was introduced to enable Australians from non-English speaking backgrounds to have greater equality of access to education, health and social services and pensions. In addition, “ethnic groups” were positioned to have greater access to government channels and to be accorded the rights to speak for their “minority groups”.【答案】随着多元文化主义的采用，以及一系列非歧视性方案的引入，非英语背景的澳大利亚人能够更平等地获得教育、保健和社会服务以及养老金。此外，“族裔群体”有更多的机会接触政府渠道，并被赋予为其“少数民族”发言的权利。5. 单选题There are people in Italy who cant stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens. They tell you its a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, and gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because theres the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still. On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, and close-ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV wont do it for you.Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms bang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first basemans position. Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses.1. The passage is mainly concerned with _.2. Those who dont like baseball may complain that _.3. The author admits that _.4. By stating “I could have had my eyes closed.” the author means _.5. We can safely conclude that the author _.问题1选项A.the different tastes of people for sportsB.the different characteristics of sportsC.the attraction of footballD.the attraction of baseball问题2选项A.it is only to the taste of the oldB.it involves fewer players than footballC.it is not exciting enoughD.it is pretentious and looks funny问题3选项A.baseball is too peaceful for the youngB.baseball may seem boring when watched on TVC.football is more attracting than baseballD.baseball is more interesting than football问题4选项A.the third baseman would rather sleep than play the gameB.even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no different to the resultC.the third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all the time and do his work wellD.the consequent was too bad he could not bear to see it问题5选项A.likes footballB.hates footballC.hates baseballD.likes baseball【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段简述了人们对棒球所持的偏见认为它毫无活力、从容和缓；文章的第二、三、四、五段探讨了棒球的根本特征及欣赏角度，文章的最后一句话用一个比喻概括了棒球的魅力“If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music（如果橄榄球是一曲交响乐的话，那么，棒球中所表现出来的运动恰似一曲优美的室内乐。）”。可见，本文主要探讨的是棒球的特点及其欣赏，所以D选项“棒球的吸引力”符合题意。A选项“人们对运动的不同品味”不对，虽然第一段也确实提到了不同观众对不同运动形式的偏好，但这只是用以引出对棒球的特征及欣赏的讨论；B选项“运动的不同特点”和C选项“足球的吸引力”都不是文章主要表达的内容，故不选。因此D选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“.there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens. They tell you its a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, and gentlemanly. （许多人不喜欢棒球，一提起棒球这些人就打哈欠甚至皱眉头。对他们来说，看棒球意味着眼巴巴地观望着身着运动装的人呆立在球场上，东瞧瞧西望望，很少有什么激动人心的事发生没意思透了。他们认为这样的运动更适合上个世纪的人的口味，缓慢，安静，具有绅士风度。）”由此可知那些不喜欢棒球的人认为这项运动不够刺激，所以C选项“它不够刺激”符合题意。A选项“它只适合老年人的口味”说法错误，文章第一段只提到“They tell you its a game better suited to the 19th century（他们认为这样的运动更适合上个世纪的人的口味）”，与老年人意味不一样；B选项“它涉及的球员比足球少”文章没有提及；D选项“它矫揉造作、滑稽可笑”，这与文章说它gentlemanly（具有绅士风度，矜持，即：没有冲撞或拼抢的意思）不一样，故不选。因此C选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, and close-ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV wont do it for you.（在电视上，棒球运动被切换成不同角度的画面，而且不断地使用重放、特写等电视制作技术，这破坏了该运动的整体运动感，使观众无法将自己投入到运动中去，以体会到这种寓动于静的运动之美。电视做不到这一点，因此，电视上的棒球比赛看上去沉沉静静、慢慢腾腾的。）”所以B选项“电视上的棒球比赛很无聊”符合题意。A选项“棒球运动对年轻人来说太平静了”文章没有提及，文章只提到了很多人认为棒球不刺激，并没有说到棒球对年轻人来说太安静了，故A选项不选；C选项“足球比棒球更吸引人”和D选项“棒球比足球更有趣”不对，作者仅指出了不同运动有不同运动的特征，并未说哪种运动优于哪种。因此B选项正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first basemans position. Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”（但要注意投手每次投球时都会发生什么：三垒手踮起脚尖，弯曲手臂或将手套举到他面前的某个点上，向右或向左、向后或向前跨一步，也许他会扫一眼全场来检查一垒手的位置。假设球场是一个球。“什么都没发生”，你说。“我本来可以闭上眼睛的”）该段整个都在描述棒球场上的一个场景：拿三垒的运动员假设对方全投出好球，做好了一切准备，但是对方投出的并不是好球。所以在那时候他的准备做不做都不会影响比赛结果。所以文章说到“本来可以闭上眼睛”，所以B选项“即使三垒手刚才闭上眼睛，结果也不会有什么不同”意思与题干相符，A选项“三垒手宁愿睡觉也不愿比赛”；C选项“第三垒手擅长棒球，他可以闭着眼睛完成比赛，并且做得很好”；D选项“结果太糟糕了，他无法忍受看到它”都不符合作者意图，因此B选项正确。5.判断推理题。在本文中，作者主要探讨了棒球的特征及欣赏，作者着重指出只有根据棒球的特征来欣赏它，才能体会到它的魅力。在他看来，观察到棒球比赛中运动员的各种动作、棒球位之间的关系等是欣赏它的关键。只有从整体来把握它，才能看到每一个小的动作、每一个眼神乃至于“静止”的意义，也只有这样，才能全身心地投入比赛中，欣赏到它的魅力。可见，作者对棒球有很深的理解而且非常喜爱棒球，所以D选项“喜欢棒球”说法正确。A选项“喜欢足球”；B选项“讨厌足球”；C选项“讨厌棒球”都与文章意思不符，因此D选项正确。6. 单选题If you are looking for a quality education at a reasonable price, then consider State University as the place to _.问题1选项A.sitB.enrollC.encounterD.situate【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项sit“坐；位于；使就座”；B选项enroll“登记；使加入；把记入名册；使入伍；参加；注册；记入名册”；C选项encounter“遭遇；邂逅；遇到”；D选项situate“使位于；使处于；把放在（特殊的环境中），把跟（具体情境）联系”。句意：如果你想以合理的价格获得高质量的教育，那就考虑把州立大学作为注册入学的地方。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题In Britain people _ more than four million tons of potatoes every year.问题1选项A.swallowB.disposeC.consumeD.exhaust【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项swallow“忍受；吞没；吞下；咽下”；B选项dispose“安置，安排；使倾向于做；使对产生某种感觉；扔掉，清除；应付，处理；击败”；C选项consume“消耗，消费；使着迷；挥霍；耗尽（多指资源、财力的消耗），毁灭；耗尽生命”；D选项exhaust“使筋疲力尽；耗尽（多指体力的耗尽）；彻底探讨；排出”。句意：在英国，人们每年要消耗400多万吨土豆。因此C选项正确。8. 单选题Although cats cannot see in complete darkness, their eyes are much more _ to light than human eyes.问题1选项A.glowingB.sensitiveC.brilliantD.gloomy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项glowing“灼热的；热情洋溢的；鲜艳的”；B选项sensitive“敏感的；感觉的；灵敏的；感光的；易受伤害的；易受影响的”；C选项brilliant“灿烂的，闪耀的；杰出的；有才气的；精彩的，绝妙的”；D选项gloomy“黑暗的；沮丧的；阴郁的”。句意：虽然猫在完全黑暗中看不见东西，但它们的眼睛比人眼对光更敏感。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题There is a general _ that pouring old wine into the same bottles is the wrong way to go.问题1选项A.consensusB.censusC.censorshipD.conscience【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项consensus“一致；舆论；合意”；B选项census“人口普查，人口调查；（官方的）统计，调查”；C选项censorship“审查制度；审查机构”；D选项conscience“道德心，良心”。句意：人们普遍认为，把陈年的酒倒进同一个瓶子里是错误的做法。因此A选项正确。10. 单选题There is an old saying that you can never _ unless you give your consent.问题1选项A.be insultedB.insultC.insultingD.to insult【答案】A【解析】考查被动语态。该句同位语从句中的主语“you”是动作“insult”的承受者，因此应用被动语态，又谓语动词是情态动词，被动形式应为“情态动词+be done”。句意：有句老话说，除非你同意，否则你永远不会被侮辱。因此A选项正确。11. 单选题Nowadays, we hear a lot about the growing threat of globalization, accompanied by those warnings that the rich pattern of local life is being undermined, and many dialects and traditions are becoming extinct. But stop and think for a moment about the many positive aspects that globalization is bringing. Read on and you are bound to feel comforted, ready to face the global future, which is surely inevitable now.Consider the Internet, that prime example of our shrinking world. Leaving aside the all-to-familiar worries about pornography and political extremism, even the most narrow-minded must admit that the net offers immeasurable benefits, not just in terms of education, the sector for which it was originally designed, but more importantly on a global level, the spread of news and comment. It will be increasingly difficult for politicians to maintain their regimes of misinformation, as the oppressed will not only find support and comfort, but also be able to organize themselves more effectively.MTV is another global provider that is often criticized for imposing popular culture on the unsuspecting millions around the world. Yet the viewers judgment on MTV is undoubtedly positive; it is regarded as indispensable by most of the global teenage generation who watch it, a vital part of growing up. And in the final analysis, what harm can a few songs and videos cause?Is the world dominance of brands like Nike and Coca-Cola so bad for us when all is said and done? Sportswear and soft drinks are harmless products when compared to the many other things that have been globally available for a longer period of timeheroin and cocaine, for example. In any case, just because Nike shoes and Coke cans are for sale, it doesnt mean you have to buy themeven globalization cannot deprive the individual of his or her free will.Critics of globalization can stop issuing their doom and gloom statements. Life goes on, and has more to offer for many citizens of the world than it did for their parents generation.1. Some people feel sad about globalization because they believe it will _.2. Internet was originally designed _.3. What is the writers attitude towards globalization?4. It is imp