2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前模拟强化练习题58（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题He（ ）of having missed a good opportunity to study abroad but he knew it was no use crying over spilt milk.问题1选项A.weptB.mournedC.grievedD.repented【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: weep “哭泣” ；B: mourn “哀伤”；C: grieve “悲痛”；D: repent “后悔”。句意：他后悔错过了一个出国留学的好机会，但是他知道“覆水难收”。结合句意，可知D为正确答案。2. 单选题The amount of heat produced by this electrical apparatus is（ ）at will by turning a small handle.问题1选项A.variableB.variousC.differentD.diverse【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A: variable “可变的” ；B: various “各种各样的”；C: different “不同的”；D: diverse “不同的”。句意：由这个电子设备产生的热量是可变的-任意转动一个小的操按钮即可。根据句意，判断出A为正确答案。3. 单选题Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years-and why in the following two years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own timesare questions which have interested, the modern philosopher not less than, the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period-one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidentsto the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis, and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction-by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; land the ancient sciences, afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant fact, by appeal to experiment and observation-these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns: but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a-greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or facts and ideasin neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latte?proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts-a particular glass of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true methoD.A fact is a proposition of simple verification. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.1.The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is（ ）.2.According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is（ ）.3.The difference between fact and theory（ ）.4.According to the author, mathematics is（ ）.5.The statement Theories are facts may be called（ ）.问题1选项A.Philosophy of MathematicsB.The Recent Growth in ScienceC.The Verification of FactsD.Methods of Scientific Inquiry问题2选项A.the similarity between the two periodsB.that both tried to develop the inductive methodC.that it was an act of GodD.due to the decline of the deductive method问题3选项A.is that the latter needs confirmationB.rests on the simplicity of the formerC.is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient GreeksD.helps us to understand the deductive method问题4选项A.an inductive scienceB.in need of simple verificationC.a deductive scienceD.based on fact and theory问题5选项A.a metaphorB.a paradoxC.a punD.an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干意为本文最好的标题表述。原文第一段提出问题：为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了前人，是应用新旧方法关系还是其他。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归纳法。但是，这种解释太狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。第四、五段涉及事实和理论的关系。综合考虑下可以判断D为最佳选项。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章中 “Or, should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents-to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding providence?” 中文翻译为：或者我们是否应当把两个阶段的特点归因于所谓的历史的偶然性（意外事件）归因于客观环境中相似（结合）的影响。这一点除非以指导一切的上帝的智慧 和无限权利来解释，否则难以解说清楚。可以得知C选项符合题意。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段,事实是一个提议，通过运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能 通过非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式方法），把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实， 理论因此具有事实的一切特性。因此，A最符合题意。4.推理判断题。an inductive science “归纳法科学”； in need of simple verification“需要简单证实”； a deductive “推理演绎科学”； based on fact and theory “基于事实和理论”。基于对“数学”的理解，C最符合题意。5.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到“For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts-a particular glass of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.”，中文翻译为：因为首先，对立是不完整的，事实和理论不是同类的事物。理论，如果是真正的理论，就是事实一种特殊类别的事实，一般性的复杂，但仍是事实。而事实，从词的狭义来说，如果很复杂，如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就具有理论的一切主要特征。可知，B项“似非而是的隽语；悖论” 正确。4. 填空题In the past castles were normally classified as military engineering and banished (1) _ the architectural scene at once. Today, architects and engineers (2) _far more closely linked (3) _ in the past; we are therefore ready to (4) _ the idea, because a castle was designed (5) _ a well-protected home (6) _its occupants (7) _qualities which we can recognize (8) _ essentially architectural. Once the site (9) _ the castle had been chosen (10) _ form would be dictated (11) _ the materials with which it (12) _ to be built and the many services (13) _ had to provide for those (14) _ its walls. (15) _ its chief role was a defensive (16) _, in times of peace it (17) _ be expected to act (18) _the centre of local government, a hall (19) _justice or perhaps (20) _ a prison.【答案】1.from2.are3.than4.develop5.as6.for7.with8.as9.for10.the11.by12.ought13.which14.within15.While16.building17.can18.as19.of20.as【解析】1.考查固定搭配。be banished from. “放逐；把从驱逐、赶出”。结合句意得知正确答案为from。2.考查时态。根据上文today表示现在时，architects and engineers为复数，因此填入are。3.考查固定搭配。由前文far more + adj.可知此处表示比较级，因此填入than。4.考查动词。根据下文the idea可知此处大意为：我们会形成一种想法。结合语境，develop最为合适。5.考查介词。根据上下文可知，此处应该填入介词，并且表示一种方式，因此为as。6.考查固定搭配。design sth. for sb/sth. “设计；制图；构思”。7.考查介词。根据上下文可知此处是修饰城堡的特点，with有“有，用属性的”含义。8.考查固定搭配。recognize.as. “承认；（正式）认可，接受，辨别”。9.考查介词。根据上下文可知此处表示“用于的选址”，for最为合适。10.考查冠词。根据句意和语境可知此处缺少冠词修饰名词，因此填入the。11.考查搭配。根据上下文，上文表示被动语态，结合下文，此处应填入by。12.考查固定搭配。ought to “应该”。13.考查定语从句。空格后是动宾搭配，缺少主语，空格前为名词，判断出此处是定语从句，修饰空格前的名词并做主语。14.考查介词。结合上下文及语境，此处用介词作状语，后文its wall表示地点。within为最佳答案。15.考查让步状语从句。根据上下文可知，前后文的逻辑关系为：虽然但是，因此while最符合。16.考查名词。根据空格前defensive 可知空格处为名词，根据前文谈及城堡，因此此处填入building合适。17.考查情态动词。根据语境及句意，空格后为系动词的原型be，则空格处填入情态动词合适。18.考查固定搭配。act as “充当；作为”。19.考查固定搭配。结合上下文，此处为a hall of justice “法院”。20.考查介词。空格前的or表示此处与前文的短语act as并列。5. 单选题One afternoon while she was preparing dinner in her kitchen, Anne Peters, a 32-year-old American housewife, suddenly had severe pains in her chest accompanied by shortness of breath. Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help. Her husband immediately rushed Anne to a nearby hospital where her pains were diagnosed as having been caused by panic, and not a heart attack.More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienced by Anne Peters. Benjamin Crocker, a psychologist at the University of Southern California, reveal that as many as ten million adult Americans have already experienced or will experience at least one panic attack in their lifetime. Moreover, studies conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States disclose that approximately 1.2 million adult individuals are currentlysuffering from severe and recurrent panic attacks.These attacks may last for only a few minutes; some, however, continue for several hours. The symptoms of panic attacks bear such remarkable similarity to those of heart attacks that many victims believe that they are indeed having a heart attack.Panic attack victims show the following symptoms: they often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where people normally would not be afraid; they suffer shortness of breath, experience chest pains, a quick heartbeat, sudden fits of trembling, a feeling that persons and things around them are not real; and most of all, a fear of dying or going crazy. A person seized by a panic attack may show all or as few as four of these symptoms.There has been a lot of explanations as to the causes of panic attacks. Many claim that psychological stress could be a logical cause, but as yet, no evidence has been found to support this theory. However, studies show that more women than men experience panic attacks and people who drink a lot as well as those who use drugs are more likely to suffer attacks.It is reported that there are at least three signs that indicate a person is suffering from a panic attack rather than a heart attack. The first is age. People between the ages of 20 and 30 are more often victims of panic attacks. The second is sex. More women suffer from recurrent panic attacks than men. The third is the multiplicity of symptoms. A panic attack victim usually suffers at least four of the previously mentioned symptoms, while a heart attack victim often experiences only pain and shortness of breath.It is generally agreed that a panic attack does not directly endanger a persons life. All the same, it can unnecessarily disrupt a persons life by making him or her so afraid of having a panic attack in a public place that he or she may refuse to leave home and may eventually become isolated from the rest of society. Dr. Crockers advice to any person who thinks her is suffering from a panic attack is to consult a doctor for a medical examination to rule out the possibilities of physical illness first. Once it has been confirmed that he or she is, in fact, suffering from panic attack, the victim should seek psychological and medical help.1.According to the passage, panic attack is（ ）.2.One factor both panic and heart attacks have in common is（ ）.3.It is indicated in the last paragraph that panic attack may（ ）.4.Dr. Crocker suggests that for panic attack sufferers,（ ）.问题1选项A.both frightening and fatalB.actually a form of heart attackC.more common among women than menD.likely to last several hours问题2选项A.a feeling of faintness.B.uncontrollable movementsC.a horror of going madD.difficulty in breathing.问题3选项A.make a victim reluctant to leave home any more.B.threaten a victims physical well-being.C.cause serious social problems for the victims family.D.prevent a victim from enjoying sport anymore.问题4选项A.physical fitness is not so crucialB.a medical checkup is needed to confirm the illness.C.psychological and medical help is necessaryD.nutritional advice is essential to cure the disease.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据C选项“妇女比男子更普遍”可定位到文章第五段 “However, studies show that more women than men experience panic attacks and people who drink a lot as well as those who use drugs are more likely to suffer attacks.”，中文翻译为：不过，研究表明，女人得恐慌症的比男人多，酗酒者和吸毒者更容易得恐慌症。故选C。2.细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到文章第四段 “Panic attack victims show the following symptoms: they often become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations where people normally would not be afraid; they suffer shortness of breath, experience chest pains, a quick heartbeat, sudden fits of trembling, a feeling that persons and things around them are not real; and most of all, a fear of dying or going crazy. A person seized by a panic attack may show all or as few as four of these symptoms.”，中文翻译为：恐怖症患者表现出以下症状：他们常常很容易受到惊吓，在一般人不会害怕的环境中感到不安；他们呼吸短促，胸痛，心跳加快，突然一阵颤抖，感觉周围的人和事物都不是真实的；最重要的是，对死亡或发疯的恐惧。一个惊恐发作的人可能会表现出这些症状的全部或少至四种。以及第六段“A panic attack victim usually suffers at least four of the previously mentioned symptoms, while a heart attack victim often experiences only pain and shortness of breath.”，中文翻译为：一个恐慌症病人通常至少会有四种前面谈到的症状，而心脏病患者往往只感觉到疼痛和呼吸急促。因此可知D项“呼吸困难”正确。3.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到文章尾段 “It is generally agreed that a panic attack does not directly endanger a persons life. All the same, it can unnecessarily disrupt a persons life by making him or her so afraid of having a panic attack in a public place that he or she may refuse to leave home and may eventually become isolated from the rest of society.”，中文翻译为：人们普遍认为恐慌症的发作不会直接危及一个人的生命。尽管如此，它会不必要地扰乱一个人的生活，使他或她非常害怕在公共场所出现恐慌症发作，他或她可能会拒绝离开家，最终可能会与社会隔离。判断出A项“使患者不再愿意离开家门”正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章尾段 “Dr. Crockers advice to any person who thinks her is suffering from a panic attack is to consult a doctor for a medical examination to rule out the possibilities of physical illness first. Once it has been confirmed that he or she is, in fact, suffering from panic attack, the victim should seek psychological and medical help. ”，中文翻译为：克罗克尔博士建议任何自以为得了恐慌症的人要去看医生，进行医疗检查，以首先排除身体疾病的可能性。一旦被确诊真的得了恐慌症，患者应寻求心理和医疗的帮助。故答案为C“心理和医疗帮助是必要的”。6. 单选题The inauguration of the new president will be held at 8 oclock（ ）.问题1选项A.sharplyB.rightC.promptD.punctually【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析题。A: sharply “严厉地；锋利地”；B: right “立刻” ; C: prompt “迅速的； 敏捷的”；D: punctually “准时地”。 句意：新总统的就职典礼将于8点准时举行。根据前文“在八点”得知表示时间的准点，因此可知D为正确答案。7. 单选题When the jury brought in a（ ）of guilt, the defendant who was overwhelmingly arrogant several minutes ago drooped his head.问题1选项A.judgmentB.appraisalC.verdictD.conviction【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: judgment“判断”；B: appraisal“评价”；C: verdict“结论，裁定”；D: conviction “顶嘴，证明有罪”。句意：陪审团拿着判罪裁决书进来时，几分钟之前还相当自大的被告低下了他的头。结合句意，选C。8. 单选题Her face was a fair（ ）to her disposition.问题1选项A.markB.indicationC.prefaceD.index.【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: mark “斑点；记号；成绩”；B: indication “指示；象征”；C: preface “序言，引语”；D: index “索引； 数指数；指示；标志”。 句意：她的脸是显示她气质的一个很好的指标。根据语境和句意，D选项正确。9. 单选题The freshman took a while to（ ）himself the new environment of the university.问题1选项A.familiarizeB.modifyC.orientD.alter【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。orient.to“使适应”。句意：大学新生花了一段时间使自己适应大学的新环境。根据句意，C为正确答案。10. 单选题You cant keep the milk outside for a night, it will turn（ ）.问题1选项A.sourB.stainedC.rottenD.acid【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A: sour “有酸味的” ；B: stained “玷污的”；C: rotten “腐烂的；恶臭的”；D: acid“酸性的”。句意：你不能把牛奶放在外面过夜，它会变质。结合语境，表示牛奶变酸，故选A。11. 单选题A conservative man always（ ）hostility to the changes that take place in the contemporary world.问题1选项A.cherishB.embraceC.embodyD.harbour【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: cherish “珍爱”；B: embrace “包括；拥抱”；C: embody “表现，象征”；D: harbour “隐匿；怀着；包含，藏有”。 句意：一个保守的人总是对当今世界发生的变化怀有敌意。根据语境和句意可知D为正确答案。12. 单选题（ ）me, I think an English-Chinese dictionary is much more helpful to our study than an all English dictionary.问题1选项A.As far asB.AsC.As forD.As regard【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。as for “对来说，就而言”。句意：对我来说，我认为一本英汉字典要比一本全英字典要好。根据句意可知C为正确答案。13. 单选题The president placed a wreath on the monument to the heroes and then made a speech to pay（ ）to the great achievements of the martyrs.问题1选项A.complimentB.gratitudeC.tributeD.commendation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: compliment “恭维；敬意”；B: gratitude “感激”；C: tribute “致敬；悼念”；D: commendation “表扬；嘉奖状”。 句意：总统在纪念碑上放了一个花圈敬给英雄们，然后，发表讲话，以致敬烈士的伟大成就。根据语境和句意，C最合适。14. 单选题This countrys development of science was greatly undermined for large numbers of scientific（ ）were ejected from their motherland since the dictator came into power.问题1选项A.galaxyB.eliteC.personnelD.swarm【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: galaxy “银河” ；B: elite “精英”；C: personnel “全体人员”；D: swarm “一大群”。句意：这个国家的科学发展受到严重破坏，因为自从独裁者掌握政权，大量的科学精英就离开了故乡。由句意可知B为正确答案。15. 单选题The capital intended to broaden the export base and（ ）efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.问题1选项A.secureB.extendC.defendD.possess【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项 secure“保护（使免受危险或失败），提供保证；获得，取得”；B选项 extend“延伸，扩大”；C选项 defend “防护，辩护，防卫”；D选项 possess “占有，拥有；缠住，迷住”。句意：本打算用来扩大出口基地从而有效地从国际贸易中获得效益的资金却用到了没有经济效益的进口贸易中去了。根据句意可知，且选项中能与gains搭配的只有secure，故A选项正确。16. 单选题The envelope arrived with the old address（ ）, and the new one written alongside it.问题1选项A.left outB.crossed outC.cutoutD.fallen【答案】B【解析】考查词组。A: left out“遗漏；忽略”；B: crossed out“勾掉，划掉”；C: cut out“停止；裁剪”；D: fallen“倒下”。句意：信封上的旧地址划掉了，旁边写着新地址。结合此处语境，B为正确答案。17. 单选题He would go to endless（ ）to help anyone he thought worthy of encouragement.问题1选项A.difficultyB.obstacleC.troubleD.nuisance【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: difficulty “困难” ；B: obstacle “障碍”；C: trouble “麻烦”；D: nuisance “讨厌的东西（人，行为）麻烦事”。句意：他帮助任何他认为值得鼓励的人会带来无尽的麻烦。结合此处语境，C为正确答案。18. 单选题Conscience（ ）him day and night after he saw the miseries other child which was caused by his misdoings with his own eyes.问题1选项A.racksB.persecutesC.maltreatsD.abuses【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A: rack “折磨”；B: persecute “迫害”；C: maltreat “虐待”；D: abuse “滥用”。句意：在他看到其他孩子由于他的失误所造成的痛苦之后，良心一直折磨着他。良心应和折磨搭配，因此A符合题意。19. 翻译题Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on the Answer Sheet.Scientific research is by nature an uncertain undertaking. Like any exploratory process, it is not possible to predict what one will find or what its eventual utility might be. That is the whole point of research-investigating what we do not know. In other walks of life we have come to grips with the notion of stochastic phenomena that are not individually predictable, but can be tackled as a group. Mutual fund managers do not expect every investment to have the same return, nor do actuaries expect every person to live precisely to the life expectancy. The whole point of a mutual fund, or an insurance company, is to create a portfolio of unpredictable entities that in the aggregate yield to statistical prediction. Given a sufficiently large portfolio of research projects, and enough tim