2022年考博英语-外交学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第185期

2022年考博英语-外交学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题All his plan for starting his own business fell（ ）.问题1选项A.inB.throughC.downD.away【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项fell in“塌陷，跌入，集合，到期”；B选项fell through“落空，失败”；C选项fell down“跌倒，倒塌”；D选项fell away“消失，背离，离开，疏失”。句意：他所有的创业计划全落空（告吹）了。因此B选项正确。2. 翻译题17世纪后期至18世纪末，是中国清代的鼎盛时期，史称“康乾盛世”。那个时期，中国的工业产量位居世界前列。但正是在这个时候，欧洲诸国先后开始了近代资产阶级革命和产业革命，社会生产力迅速发展，后来居上。而中国当时的政治者对这一历史性大变革却茫然无知，仍沉迷于盲目自大之中，视西方科学技术为“奇技淫巧”。“康乾盛世”之后的100多年，中国的发展大大落后了，国际地位急剧衰落，沦为半殖民地，备受外强欺辱。中华人民共和国成立后，中国人民掌握了自己的命运，民族的独立和解放使中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。但在20世纪60、70年代世界经济蓬勃发展和新科技革命浪潮兴起的时代，中国搞了长达10年的“文化大革命”，错失了又一次发展良机。值得欣慰的是，从70年代末开始，我们纠正了过去的错误，选择了改革开放的正确道路，对内实行改革，对外实行开放，开放也是改革。改革开放使我们抓住了新的历史机遇，实现了近30年的高速发展，综合国力显著增强，人民生活得到很大改善，国际地位不断上升。【答案】In the late 17 century to the end of 18th Century, Chinese Qing Dynasty was in its heyday, known as the Golden Age of “Kangxi and Qianlong”. During this period, Chinas industrial production has been at the forefront on the world stage. But it was at this time that European countries began the modern bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution, which rocket the rapid development of social productivity in the western world, leaving the rest of the world out of sight behind. However, Chinese politicians at that time were completely ignorant of this historic change, and still indulged in blind arrogance, regarding western science and technology as “diabolic tricks and wicked craft”. During the past 100 years from that time onward, China fell far behind in development, suffered a sharp decline in its international status, was reduced to a semi-colony and subjected to bullying and humiliation from foreign powers.Since the funding of the Peoples Republic of China, accompanying with the national independence and liberation, Chinese people have become the master of their own destiny. All this has brought tremendous changes to China. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, when the world economy was booming and the new wave of scientific and technological revolution was emerging, China conducted the decade-long “Cultural Revolution” and missed another good opportunity for development. The good news is that since the end of 1970s, with the implementation of reforming domestically and opening-up to the world we have corrected the mistakes of the past, directing the whole nation to the right way of reform and opening-up. Under the guidance of reform and opening-up policy, we seized the new historical opportunity to promote a rapid social development in the last 30 years. This policy not only heighten chinas comprehensive powers and peoples living standards, but also the growing international clout.3. 单选题Mom flipped her（ ）when she found out I was pregnant.问题1选项A.chartB.fingerC.sideD.lid【答案】D【解析】考查固定短语搭配。Flip ones lid是一句美国俚语，意为发怒，发火，失去控制，变得狂热，大发脾气。句意：妈妈发现我怀孕后大发雷霆。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题The shuttle Columbia was doomed in part because NASA relied on flawed computer simulations and mathematical formulas that failed to accurately predict damage to the shuttle from flying pieces of foam, documents released by the space agency and the group investigating the accident show.Nuclear and aviation industry safety experts who are familiar with the sorts of analyses NASA used say space agency officials were wrong to rely on the simulations to gauge risks. Instead, the experts say, they should have performed tests on shuttle components to determine the damage that foam from the fuel tank might do to its wing.These simulations and formulas some done before the launch, others done during the mission often were based on erroneous assumptions about the ability of the shuttle to withstand damage. NASA managers assumed it was safe for Columbia to return to Earth even though foam had struck the wing.The foam hit the left wing 82 seconds after liftoff and broke through one of the carbon panels designed to protect the wings from the intense heat of re-entry. Columbia broke apart as it re-entered Earths atmosphere on Feb.1. All seven astronauts were killed.Today, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board Will issue its findings on what caused the accident. In addition to detailing how the blow from the foam led to the break-up, the board will document how decisions by NASA managers underestimated the peril Columbia faced and how they ignored warnings, according to previous public statements from board members.The independent boards report also is expected to find that the NASA safety office was ineffective and underfunded.Among the areas to be discussed is NASAs reliance on computer simulations and mathematical models. Before the missionand again after fuzzy photos showed the foam had hit Columbias wing-simulations and other analyses led to poor decisions by NASA managers, documents show. The simulations appear to have blinded them to danger signals about foam on earlier flights and led them to dramatically underestimate the threat to Columbia. The independent boards report also is expected to find that the NASA safety office was ineffective and underfunded.In one case, during the Columbia mission, at least 75 shuttle experts with NASA and its contractors were so concerned about the poor quality of data in an analysis they were preparing that they recommended taking photos of the shuttle in space, sources say. Those photos could have shown whether foam had damaged the left wing.Instead, NASA managers trusted the analysis that the experts said was so flawed. The analysis wrongly estimated where the foam hit and concluded that the shuttle had not sustained significant damage. Had NASA known the extent of the damage, the agency might have launched a rescue mission to try to save Columbias crew.Engineers connected to the analysis say they are angry and puzzled that NASA would not seek photos from satellites or telescopes. NASA managers say they were not told of the limitations on computer simulations and analyses.By necessity, NASA relies heavily on computer models and other analysis tools to provide clues about what happens to the shuttle from launch until re-entry. It cannot easily recreate the extreme temperatures of space in a lab. Used properly, such analyses can improve safety. Indeed, analysis techniques routinely help design safer jet wings and nuclear plants.But safety experts in high-risk industries say theyve learned the hard way mathematical formulas and computer simulations cannot fully mimic nature. Several major aviation crashes and the Three Mile Island nuclear accident were caused by poor analyses, experts say.“You need to take into account the uncertainties” says Elizabeth Pate-Cornell, chairman of the management sciences and engineering department at Stanford University. “Its the old story: garbage in, garbage out.”As Columbia orbited, engineers erroneously concluded the foam could not damage the wings carbon panels. The analysis was based on earlier tests of small ice pellets hitting the panels. But those tests could not predict whether a large chunk of foam would cause damage.A computer program known as Crater, which engineers used to predict whether the foam damaged the ceramic tiles beneath Columbias wing, had not been designed to account for impacts from large pieces of foam.1. Nuclear and aviation safety experts（ ）.2. In the authors opinion, NASA managers（ ）.3. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board will issue its findings with regard to the following EXCEPT（ ）.4. NASA managers made poor decisions because they did NOT（ ）.5. Safety experts in high-risk industries indicate that computer simulations（ ）.问题1选项A.know very well the sorts of analyses made by NASA managersB.indicate that space agency officials relied on the wrong analysesC.believe that space agency officials should have made more simulationsD.strongly criticize space agency officials for being unscrupulous问题2选项A.made wrong hypothesis conclusions about the safety of ColumbiaB.in fact knew clearly what kind of danger Columbia would faceC.felt it difficult to predict what might happen to Columbia as it returned to EarthD.did not realize that the left wing of Columbia was hit by the foam after liftoff问题3选项A.why the shuttle broke apart as it returned to EarthB.how the foam hitting the left wing caused the accidentC.how decisions by NASA managers were madeD.how NASA managers misunderstood danger signals问题4选项A.get all the findings of data analysesB.know the shuttle had significant damageC.get along well with shuttle expertD.trust the analysis produced by simulation问题5选项A.are not reliable at allB.yielded poor analysesC.have severe limitationsD.should be abandoned【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可定位到文章第二段第一句话“Nuclear and aviation industry safety experts who are familiar with the sorts of analyses NASA used say space agency officials were wrong to rely on the simulations to gauge risks.（熟悉NASA使用的分析的核能和航空安全专家说，航天局官员错误地依赖模拟来衡量风险。）”。A选项“非常了解NASA管理人员所做的各种分析”文中没有提到；B选项“指出太空总署官员依赖错误的分析”正确；C选项“认为太空总署的官员应该做更多的模拟”没有直接在文中明说；D选项“强烈批评航天局官员的肆无忌惮”文中没有提到，因此B选项正确。2.作者意图题。由题干可定位到第三段第一句话“These simulations and formulas some done before the launch, others done during the mission often were based on erroneous assumptions about the ability of the shuttle to withstand damage.（这些模拟和公式，有些是在发射前完成的，而在任务期间所做的其他模拟和公式往往是基于对航天飞机承受损害能力的错误假设。）”。A选项“对哥伦比亚号的安全性做出错误的假设结论”正确；B选项“事实上很清楚哥伦比亚将面临什么样的危险”说法错误，管理人员低估了自己的错误对哥伦比亚号造成的危险；C选项“觉得很难预测哥伦比亚号返回地球时会发生什么”说法错误，管理人员觉得哥伦比亚号能安全返回地球；D选项“没有意识到哥伦比亚号的左翼在升空后被泡沫击中”说法错误，管理人员预测到了，只是他们错误地评估了航天飞机的承伤能力，因此A选项正确。3.细节事实题。由题干定位到文中第五段“Today, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board Will issue its findings on what caused the accident. In addition to detailing how the blow from the foam led to the break-up, the board will document how decisions by NASA managers underestimated the peril Columbia faced and how they ignored warnings, according to previous public statements from board members.（今天，哥伦比亚事故调查委员会将发布事故原因的调查结果。根据此前董事会成员公开声明，除了详细说明泡沫的打击如何导致分解外，委员会还将记录NASA管理人员如何低估哥伦比亚面临的危险以及他们如何忽视警告。）”。A选项“为什么航天飞机在返回地球时分裂了”；B选项“泡沫是如何撞击左翼造成事故的”；C选项“NASA管理者是如何做出决定的”都在文中提到过，只有D选项“NASA管理者如何误解危险信号”没有提到，因此D选项正确。4.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第八、九段。文中说到安全专家非常担心他们准备的分析数据的质量太低，他们建议在太空中给航天飞机拍照，然而管理人员相信自己的实验数据，所以引发了事故。A选项“得到所有数据分析的结果”；B选项“知道航天飞机有严重的损坏”；C选项“与航天飞机专家相处融洽”都不符合原文，D选项“相信模拟产生的分析”正确，因此D选项正确。5.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第十段“NASA managers say they were not told of the limitations on computer simulations and analyses.（美国宇航局的管理人员说，他们没有被告知计算机模拟和分析的局限性。）”和第十二段“But safety experts in high-risk industries say theyve learned the hard way mathematical formulas and computer simulations cannot fully mimic nature.（但高风险行业的安全专家说，他们已经学到了数学公式和计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然的艰难方法。）”。由此可知计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然危险，因此具有局限性。A选项“完全不可靠”；B选项“产生不良分析”和D选项“应该被废弃”都不正确，C选项“有严重的局限性”符合题意，因此C选项正确。5. 单选题They believed that this was not the（ ）of their campaign for equality but merely the beginning.问题1选项A.climaxB.pitchC.summitD.maximum【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项climax“高潮，顶点，层进法，极点”，多指戏剧等的高潮，也指事物发展中的极点，多含其后由盛而衰的意味；B选项pitch“运动场地，程度，音高，沥青，投球”；C选项summit“顶点，最高级会议，最高阶层”，书面用词，指山的最顶部分，也指通过努力可以达到的最高水平，还指最重要的、国家间的首脑最高级会谈；D选项maximum“极大，最大限度，最大量”。句意：他们认为这并不是他们争取平等运动的顶峰，而仅仅是一个开始。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题Americas Congress passed a housing bill that includes measures to shore up Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, two troubled mortgage giants.问题1选项A.censureB.imprecateC.upbraidD.bolster【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项censure“严厉斥责，正式谴责”；B选项imprecate“诅咒；祈求”；C选项upbraid“责骂；训斥”；D选项bolster“支持，支撑；给（座位）加软垫；改善，巩固；增强，激励”。句意：美国国会通过了一项住房法案，其中包括支持房利美和房地美这两个陷入困境的抵押贷款巨头的措施。shore up“支持，支撑；加固”。D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。7. 翻译题When your personal wealth is greater than the gross domestic product of Slovakia, finding an incentive to get out of bed on a chilly Monday morning in Seattle is never going to be easy.So its perhaps no great surprise that Bill Gates, the worlds richest man, has decided to walk away from his day-to-day involvement with Microsoft, the behemoth he co-founded more than 30 years ago.Instead of fretting about computer codes, the 50-year-old will use his obsessive attention to detail to oversee how the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation spends its assets of 16 billion.In abandoning his career on the cusp of middle age and devoting the rest of his life to charitable causes, Gateswho is worth about 27 billion is following a well-trodden path.Ever since the industrial revolution, wealthy self-made businessmen and women have felt a calling to create a legacy that goes beyond a profit and loss sheet.【答案】当你的个人财富超过斯洛伐克的国内生产总值时，要想找出周一早上顶着西雅图的寒冷彻骨也要起床上班的动力，就实在不那么容易了。因此，世界首富比尔盖茨（Bill Gates）决定不再参与30多年前他与人共同创办的软件巨头微软的日常工作，也就不足为奇了。现年50岁的盖茨决定不再与软件代码这一类事务打交道，转而专心致志于比尔和梅琳达盖茨基金会如何花费了160亿英镑这一细节问题上。身价270亿英镑的盖茨在中年之际放弃了自己的事业，将余生献给了慈善事业。自工业革命以来，白手起家的富有商人们就感受到了超越追求财产损益表力量的召唤。8. 单选题This crisis will test the Prime Ministers mettle.问题1选项A.planB.judgmentC.staminaD.knowledge【答案】C【解析】考查同义名词辨析。A选项plan“计划，平面图”；B选项judgment“判断，裁判，判决书，辨别力”；C选项stamina“耐力，持久力，毅力”；D选项knowledge“知识，学问，知道，认识，学科”。句意：这场危机将考验首相的勇气。Mettle“勇气，气质，耐力”，C选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。9. 单选题Nakheel, a property developer owned by Dubai World, met creditors as part of its attempts to renegotiate $10.5 billion in bank debt. Dubai World spooked markets in November after announcing a standstill on debt repayments.问题1选项A.intimidatedB.assailedC.exudeD.imbibed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项intimidated“威胁，恐吓，胁迫”；B选项assail“攻击；质问；着手解决”；C选项exude“散发；流出；使渗出”；D选项imbibe“吸收，接受；喝；吸入”。句意：迪拜世界（Dubai World）旗下的房地产开发商棕榈岛集团（Nakheel）与债权人会面，试图就105亿美元的银行债务进行重新谈判。迪拜世界(Dubai World)去年11月宣布暂停偿债后，令市场恐慌。spook“吓；惊吓；受惊；鬼怪般的出没”，A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。10. 单选题Toms（ ）is high in the network news business.问题1选项A.trumpB.gameC.stockD.dot【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项trump“王牌，法宝，喇叭”；B选项game“游戏，比赛，猎物，野味”；C选项stock“股份，股票，库存，血统，树干，家畜”；D选项dot“点，圆点，嫁妆”。句意：汤姆在网络新闻业务中所占有的股份比例很高。因此C选项正确。11. 单选题The troops slept in cramped conditions.问题1选项A.untidyB.makeshiftC.dirtyD.crowded【答案】D【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项untidy“不整洁的，凌乱的，懒散的，不干净利落的”；B选项makeshift“临时的，权宜之计的”；C选项dirty“下流的，卑鄙的，肮脏的，恶劣的，暗淡的”；D选项crowded“拥挤的，塞满的”。句意：军队在拥挤的条件下睡觉。Cramped“狭窄的，难懂的，难辨的”，D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。12. 单选题Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities. You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as melekh handles have been found in abundancemore than 4,000 examples so far.The basement of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered.Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal dicing would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?1. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose（ ）.2. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?3. The authors argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation is based on which of the following assumptions?4. The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?5. The author implies that which of the following would occur if duplicate artifacts were sold on the open market?I. Illegal excavation would eventually cease completely.II. Cyprus would become the primary source of marketable duplicate artifacts.III. Archaeologists would be able to publish the results of their excavations more frequently than they currently do.问题1选项A.an alternative to museum display of artifactsB.a way to curb illegal dicing while benefiting the archaeological professionC.a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such valueD.the governmental regulation of archaeological sites问题2选项A.Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.B.Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.C.Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.D.Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.问题3选项A.Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts.B.The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.C.Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.D.Money gained from selling authenticated artifacts could be used to investigate and prosecute illegal excavators.问题4选项A.Museum officials will become unwilling to store artifacts.B.An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.C.Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.D.Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.问题5选项A.I onlyB.III onlyC.I and III onlyD.II and III only【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。由题干定位到文章第二段“I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging.（我想提出一个令人发指的建议，政府应为考古学提供资金，并减少非法挖掘的数量。）”。A选项“博物馆文物陈列的替代品”；B选项“在有益于考古行业的同时遏制非法挖掘的方法”；C选项“区分有科学价值和没有科学价值的文物的方法”；D选项“政府对考古遗址的管制”。联系全文可知B选项更符合题意。2.细节事实题。由题干可定位到文章第四段“There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as i