2022年考博英语-西南科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第73期

2022年考博英语-西南科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Mr. Levee is（ ）disabled due to a terrible traffic accident and nothing can compensate for his physical defects.问题1选项A.momentarilyB.occasionallyC.permanentlyD.accidentally【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项momentarily“随时地，暂时地”；B选项occasionally“偶尔，间或”；C选项permanently“永久地，永远地”；D选项accidentally“意外地，偶然地”。句意：李维先生因一场可怕的交通事故导致终生残疾，没有什么能弥补他的身体缺陷。由选项意思和句意可知，C选项符合句意。2. 单选题Look,（ ）in his usual T-shirt.问题1选项A.here does Henry comeB.here comes HenryC.here Henry comesD.comes here Henry【答案】B【解析】考查倒装句。表示地点、时间和方向的副词放在句首时，句子使用完全倒装，句意：看！罗宾来了，穿着往常的T恤衫。所以本题B选项正确。3. 单选题The glassware in the box is（ ）; it has got to be handled with care.问题1选项A.crunchyB.fragileC.brittleD.crisp【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项crunchy“易碎的，发出嘎吱嘎吱声的”，通常有响声的时候用，例如：The leaves crunched under my feet.（树叶在我脚下嘎吱作响。）B选项fragile“脆的，易碎的”常常修饰使用时必须小心才不会破碎的东西，也引申为体弱的，虚弱的，例如：Be careful with that vaseit is very fragile.（拿那只花瓶要小心它很容易碎。），Hes feeling a bit fragile after last nights party.（他参加了昨晚的聚会以后，现在感觉有些虚弱。）C选项brittle“易碎的，脆弱的，易生气的”，指没有弹性或伸缩性的脆性材料，暗示受压或被扭曲时易碎，例如：As you get older your bones become increasingly brittle.（随着年龄增长，人的骨头变得越来越脆。）D选项crisp“脆的，新鲜的，易碎的”，指食物炸的很酥脆，例如：Bake until the pastry is golden and crisp.（把油酥糕点烤至金黄酥脆。）句意：箱子里的玻璃器皿易碎，需要轻拿轻放。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。4. 单选题Shes always been kind to me I cant just turn（ ）on her now that she needs my help.问题1选项A.my backB.my headC.my eyeD.my shoulder【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。turn ones back on为固定搭配，意为“不理会，不肯给予帮助”。句意：句意：她对我一直很好，现在她需要我的帮助，我不能不管。由搭配和句意可知，A选项符合句意。5. 单选题In order to survive now and（ ）in the future, all the working staff must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business.问题1选项A.maximizeB.thriveC.erectD.recruit【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项maximize“最大化，极大”；B选项thrive“繁荣，兴旺，茁壮成长”；C选项erect“竖立，建造，创立”；D选项recruit“征募，聘用”。句意：为了现在的生存和未来的繁荣，所有的员工必须不断地为企业的各个方面创造新的想法。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。6. 单选题I am surprised（ ）this city is a dull place to live in.问题1选项A.that you should thinkB.by what you are thinkingC.that you would thinkD.with what you were thinking【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。be surprised后面接的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式“should+动词原形”表示惊奇，惊讶的感情色彩。例句：I am surprised that he should have been so rude to you.（我很惊讶他竟然对你如此粗鲁）。B和D选项，what作动词think的宾语，而think不能同时接纳what和空格后的句子作宾语，所以排除。句意：我很吃惊你竟然认为在这所城市待着很无聊。综上所述，本题的正确答案是A选项。7. 单选题Nancys gone to work but her car is still there. She（ ）by bus.问题1选项A.must have goneB.should have goneC.ought to have goneD.could have gone【答案】A【解析】虚拟语气。根据句子的前半部分可知，南希去工作了，但她的车还停在那里，后面应该是肯定的推测，南希一定是坐公交去上班了。A选项must have gone“一定是”，表示对过去肯定的推测；B选项should have gone和C选项ought to have gone都表示“本来应该去而未去”；D选项could have gone表示“本来能够去而没去”。句意：南希去工作了，但她的车还停在那里，她一定是坐公交去上班的。综上所述，本题的正确答案是A选项。8. 单选题The meeting was（ ）over by the mayor to discuss the tax raise in the city.问题1选项A.propelledB.pickedC.postponedD.presided【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项propel“推进，驱使”，B选项pick“挑选，采摘”，pick over“择优，分档挑选”；C选项postpone“延迟，缓办”；D选项preside“主持”，preside over“主持，负责”。句意：会议由市长主持，讨论城市税收增加问题。由选项意思和固定搭配可知，D选项符合句意。9. 翻译题Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Many believe that science is merely a collection of facts, that it develops by the gathering of these facts and slowly approaches the truth about nature. According to this view, the so-called scientific method is the basis for scientific development. The scientific method is said to have three steps.The first step is that of careful observationoften involves looking for relationships among different kinds of events. If a specific relationship seems to be true in a number of cases, without any exceptions, then it may be hypothesized that the relationship holds in general. The second step of the scientific method may be the formulation of such a general hypothesis. Or it may be an attempt to explain phenomena by theorizing the existence of a deeper reality. The third step, the testing of the theory, may involve further experimental testing of hypothesized relationships. Or it may be experimental verification of new phenomena predicted by a new theory.【答案】很多人认为，科学只是事实的积累，科学通过收集这些事实而获得发展，并慢慢地接近自然真理。根据这一观点，所谓科学的研究方法正是科学发展的基础。科学的研究方法可以包括三个阶段。第一阶段仔细观察阶段，常常需要寻找各种事件之间的关系。如果某一特定关系在很多情况下看来都正确而无一例外，则可以假设这种关系是普遍存在的。科学研究方法的第二阶段可能是将这种一般的假设公式化，也可能是试图通过对更深刻的现实存在进行推理来解释各种现象。第三阶段，即检验真理阶段，可能需要对所假设的关系通过实验进一步加以检验，也可能通过实验来证明新理论所预言的新现象。10. 写作题Write on the ANSWER SHEET a composition of at least 200 words based on the topic “Tradition and Innovation”.You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide reasons or your experiences to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.【答案】There is a vivid saying which says “If tradition can be likened to the roots and trunk of a tree, innovation is its leaves and fruits.” I quite applaud this simile. From my perspective, tradition and innovation are doomed to coexist perpetually.First and foremost, tradition is a solid foundation for innovation, with abundant nutrition we can absorb, such as scientific experiment approaches and science spirits. Secondly, its the drawbacks of tradition in certain fields that give rise to inspiration and momentum to innovate. For instance, Thomas Edison, who caught the sight of the inconvenience of traditional gas light, conducted experiments and eventually invented light bulb. On the contrary, innovation will certainly fight against tradition. When an innovation satisfies peoples expectation, it can gain popularity and finally make itself a new element in tradition, which will be held in high esteem.In a word, tradition and innovation can never be separated. At the very time, with the ever-increasing speed of innovation, a diversity of newly-born technology and hi-tech products penetrate our daily life. Im convinced that wed better be absolutely conscious of our roottradition and give priority to it. Only when we gain a thorough comprehension of it can we accomplish magnificent innovation and exert positive effect on our society as a whole.11. 单选题（ ）the reason, important tissues ranging from the muscles to the brain shrink and become less competent with age.问题1选项A.HoweverB.No matter howC.WhicheverD.Whatever【答案】D【解析】考查让步状语从句。A选项however“然而”，通常引导一个让步状语从句，从句中的形容词或副词必须紧接其后；例如：However rich people are，they always seem anxious to take more money.（无论人们有多富裕，他们似乎总是渴望挣到更多的钱。）；B选项no matter how“不管怎样，无论如何”，引导让步状语从句的用法：no matter how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语(+宾语）；例如：No matter how expensive it may be, Ill take it.（无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。）；C选项whichever，“不论哪个”引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter which，其意为“无论哪个”“不管哪个”，在句中充当定语或者宾语，例如：Whichever you choose, the others will be offended.（无论你选哪个，都会冒犯其余的人。）；D选项whatever，“不论什么”，引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter what，在句中充当主语或者宾语，例如：Whatever you say, I wont believe you.（无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。），Whatever引导让步状语从句有时可以省略从句中的be动词，例如：Whatever your argument, I shall hold to my decision.（不论你怎样争辩，我还是坚持自己的决定。），本题属于省略be动词的情况，whatever the reason is，important tissues ranging from the muscles to the brain shrink and become less competent with age.句意：不管是什么原因，从肌肉到大脑的重要组织都会随着年龄的增长而萎缩，能力下降。因此D选项正确。12. 单选题Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, provided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe average multiplied by the number of peopleis as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.1. The first paragraph is mainly about（ ）.2. We owe nothing to the future generations（ ）.3. Population policy we take should be considered（ ）.4. According to this passage, optimum population（ ）.5. The proper title for this passage should be（ ）.问题1选项A.the intrinsic value of human experiencesB.the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animalsC.the intrinsic value of ecological system as a wholeD.an ancient ethical question about the nature of intrinsic value问题2选项A.in the authors opinionB.from a social contract view of ethicsC.for a utilitarianD.for most environmentalists问题3选项A.positiveB.negativeC.complexD.reasonable问题4选项A.refers to the population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possibleB.refers to the population size at which the total amount of welfare will be as great as possibleC.is a difficult philosophical issue which remains to be resolved in the futureD.is a difficult philosophical issue which Derek Parfit has successfully settled in Reasons and Persons问题5选项A.A Mystery in Applied EthicsB.Our Obligations to Future GenerationsC.Environmental EthicsD.Environmental issues【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干：第一段主要是关于_。A选项“人类经历的内在价值”，B选项“非人类动物经历的内在价值”，C选项“生态系统作为一个整体的内在价值”， D选项“一个关于内在价值本质的古老伦理问题”,前三个选项在第一段中都有提到，但并不是主要问题的所在，而第四个选项，在第二句话中就点了出来，前三个选项是第四个选项的展开说明，故D是正确答案。2.推理判断题。题干：我们不欠后代任何东西_。根据关键词“owe to”“future generations”可以定位到文章第二段第三句话From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing.（从伦理学的社会契约观点或道德自我主义者的角度来看，答案似乎是：什么都不亏欠。），可知，B选项“伦理学的社会契约观点”，是正确的。文章并没有提及作者个人观点，所以A选项“在作者的观点看来”排除。从文章第二段第五句话Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own.（然而，其他大多数伦理理论确实考虑到了后代的利益。举例来说，功利主义者不会认为，后代成员还不存在这一事实，是我们对后代利益的考虑少于我们对自己利益考虑的任何理由。），所以C选项“功利主义者”排除。环境保护主义者也认为，我们应该为后代考虑，所以D选线项“环境保护主义者”排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。3.事实细节题。题干：我们采取的人口政策被认为是_。根据关键词“population policy”可以定位到文章第三段，第一句话明确指出The question becomes much more complex, however（然而，问题会变得越来越复杂），所以本题的正确答案是C选项。4.细节推理题。题干：根据文章，最适宜的人口数量_。文章第三段后半部分提出了最合适的人口数量的问题。用两个问句提出对这一问题的两种可能的答案，即Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe average multiplied by the number of peopleis as great as possible? (是在人口规模上，平均福利水平会尽可能高吗？或者是总福利的规模平均乘以人口的数量尽可能大？)，并在结尾的最后一句话中指出，and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.（这一问题仍是应用伦理学中最令人不解的谜之一。），其意就是仍有待于将来解决，所以C选项“这是一个只能留到将来解决哲学问题”是正确答案。A选项“最适宜的人口数量指平均福利水平尽可能高的人口规模”，B选项“最适宜的人口数量指福利总额最大的人口规模”，A，B选项都是文章提出的问题，未被证实，所以不正确，D选项“最适宜的人口数量是一个困难的哲学问题，德里克帕菲特在理性与人中成功地解决了这个问题”德里克帕菲特只是在书中提到What is optimum population?但是并没有解决，所以D选项不正确，综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。5.主旨大意题。题干：最适合文章的标题应该是_。本文主要讨论的并不是环境问题，而是由环境问题而引出的道德问题，A选项“应用道德中的谜”是最后一段提到的，B选项是“我们对下一代的责任”是第二段提到的，二者都不足以代表整篇文章的思想内容。所以本题的正确答案应该是C选项“环境伦理”。13. 单选题The essential weakness of the old and traditional education was not just that it emphasized the necessity for provision of definite subject-matter and activities. These things are necessities for anything that can rightly be called education. The weakness and evil was that the imagination of educators did not go beyond provision of a fixed and rigid environment of subject-matter, one drawn moreover from sources altogether too remote from the experiences of the pupil. What is needed in the new education is more attention, not less, to subject-matter and to progress in technique. But when I say more I do not mean more in quantity of the same old kind. I mean an imaginative vision which sees that no prescribed and ready-made scheme can possibly determine the exact subject-matter that will best promote the educative growth of every individual young person; that even new individual sets a new problem; that he calls for at least a somewhat different emphasis in subject-matter presented. There is nothing more blindly stupid than the convention which supposes that the matter actually contained in textbooks of arithmetic, history, geography, etc., is just what will further the educational development of all children.But withdrawal from the hard and fast and narrow contents of the old curriculum is only the negative side of the matter. If we do not go far in the positive direction of providing a body of subject-matter much richer, more varied and flexible, and also in truth more definite, judged in terms of the experience of those being educated, than traditional education supplied, we shall tend to leave an educational vacuum in which anything may happen. Complete isolation is impossible in nature. The young live in some environment whether we intend it or not, and this environment is constantly interacting with what children and youth bring to it, and the result is the shaping of their interests, minds and charactereither educatively or mis-educatively. If the professed educator gives up his responsibility for judging and selecting the kind of environment that his best understanding leads him to think will be contributive to growth, then the young are left at the mercy of all the unorganized and casual forces of the modern social environment that inevitably play upon them as long as they live. In the educative environment the knowledge, judgment and experience of the teacher is a greater, not a smaller factor, than it is in the traditional school. The difference is that the teacher operates not as a judge set on high and marked by arbitrary authority but as a friendly co-partner and guide in a common enterprise.1. In the authors view, the basic fault of old education consists in（ ）.2. The author agitates reforms in the（ ）.3. It seems that new educationalists favor（ ）.4. There will be the risk of forming an educational blank if（ ）.5. Pupils may be well guarded against ill social influences as long as（ ）.问题1选项A.the inadequate supply of specific subjects and programsB.the poor imaginative capacities of educatorsC.providing inflexible educational conditionsD.making pupils read textbooks with outdated content问题2选项A.old subject-matter to follow technological advancesB.stale teaching materials and teaching methodsC.prescribed textbooks and unchanging systemsD.general consent about multipurpose textbooks问题3选项A.teaching pupils according to each ones talentB.introducing the latest information to the youthC.rendering instruction close to pupils experiencesD.supplementing all textbooks with fresh materials4. There will be the risk of forming an educational blank if（ ）.问题4选项A.the rigid school curricula are thoroughly transformedB.the negative effect of old education is only partly recognizedC.the traditional subject-matter totally substitutes for new oneD.the replacement of unvarying courses with flexible ones fails5. Pupils may be well guarded against ill social influences as long as（ ）.问题5选项A.educators discard their liability for the being-educatedB.teachers have sound judgment to make the right choiceC.instructors help establish conditions favorable to pupils growthD.schoolmasters function as equal co-operators in a joint business【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：在作者看来，旧教育的基本错误在于_。根据关键词“basic fault”和“old education”可以定位到文章第一段The essential weakness of the old and traditional education was not just that it emphasized the necessity for provision of definite subject-matter and activities. These things are necessities for anything that can rightly be called education. The weakness and evil was that the imagination of educators did not go beyond provision of a fixed and rigid environment of subject-matter, one drawn moreover from sources altogether too remote from the experiences of the pupil.（旧的和传统的教育的本质弱点不仅仅是它强调提供明确的主题和活动的必要性。这些东西对于任何可以被称为教育的东西都是必需的。教育工作者的缺点和不幸是，他们的想象力不能超越为学生提供一个固定的、僵化的学习环境，而且他们的学习来源与学生的经历相距甚远。），B选项“教育工作者缺乏想象力”，符合原文表达的意思。A选项“特定科目和课程供应不足”和C选项“提供固定的教育条件”，和原文表达的意思冲突，D选项“让学生阅读内容过时的课本”在文中并没有提及，综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。2.事实细节题。题干：作者在_上鼓励改革。根据题干可以定位到文章第一段第四句话What is needed in the new education is more attention, not less, to subject-matter and to progress in technique.（新教育所需要的是更多的关注，而不是更少的关注素材和技术的进步。），可知A选项“跟随技术进步的老题材”符合题意。B选项“陈旧的教材和教学方法”，C选项“规定的教科书和不变的系统”和D选项“对多用途教科书的普遍认可”在文中均未提及。综上所述，本题的正确答案是A选项。3.事实细节题。题干：新的教育学家似乎更青睐_。根据题干可以定位到文章第一段What is needed in the new education is more attention, not less, to subject-matter and to progress in technique. But when I say more I do not mean more in quantity of the same old kind. I mean an imaginative vision which sees that no prescribed and ready-made scheme can possibly determine the exact subject-matter that will best promote the educative growth of every individual young person;（新教育所需要的是更多的关注，而不是更少的关注素材和技术的进步。但是，当我说“更多”的时候，我并不是指同样的数量上的“更多”。我指的是一种富有想象力的愿景，认为没有现成的计划可以确定最能促进每个年轻人教育成长的确切主题；），原文表达的意思是没有固定的教材可以促进每个年轻人的成长，不同的年轻人应该使用不同的教育素材，因此A选项“因材施教”，符合题意。B选项“向青年介绍最新的信息”，C选项“贴近学生的经验进行教学”，D选项“用新材料补充所有教科书”，均不符合原文意思，所以本题的正确答案是A选项。4.细节推理题。题干：如果_，将有形成教育空白的风险。根据关键词“educational blank”可以定位到文章第二段第二句If we do not go far in the positive direction of providing a body of subject-matter much richer, more varied and flexible, and also in truth more definite, judged in terms of the experience of those being educated, than traditional education supplied, we shall tend to leave an educational vacuum in which anything may happen.（如果我们不能比传统教育提供一个主题更丰富、更多样和灵活的主体的正确方向，不能在事实上比传统教育更加明确，不能判断针对这些教育的经验，针对任何发生的事情，我们都将可能形成教育空白。），D选项“用灵活的课程替代不变的课程失败了”说法与句意一致。A选项“僵化的学校课程被彻底改变了”与句意相反。B选项“旧教育的负面影响只被部分认识到”，在文中没有提及，说法无根