2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷18（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Some taxonomists, particularly those working in herbaria and providing an identification service, do need such _.问题1选项A.approachB.confidenceC.faithD.expertise【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项approach“方法，方式；接近；接洽”；B选项confidence“信心；信任；秘密”；C选项faith“信仰；信念；信任；忠实”；D选项expertise“专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见”。句意：一些分类学家，特别是那些在标本室工作并提供鉴定服务的分类学家，确实需要这样的专业知识。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题He complied with the requirement that all graduate students in education _ a thesis.问题1选项A.writeB.writingC.to writeD.be writing【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。与动词require的宾语从句谓语动词需用虚拟语气一样，名词requirement的同位语从句或表语从句的谓语动词也需用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可省略。句意：他遵守了所有教育学研究生都要写毕业论文的要求。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题As one of the youngest professors in the university, Miss King is certainly on the _ of a brilliant career.问题1选项A.thresholdB.edgeC.porchD.course【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项threshold“入口；门槛；开始；极限；临界值”；B选项edge“边缘；优势；刀刃；锋利”；C选项porch“门廊；走廊”；D选项course“科目；课程；过程；进程；道路；路线，航向；一道菜”。on the threshold of.“处于的开端”；on the edge of.“处于的边缘”；in the course of.“在的进程中”。句意：作为大学里最年轻的教授之一，金女士无疑正处于她辉煌事业的开端。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题There are several _ between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.问题1选项A.exaggerationsB.discrepanciesC.breakthroughsD.compliances【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项exaggeration“夸张；夸大之词；夸张的手法”；B选项discrepancy“不符；矛盾；相差”；C选项breakthrough“突破；突破性进展”；D选项compliance“顺从，服从；符合；屈从；可塑性”。句意：费用的原始估计和实际账单之间有几处不一致。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题Accuracy is _ to the programming of computer.问题1选项A.elementalB.baseC.fundamentalD.inherent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项elemental“基本的；主要的；自然力的；四大要素的（土、水、气、火）”（强调属于事物的基础或本质）；B选项based“基地在的；在居住（或工作）；（以某事）为基础，为根据”；C选项fundamental“基本的，根本的”（强调重要性，根基作用等，指重要程度即非常重要）；D选项inherent“固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的”。句意：准确性是计算机编程的基础。be fundamental to.“基础的；基本的”。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violenceas if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instinct remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering means nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social program. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each others problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk,” the advocates of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possibly, my Lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1. What is the best title for this passage?2. Recorded history has taught us _3. It can be inferred that truly reasonable men_4. “He was none the wiser” means _5. According to the author the best way to solve race prejudice is _.问题1选项A.Advocating Violence.B.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C.Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.D.The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.问题2选项A.violence never solves anything.B.nothing.C.the bloodshed means nothing.D.everything.问题3选项A.cant get a hearing.B.are looked down upon.C.are persecuted.D.have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.问题4选项A.he was not at all wise in listening.B.he was not at all wiser than nothing before.C.he gains nothing after listening.D.he makes no sense of the argument.问题5选项A.law enforcementB.knowledgeC.nonviolenceD.mopping up the violent mess【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开头说道“In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences（在一些种族偏见十分严重的国家，暴力被理所当然地视为解决分歧的一种手段）”，接着第一段的后文中又提到“We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute.（我们仍然没有认识到，暴力永远解决不了问题，反而会使问题更加严重。）”，并且全文的基调都是反暴力的，由此可知该文主要说明了暴力无法消除种族偏见。A选项“崇尚暴力”；B选项“暴力无法消除种族偏见”；C选项“双方重要人士都认为暴力是一种合法的解决方案”；D选项“人类的本能是对暴力的渴望”。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing.（整个有记录的人类历史，那些冗长乏味的暴力记录，没有教会我们任何东西。）”，由此可知那些历史没有教会我们任何东西。A选项“暴力解决不了任何问题”；B选项“什么都没有教会”；C选项“流血毫无意义”；D选项“所有事情”。因此B选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段的第一句话“The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement.（真正合理的人知道解决办法在哪里，他们发现越来越难得到听证，他们被自己的同类所鄙视、不信任甚至迫害，因为他们提倡执法等明显令人愤慨的事情。）”。A选项“得不到听证”；B选项“被轻视”；C选项“被迫害”；D选项“难以提倡执法”。A、B、C选项出现的情况是由于真正明事理的人在推行执法，由此可推断出难以提倡执法才是真正明事理的那些人面临的主要问题。因此D选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser.（法官听了一场冗长的辩论后抱怨说，经过这么多的谈话，他什么都没有搞明白。）”。A选项“他根本不善于倾听”；B选项“他一点也不比以前聪明”；C选项“他听了之后没有一点收获”；D选项“他并不理解这场辩论”。none the wise“不理解；不明白”；与make no sense of 意思相同，因此D选项正确。5.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段最后一句“Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.（只要我们在法律框架内工作，就总是可能有真正和持久的解决办法。）”。A选项“执法”；B选项“知识”；C选项“非暴力”；D选项“收拾暴力的烂摊子”。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题There are people in Italy who cant stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens. They tell you its a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, and gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because theres the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still. On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, and close-ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV wont do it for you.Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms bang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first basemans position. Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses.1. The passage is mainly concerned with _.2. Those who dont like baseball may complain that _.3. The author admits that _.4. By stating “I could have had my eyes closed.” the author means _.5. We can safely conclude that the author _.问题1选项A.the different tastes of people for sportsB.the different characteristics of sportsC.the attraction of footballD.the attraction of baseball问题2选项A.it is only to the taste of the oldB.it involves fewer players than footballC.it is not exciting enoughD.it is pretentious and looks funny问题3选项A.baseball is too peaceful for the youngB.baseball may seem boring when watched on TVC.football is more attracting than baseballD.baseball is more interesting than football问题4选项A.the third baseman would rather sleep than play the gameB.even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no different to the resultC.the third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all the time and do his work wellD.the consequent was too bad he could not bear to see it问题5选项A.likes footballB.hates footballC.hates baseballD.likes baseball【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段简述了人们对棒球所持的偏见认为它毫无活力、从容和缓；文章的第二、三、四、五段探讨了棒球的根本特征及欣赏角度，文章的最后一句话用一个比喻概括了棒球的魅力“If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music（如果橄榄球是一曲交响乐的话，那么，棒球中所表现出来的运动恰似一曲优美的室内乐。）”。可见，本文主要探讨的是棒球的特点及其欣赏，所以D选项“棒球的吸引力”符合题意。A选项“人们对运动的不同品味”不对，虽然第一段也确实提到了不同观众对不同运动形式的偏好，但这只是用以引出对棒球的特征及欣赏的讨论；B选项“运动的不同特点”和C选项“足球的吸引力”都不是文章主要表达的内容，故不选。因此D选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“.there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens. They tell you its a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, and gentlemanly. （许多人不喜欢棒球，一提起棒球这些人就打哈欠甚至皱眉头。对他们来说，看棒球意味着眼巴巴地观望着身着运动装的人呆立在球场上，东瞧瞧西望望，很少有什么激动人心的事发生没意思透了。他们认为这样的运动更适合上个世纪的人的口味，缓慢，安静，具有绅士风度。）”由此可知那些不喜欢棒球的人认为这项运动不够刺激，所以C选项“它不够刺激”符合题意。A选项“它只适合老年人的口味”说法错误，文章第一段只提到“They tell you its a game better suited to the 19th century（他们认为这样的运动更适合上个世纪的人的口味）”，与老年人意味不一样；B选项“它涉及的球员比足球少”文章没有提及；D选项“它矫揉造作、滑稽可笑”，这与文章说它gentlemanly（具有绅士风度，矜持，即：没有冲撞或拼抢的意思）不一样，故不选。因此C选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, and close-ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV wont do it for you.（在电视上，棒球运动被切换成不同角度的画面，而且不断地使用重放、特写等电视制作技术，这破坏了该运动的整体运动感，使观众无法将自己投入到运动中去，以体会到这种寓动于静的运动之美。电视做不到这一点，因此，电视上的棒球比赛看上去沉沉静静、慢慢腾腾的。）”所以B选项“电视上的棒球比赛很无聊”符合题意。A选项“棒球运动对年轻人来说太平静了”文章没有提及，文章只提到了很多人认为棒球不刺激，并没有说到棒球对年轻人来说太安静了，故A选项不选；C选项“足球比棒球更吸引人”和D选项“棒球比足球更有趣”不对，作者仅指出了不同运动有不同运动的特征，并未说哪种运动优于哪种。因此B选项正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first basemans position. Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”（但要注意投手每次投球时都会发生什么：三垒手踮起脚尖，弯曲手臂或将手套举到他面前的某个点上，向右或向左、向后或向前跨一步，也许他会扫一眼全场来检查一垒手的位置。假设球场是一个球。“什么都没发生”，你说。“我本来可以闭上眼睛的”）该段整个都在描述棒球场上的一个场景：拿三垒的运动员假设对方全投出好球，做好了一切准备，但是对方投出的并不是好球。所以在那时候他的准备做不做都不会影响比赛结果。所以文章说到“本来可以闭上眼睛”，所以B选项“即使三垒手刚才闭上眼睛，结果也不会有什么不同”意思与题干相符，A选项“三垒手宁愿睡觉也不愿比赛”；C选项“第三垒手擅长棒球，他可以闭着眼睛完成比赛，并且做得很好”；D选项“结果太糟糕了，他无法忍受看到它”都不符合作者意图，因此B选项正确。5.判断推理题。在本文中，作者主要探讨了棒球的特征及欣赏，作者着重指出只有根据棒球的特征来欣赏它，才能体会到它的魅力。在他看来，观察到棒球比赛中运动员的各种动作、棒球位之间的关系等是欣赏它的关键。只有从整体来把握它，才能看到每一个小的动作、每一个眼神乃至于“静止”的意义，也只有这样，才能全身心地投入比赛中，欣赏到它的魅力。可见，作者对棒球有很深的理解而且非常喜爱棒球，所以D选项“喜欢棒球”说法正确。A选项“喜欢足球”；B选项“讨厌足球”；C选项“讨厌棒球”都与文章意思不符，因此D选项正确。8. 单选题A(n) _ of employment opportunities _ prospective employees entering the job market.问题1选项A.excess; impedesB.surfeit; hinderC.lack; inspiresD.dearth; discourages【答案】D【解析】考查词汇辨析。A选项excess“超过，超额；过度，过量；无节制”；impede“阻碍；妨碍；阻止”；B选项surfeit“过度；饮食过度；恶心（由于饮食过度所引起）”；hinder“成为阻碍；阻碍；打扰”；C选项lack“缺乏，不足”；inspire“激发；鼓舞；启示；产生；使生灵感”；D选项dearth“缺乏；饥馑；粮食不足”，较lack更正式；discourage“阻止；使气馁”。句意：就业机会的缺乏阻碍了未来的雇员进入就业市场。因此D选项正确。9. 单选题Cooked vegetables are also valuable sources of certain vitamins and minerals, if the juice is eaten and if not cooked _.问题1选项A.too long a timeB.a long time tooC.much time longD.long much time【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。根据句义，选项中的time 指“一段时间”，是个可数名词，前面应当用不定冠词a，故排除掉C选项和D选项。副词too修饰形容词的时候，意思是“太”；放在句子最后修饰整个句子时，表示“也”。句意：如果汁液能被吃掉并且没有煮太长时间的话，煮熟的蔬菜也是某些维生素和矿物质的宝贵来源。所以，A选项和B选项相比，A选项“一段太长的时间”更符合句意。因此A选项正确。10. 单选题It would be enormously convenient to have a single, generally accepted index of the economic and social welfare of the people of the United States. A glance at it would tell us how much better or worse off we had become each year, and we would judge the desirability of any proposed action by asking whether it would raise or lower this index. Some recent discussion implies that such an index could be constructed. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other hand, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.The output available to satisfy our wants and needs is one important determinant of welfare. Whatever want, need, or social problem engages our attention, we ordinarily can more easily find resources to deal with it when output is large and growing than when it is not. GNP measures output fairly well, but to evaluate welfare we would need additional measures which would be far more difficult to construct. We would need an index of real costs incurred in production, because we are better off if we get the same output at less cost. Use of just man-hours for welfare evaluation would unreasonably imply that to increase total hours by raising the hours of eight women from 60 to 65 a week imposes no more burden than raising the hours of eight men from 40 to 45 a week, or even than hiring one involuntarily unemployed person for 40 hours a week. A measure of real costs of labor would also have to consider working conditions. Most of us spend almost half our waking hours on the job and our welfare is vitally affected by the circumstances in which we spend those hours.To measure welfare we would need a measure of changes in the need our output must satisfy. One aspect, population change, is now handled by converting output to a per capita basis on the assumption that, other things equal, twice as many people need twice as many goods and services to be equally well off. But an index of needs would also account for differences in the requirements for living as the population becomes more urbanized and suburbanized; for the changes in national defense requirements; and for changes in the effect of weather on our needs. The index would have to tell us the cost of meeting our needs in a base year compared with the cost of meeting them equally well under the circumstances prevailing in every other year.Measures of needs shade into measure of the human and physical environment in which we live. We all are enormously affected by the people around us. Can we go where we like without fear of attack? We are also affected by the physical environmentpurity of water and air, accessibility of park land and other conditions. To measure this requires accurate data, but such data are generally deficient. Moreover, weighting is required: to combine robberies and murders in a crime index; to combine pollution of the Potomac and pollution of Lake Erie into a water pollution index; and then to combine crime and water pollution into some general index. But there is no basis for weighting these beyond individual preference.There are further problems. To measure welfare we would need an index of the goodness of the distribution of income. There is surely consensus that given the same total income and output, a distribution with fewer families in poverty would be the better, but what is the ideal distribution? Even if we could construct indexes of output, real costs, needs, state of the environment, we could not compute a welfare index because we have no system of weights to combine them.1. The authors primary concern is to _.2. The author implies that man-hours is not an appropriate measure of real cost because it _.3. The most important reason why a single index of welfare cannot be designed is that _.4. An adequate measure of need must take into account all of the following EXCEPT _.5. The author regards the idea of a general index of welfare as _.问题1选项A.refute arguments for a positionB.make a proposal and defend itC.show defects in a proposalD.review literature relevant to a problem问题2选项A.ignores the conditions under which the output is generatedB.fails to take into consideration the environmental costs of productionC.is not an effective method for reducing unemploymentD.was never intended to be a general measure of welfare问题3选项A.the cost associated with producing the index would be prohibitiveB.considerable empirical research would have to be done regarding output and needsC.any weighting of various measures into a general index would be inherently subjectiveD.accurate statistics on crime and pollution are not yet available问题4选项A.change effects on people of the weatherB.differences in needs of urban and suburban populationsC.changing requirements for governmental programs such as defenseD.accessibility of park land and other premises问题5选项A.an unrealistic dreamB.an important contributionC.a future necessityD.a desirable change【答案】第1题:A第2