2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第121期

2022年考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The United States Food and Drag Administration has shown itself to be particularly wary with regard to alleged “miracle” drugs in recent years.问题1选项A.bellicoseB.exhaustedC.cautiousD.strange【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项bellicose“好战的”；B选项exhausted“精疲力竭的”；C选项cautious“谨慎的”；D选项strange“奇怪的”。句意：近年来，美国食品药品监督管理局对所谓的神药的态度开始特别谨慎。根据语境，C选项cautious“谨慎的”比较符合对miracle drugs“神药”的态度，和wary“谨慎的”同义，符合题意。因此C选项正确。2. 单选题His violent behavior sometimes is _ his personality of shyness and self-consciousness.问题1选项A.on condition ofB.in line withC.at odds withD.in disguise of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项on condition of“只要”；B选项in line with“符合”；C选项at odds with“与不一致”；D选项in disguise of“托辞，假扮成，打着的幌子”。句意：他的暴力行为有时_他的个性的害羞和自觉意识。根据语境，这里指他的暴力行为不会让人想到他会害羞，所以at odds with“与不一致”符合题意。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题Although the insistence on balancing spending against tax revenues has contributed to the economys stagnation, unfortunately, the government does not seem likely to _ this rigid policy.问题1选项A.persist inB.initiateC.repudiateD.continue【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项persist in“坚持，固执于”；B选项initiate“创始；发起”；C选项repudiate“拒绝；（正式）否认；断绝关系”；D选项continue“继续；连续”。句意：尽管坚持收支平衡导致经济停滞，不幸的是，政府似乎不太可能_这个僵化的政策。根据语境，这里指坚持收支平衡这个僵化的政策让经济停滞，但政府大有可能继续坚持这个政策，所以repudiate“（正式）否认”符合题意。因此C选项正确。4. 翻译题Section B Chinese to English Translation (20 points)Directions: Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.（41）“一带一路”的独特部分是强调建立陆地和海洋基础设施。基础设施是所有国家的永久性需求。由于各国对基础设施的普遍重视，区域性的基础设施和联通项目建设从政治上来说相对容易往前推进。这些项目将自然地增加贸易、投资和各国之间人民的交流。跨国基础设施项目服务于跨境贸易的增长目标，因而是比自由贸易协定更容易促进贸易的方式，而这是当今世界上很多国家都强烈反对的。（42）中国迄今为止已成功实现了渐进式经济下滑，接下来的问题是如何实现长期可持续增长。看看增长的需求端，投资长期以来已成为主要驱动。尽管中国的人均资本存量比更发达的经济体低，(中国)仍然需要实现从投资向消费的逐渐平衡，以避免进一步的资本错配及其负面影响，如一些行业和房地产的过剩。中国在两年前就已经开始这种再平衡努力了，最近的政府工作报告及2017年国民经济与社会发展计划草案又重申了对促进消费的重视。【答案】41. The unique part of the Belt and Road lies in emphasizing the establishment of terrestrial and marine infrastructure. And infrastructure is a permanent need for all countries. As countries generally attach importance to infrastructure, the construction of regional infrastructure and connecting projects is relatively easy to move forward politically. These projects will naturally increase trade, investment and exchanges among people from different countries. Transnational infrastructure projects serve the growth goals of cross-border trade. And therefore, an easier way to promote trade than free trade agreements, which many countries in the world today strongly oppose.42. China has so far managed a gradual economic downturn, and the next question is how to achieve long-term sustainable growth. Considering the growing demand side, investment has long been the main driver. Although Chinas capital stock per capita is lower than that of a more developed economies, a gradual balance from investment to consumption is needed to avoid further capital misallocation and its negative effects, such as excess in some industries and real estate. China began this rebalancing effort two years ago, and the recent government work report and the 2017 Draft Plan for National Economic and Social Development reaffirmed the emphasis on boosting consumption.5. 单选题Nearly all trees contains a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum _ properly extracted.问题1选项A.afterB.ifC.when itD.is【答案】B【解析】考查状语从句。句意：几乎所有的树木都含有一种聚合物，如果提取得当，这种聚合物可以像石油一样燃烧。Nearly all trees contains a mix of polymers是主句，that can burn like petroleum是修饰polymers的定语从句，横线到句子结尾是修饰burn like petroleum的条件状语从句；条件状语从句中省略了主语polymers，所以B选项if符合题意。A选项after后面用现在分词形式，后面的extracted是过去分词形式，不符合题意。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题On Jan.17, 1995, Kobe was hit by a 6.9-magnitude quake. The Great Hanshin Earthquake killed 6,400 people. Damage was estimated at more than $100 billion, similar to current estimates of the toll of last weeks 9.0-magnitude temblor in the Tohoku region of northern Japan. Yet, within 18 months, economic activity in Kobe had reached 98 percent of its pre-quake level. A state-of-the-art offshore port facility was built, housing was modernizedand a scruffy port city became an international showpiece.The March 11 earthquake and tsunami devastated a society that, for all its wealth, was stuck in a rut. Over the past two decades, Japans economic growth averaged an anemic 1 percent a year. Politically, the country was rudderless. The Liberal Democratic Party, which had governed almost continuously since the end of the U.S. military occupation following the World War II, had finally worn out its welcome. And the novice Democratic Party of Japan, which had assumed power in 2009, was flailing.For four decades after the war, Japan experienced cozy politics backed by a robust economy. Lightly populated rural district had a disproportionate effect on national politics. The government financed multibillion-dollar bridges to nowhere, expensive port facilities for small fishing village and bullet trains to traverse bucolic rural areasand seemingly lined every riverbed in Japan in concrete.But in 1900, the bubble burst. The working-age share of the population began to fall. In 1998, the labor force started to shrink, and a decade later, the countrys population began to decline. Eventually, voters concerned about the mounting costs of wasteful projects tossed out the LDP.Before the earthquake and tsunami devastated the Tohoku region on March 11, the country was already facing a slowing economy, fiscal strain and deflation, and decades of wasteful spending had saddled the country with a debt more than twice the size of the economy. Now, beyond the tragedys human toll, the economic costs are still being countedand could be vastly expanded if the nuclear reactor damage is closer to that of Chernobyl than to Three Mile Island. But if rebuilding is handled skillfully, there is hope that a different kind of Japan will emerge.Despite its weak starting point, the government holds a few cards. Ninety-five percent of Japans debt is owned by its citizens, no foreign hedge funds; its unlikely that those citizens would dump their bond holdings if the government takes on more debt to rebuild the city of Sendai, for example. Financially, the government has more maneuvering room than might seem apparent.Some rebuilding can be financed by redirecting spending from useless white-elephant projects to the higher priority of remaking Tohoku. The quality of public investment in the nation could improve, perhaps permanently, as a result of this crisis.What is really at stakeand what will determine whether these other changes have any chance of coming to passis the structure of Japan politics. If the incumbent DPJ successfully manages this emergency, the episode could reassure Japanese voters that this fledgling party represents a credible alternative to the LDP. Japan would then have a true two-party system in which political power and ideas are genuinely contested. The Great Tohoku Earthquake could be the shock that pushes Japan not only to rebuild a city, but to remake itself politically for the 21st century.21. The author wrote the first paragraph in an attempt to _.22. According to the text, the author suggests that Democratic Party of Japan _.23. Except the March 11 earthquake and tsunami, the hindrances that Japans economic growth confronts EXCLUDE _.24. On which of the following statement would the author most probably agree?25. Which of the following is the most proper title of the text?问题1选项A.exemplify how severe the consequences of the Great Hanshin Earthquake areB.indicate that the March 11 disaster could bring out a new Japan like Great Hanshin Earthquake didC.make an analogy between the Great Hanshin Earthquake and the Great Tohoku EarthquakeD.state the post-quake reconstruction is disproportionate to the damage caused by the quake问题2选项A.has been the ruling party for approximately 50-odd yearsB.is failing in leading the Japan out of the difficultiesC.is a newly emergent part in Japans political communityD.has successfully managed this emergency问题3选项A.deflationB.the aging labor forceC.massive debtsD.fiscal deficit问题4选项A.Criticism is mixed with optimism for Japans economic and political landscape.B.The bursting bubble of economy results in the decreasing working-age population.C.Japans party system has been a one-party one since World War II till DPJs office.D.The merits Japan can derive from the quake overwhelm the risks and consequences of it.问题5选项A.Will the Crisis Create a New Japan?B.The History of Great Earthquakes in Japan.C.How Japanese Government Will Cope With the 311 Emergency.D.Virtues and Vices of March 11 Earthquake and Tsunami.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:A【解析】21.推理判断题。根据第一段第三句Damage was estimated at more than $100 billion, similar to current estimates of the toll of last weeks 9.0-magnitude temblor in the Tohoku region of northern Japan.（地震造成的损失估计超过1,000亿美元，与上周日本北部东北地区9.0级地震造成的损失类似。），作者分别列出两个地震的损失情况，所以C选项“将阪神大地震与东北大地震进行类比”正确。A选项“举例说明阪神大地震的后果有多严重”和D选项“说明震后重建与地震造成的损失不成比例”：作者只是陈述了事实，没有这样的意思，故错误。B选项“表明3月11日的灾难可能带来一个像阪神大地震那样的新日本”：作者没有要预示的意图，故错误。因此C选项正确。22.事实细节题。根据第二段最后一句And the novice Democratic Party of Japan, which had assumed power in 2009, was flailing.（2009年刚上台的日本民主党也陷入了困境。），可知民主党没有解决掉问题，所以B选项“没有成功领导日本走出困难”正确，D选项“成功地处理了这一紧急情况”和A选项“已经执政了大约50多年”错误。C选项“是日本政治共同体中一个新兴的部分”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。23.推理判断题。根据第四段第二句The working-age share of the population began to fall.（劳动年龄人口的比例开始下降。），第五段第一句the country was already facing a slowing economy, fiscal strain and deflation, and decades of wasteful spending had saddled the country with a debt more than twice the size of the economy.（日本已经面临着经济放缓、财政紧张和通货紧缩的问题，数十年的浪费开支使日本背负了超过经济规模两倍的债务。），可知日本经济增长的障碍包括了A选项“通货紧缩”，B选项“劳动力老龄化”和C选项“巨额债务”，符合文章意思，故错误，D选项“财政赤字”没有提到，不符合文章意思，因此D选项正确。24.观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句What is really at stakeand what will determine whether these other changes have any chance of coming to passis the structure of Japan politics.（真正利害攸关的是日本的政治结构，这将决定这些其他变化是否有机会实现。）和最后一句The Great Tohoku Earthquake could be the shock that pushes Japan not only to rebuild a city, but to remake itself politically for the 21st century.（日本东北大地震可能不仅会促使日本重建一座城市，还会促使日本在21世纪重塑自己的政治形象），可知作者对于日本的前景处于中立态度，所以A选项“对于日本的经济和政治前景，既有批评也有乐观”正确。B选项“经济泡沫的破裂导致了劳动年龄人口的减少”：根据第四段第一、二句But in 1900, the bubble burst. The working-age share of the population began to fall.（但在1900年，泡沫破裂了。劳动人口的比例开始下降。），这里没有提到经济泡沫破裂和劳动人口减少的直接关系，故错误。C选项“日本的政党制度自二战以来一直是一党执政，直到民主党上台”：根据第二段倒数第二句The Liberal Democratic Party, which had governed almost continuously since the end of the U.S. military occupation following the World War II（自二战后美国军事占领结束以来，自民党几乎一直持续执政），自民党几乎一直持续执政不代表一直执政，故错误。D选项“日本可以从地震中获得的优点压倒了它的风险和后果”：根据第五段最后一句But if rebuilding is handled skillfully, there is hope that a different kind of Japan will emerge.（但如果重建工作处理得当，一个不同类型的日本将有望出现。），文章没有提到地震带来的好处比损失大，只有处理得当，益处才会呈现，故错误。因此A选项正确。25.主旨大意题。文章第一段指出神户因为地震而现代化，后面提到日本的各种问题，再在文章最后展望日本在政治经济方面可能的情况，所以A选项“危机会创造一个新日本吗”正确。B选项“日本大地震的历史”，C选项“日本政府将如何应对311紧急事件”和D选项“3月11日地震和海啸的利弊”是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文，故错误。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题“Do you want to see _ my ID card or my drivers license?” “Either will do.”问题1选项A.everyB.eachC.eitherD.both【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项every“每个”；B选项each“各个”；C选项either“（两者中的）任何一个”，eitheror“是还是”；D选项both“两者”，bothand“两个都”。句意：你要看我的身份证还是驾驶执照？随便哪一个都行。根据语境，这里问的是要看身份证还是驾驶证，结合后面or，eitheror符合语境，C选项either“（两者中的）任何一个”符合题意。因此C选项正确。8. 翻译题Section B Chinese to English (20 points)Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.（40）土壤和土地资源支撑着全球可持续发展，它们还是我们与穷困、食品不安全和气候变化作斗争的关键元素。与其他自然资源复杂地交织在一起，土壤是水、能源和食品安全链条中（nexus）不可分割的组成部分。由于风沙和水的侵蚀，世界每年失去约240亿吨肥沃的土壤。（41）土壤和土地的恶化（degradation）不仅是一个物理或生物化学问题，而且常常与社会经济各方面相联系。贫穷和被边缘化的人口通常最容易受土壤和土地恶化的影响，因为通常是他们拥有这些恶化的土地。（42）为了使贫困的小规模农业耕种社区达到食品安全要求，并且根除（eradicate）极端贫困，我们需要处理与土地恶化相关的一系列复杂问题。土壤和土地恶化既是技术问题，也是管理（governance）问题。【答案】40. Soils and land resources underpin global sustainable development, and they are key elements in our fight against poverty, food insecurity and climate change. Intertwined with other natural resources complicatedly, soil is an integral part of the water, energy, and food security nexus. Due to the erosion of wind and dust as well as water, the world loses about 24 billion tons of fertile soil every year.41. Soil and land degradation not only involves physical or biochemical problems, but also often related to social and economic aspects. Poor and marginalized populations are usually the most vulnerable to soil and land degradation, as they are usually the ones who own the deteriorated land.42. In order for poor small-scale farming communities to meet food safety requirements and to eradicate extreme poverty, we need to address a set of complex issues associated with land degradation. Soil and land degradation is as much a matter of governance as of technology.9. 单选题Am I to understand that his now post _ no responsibility with it at all?问题1选项A.keepsB.supportsC.carriesD.possesses【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项keeps“保持”；B选项supports“支持”；C选项carries“怀揣；携带”，carry responsibility with sth“对负责”；D选项possesses“拥有”。句意：我是否应该理解，他现在的职位对此事不_任何责任吗？根据短语carry responsibility with sth.和这里表示负责任，C选项carries“怀揣；携带”符合题意。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan (清教徒) tradition in American intellectual life.To make this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who immigrated in the late 1630s: left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall by my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churches.Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Danes, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. “Our main end was to catch fish.”26. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England _.27. It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders _.28. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay _.29. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often _.30. The text suggests that early settlers in New England _.问题1选项A.puritan tradition dominated political lifeB.intellectual interest were encouragedC.politics benefited much from intellectual endeavorsD.intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment问题2选项A.experienced a comparatively early historyB.brought with them the culture of the Old WorldC.paid little attention to southern intellectual lifeD.were obsessed with religious innovations问题3选项A.were famous in the New World for their writingsB.gained increasing importance in religions affairsC.abandoned high positions before coming to the New WorldD.created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England问题4选项A.influenced by superstitionsB.troubled with religious beliefsC.puzzled by church sermonsD.frustrated with family earnings问题5选项A.were mostly engaged in political activitiesB.were motivated by an illusory prospectC.came from different intellectual backgroundD.left few formal records for later reference【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】26.事实细节题。根据第一段第二句nowhere else in colonial America was “so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits”（在新英格兰，没有任何其他地方比殖民地美国“对知识追求”有如此高的重视），可知作者认为新英格兰重视知识，所以B选项“鼓励知识分子的兴趣”正确。A选项“清教传统主导了政治生活”和D选项“享有追求知识自由的环境”：根据第一段第三句New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan（清教徒）tradition in American intellectual life.（新英格兰的领导人将逐渐发展起来的占主导地位的清教传统文化作为美洲文化生活的基本主题和当务之急。），可知没有说到清教和政治的紧密联系，故A选项错误，领导人把清教作为文化基底，没有让人充分自由追求文化，故D选项错误。C选项“政治从知识的努力中获益良多”：文章没有提到知识在政治方面带来的好处，故错误。因此选B项正确。27.推理判断题。根据第二段第二句But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances.（但是，为了与我们对南方知识分子生活的考察相一致，我们可以把最初的清教徒看作是欧洲文化的载体，他们在适应新大陆的环境。），可知新英格兰人把原本就有的清教带到新大陆，所以B选项“带来了旧世界的文化”正确。A选项“经历了比较早的历史”：不是作者想要表达的意思，属于过度推测，故错误。C选项“对南方的知识分子生活没有多少关注”：这里指的是以读者的角度看南方知识分子而非新英格兰人，故错误。D选项“痴迷于宗教创新”：根据第二段第一句Puritans theological innovations（清教徒的神学创新），并没有说他们痴迷于宗教改革，属于过度推测，故错误。因此B选项正确。28.事实细节题。根据第三段最后一句These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.（这些人著书立说，在新旧世界都有读者，给新英格兰带来了一种学术热情的气氛。），可知D选项“在新英格兰创造了一种新的学术氛围”正确；没有表达他们很出名，故A选项“在新大陆，他们因为作品很出名”错误；没有提到他们在宗教事务中的地位，故B选项“在宗教事务中越来越重要”错误。C选项“在来到新大陆之前放弃了高级职位”：根据第三段第一句The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.（马萨诸塞湾的早期定居者包括在英国受过良好教育和有影响力的人。），这并不代表他们之前位高权重，故错误。因此D选项正确。29.语义推测题。根据第四段第一句most New Englanders were less well educated.（大多数新英格兰人受教育程度较低。）和第三句Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality.（他们的思想往往带有一种传统的迷信性质。），接着引出戴恩的例子，所以A选项“受迷信的影响”正确。B选项“受宗教信仰困扰”，C选项“被教会的布道所迷惑”和D选项“对家庭收入感到沮丧”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。30.推理判断题。本文讲述新英格兰殖民地的早期定居者，他们有的是受过良好教育和有影响力的人，有的受教育程度较低，所以C选项“来自不同的知识背景”正确。A选项“主要从事政治活动”：他们的生活方方面面，政治是其中一项，故错误。B选项“被虚幻的前景所激励”：文中没有这样的意思，故错误。D选项“没有留下多少正式记录供后人参考”：根据第一段第三句According to many books and articles（根据许多书籍和文章），可知有不少可参考的资料，故错误。因此C选项正确。11. 翻译题Section A English to Chinese (15 points)Directions: Translate the underlined part of the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on your ANSWER SHEET.56. In comparison with military, political and economic security, ecological security has a wider influence on the common people living in a