2022年考博英语-外交学院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷56

2022年考博英语-外交学院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The shuttle Columbia was doomed in part because NASA relied on flawed computer simulations and mathematical formulas that failed to accurately predict damage to the shuttle from flying pieces of foam, documents released by the space agency and the group investigating the accident show.Nuclear and aviation industry safety experts who are familiar with the sorts of analyses NASA used say space agency officials were wrong to rely on the simulations to gauge risks. Instead, the experts say, they should have performed tests on shuttle components to determine the damage that foam from the fuel tank might do to its wing.These simulations and formulas some done before the launch, others done during the mission often were based on erroneous assumptions about the ability of the shuttle to withstand damage. NASA managers assumed it was safe for Columbia to return to Earth even though foam had struck the wing.The foam hit the left wing 82 seconds after liftoff and broke through one of the carbon panels designed to protect the wings from the intense heat of re-entry. Columbia broke apart as it re-entered Earths atmosphere on Feb.1. All seven astronauts were killed.Today, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board Will issue its findings on what caused the accident. In addition to detailing how the blow from the foam led to the break-up, the board will document how decisions by NASA managers underestimated the peril Columbia faced and how they ignored warnings, according to previous public statements from board members.The independent boards report also is expected to find that the NASA safety office was ineffective and underfunded.Among the areas to be discussed is NASAs reliance on computer simulations and mathematical models. Before the missionand again after fuzzy photos showed the foam had hit Columbias wing-simulations and other analyses led to poor decisions by NASA managers, documents show. The simulations appear to have blinded them to danger signals about foam on earlier flights and led them to dramatically underestimate the threat to Columbia. The independent boards report also is expected to find that the NASA safety office was ineffective and underfunded.In one case, during the Columbia mission, at least 75 shuttle experts with NASA and its contractors were so concerned about the poor quality of data in an analysis they were preparing that they recommended taking photos of the shuttle in space, sources say. Those photos could have shown whether foam had damaged the left wing.Instead, NASA managers trusted the analysis that the experts said was so flawed. The analysis wrongly estimated where the foam hit and concluded that the shuttle had not sustained significant damage. Had NASA known the extent of the damage, the agency might have launched a rescue mission to try to save Columbias crew.Engineers connected to the analysis say they are angry and puzzled that NASA would not seek photos from satellites or telescopes. NASA managers say they were not told of the limitations on computer simulations and analyses.By necessity, NASA relies heavily on computer models and other analysis tools to provide clues about what happens to the shuttle from launch until re-entry. It cannot easily recreate the extreme temperatures of space in a lab. Used properly, such analyses can improve safety. Indeed, analysis techniques routinely help design safer jet wings and nuclear plants.But safety experts in high-risk industries say theyve learned the hard way mathematical formulas and computer simulations cannot fully mimic nature. Several major aviation crashes and the Three Mile Island nuclear accident were caused by poor analyses, experts say.“You need to take into account the uncertainties” says Elizabeth Pate-Cornell, chairman of the management sciences and engineering department at Stanford University. “Its the old story: garbage in, garbage out.”As Columbia orbited, engineers erroneously concluded the foam could not damage the wings carbon panels. The analysis was based on earlier tests of small ice pellets hitting the panels. But those tests could not predict whether a large chunk of foam would cause damage.A computer program known as Crater, which engineers used to predict whether the foam damaged the ceramic tiles beneath Columbias wing, had not been designed to account for impacts from large pieces of foam.1. Nuclear and aviation safety experts（ ）.2. In the authors opinion, NASA managers（ ）.3. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board will issue its findings with regard to the following EXCEPT（ ）.4. NASA managers made poor decisions because they did NOT（ ）.5. Safety experts in high-risk industries indicate that computer simulations（ ）.问题1选项A.know very well the sorts of analyses made by NASA managersB.indicate that space agency officials relied on the wrong analysesC.believe that space agency officials should have made more simulationsD.strongly criticize space agency officials for being unscrupulous问题2选项A.made wrong hypothesis conclusions about the safety of ColumbiaB.in fact knew clearly what kind of danger Columbia would faceC.felt it difficult to predict what might happen to Columbia as it returned to EarthD.did not realize that the left wing of Columbia was hit by the foam after liftoff问题3选项A.why the shuttle broke apart as it returned to EarthB.how the foam hitting the left wing caused the accidentC.how decisions by NASA managers were madeD.how NASA managers misunderstood danger signals问题4选项A.get all the findings of data analysesB.know the shuttle had significant damageC.get along well with shuttle expertD.trust the analysis produced by simulation问题5选项A.are not reliable at allB.yielded poor analysesC.have severe limitationsD.should be abandoned【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可定位到文章第二段第一句话“Nuclear and aviation industry safety experts who are familiar with the sorts of analyses NASA used say space agency officials were wrong to rely on the simulations to gauge risks.（熟悉NASA使用的分析的核能和航空安全专家说，航天局官员错误地依赖模拟来衡量风险。）”。A选项“非常了解NASA管理人员所做的各种分析”文中没有提到；B选项“指出太空总署官员依赖错误的分析”正确；C选项“认为太空总署的官员应该做更多的模拟”没有直接在文中明说；D选项“强烈批评航天局官员的肆无忌惮”文中没有提到，因此B选项正确。2.作者意图题。由题干可定位到第三段第一句话“These simulations and formulas some done before the launch, others done during the mission often were based on erroneous assumptions about the ability of the shuttle to withstand damage.（这些模拟和公式，有些是在发射前完成的，而在任务期间所做的其他模拟和公式往往是基于对航天飞机承受损害能力的错误假设。）”。A选项“对哥伦比亚号的安全性做出错误的假设结论”正确；B选项“事实上很清楚哥伦比亚将面临什么样的危险”说法错误，管理人员低估了自己的错误对哥伦比亚号造成的危险；C选项“觉得很难预测哥伦比亚号返回地球时会发生什么”说法错误，管理人员觉得哥伦比亚号能安全返回地球；D选项“没有意识到哥伦比亚号的左翼在升空后被泡沫击中”说法错误，管理人员预测到了，只是他们错误地评估了航天飞机的承伤能力，因此A选项正确。3.细节事实题。由题干定位到文中第五段“Today, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board Will issue its findings on what caused the accident. In addition to detailing how the blow from the foam led to the break-up, the board will document how decisions by NASA managers underestimated the peril Columbia faced and how they ignored warnings, according to previous public statements from board members.（今天，哥伦比亚事故调查委员会将发布事故原因的调查结果。根据此前董事会成员公开声明，除了详细说明泡沫的打击如何导致分解外，委员会还将记录NASA管理人员如何低估哥伦比亚面临的危险以及他们如何忽视警告。）”。A选项“为什么航天飞机在返回地球时分裂了”；B选项“泡沫是如何撞击左翼造成事故的”；C选项“NASA管理者是如何做出决定的”都在文中提到过，只有D选项“NASA管理者如何误解危险信号”没有提到，因此D选项正确。4.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第八、九段。文中说到安全专家非常担心他们准备的分析数据的质量太低，他们建议在太空中给航天飞机拍照，然而管理人员相信自己的实验数据，所以引发了事故。A选项“得到所有数据分析的结果”；B选项“知道航天飞机有严重的损坏”；C选项“与航天飞机专家相处融洽”都不符合原文，D选项“相信模拟产生的分析”正确，因此D选项正确。5.判断推理题。由题干可定位到文中第十段“NASA managers say they were not told of the limitations on computer simulations and analyses.（美国宇航局的管理人员说，他们没有被告知计算机模拟和分析的局限性。）”和第十二段“But safety experts in high-risk industries say theyve learned the hard way mathematical formulas and computer simulations cannot fully mimic nature.（但高风险行业的安全专家说，他们已经学到了数学公式和计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然的艰难方法。）”。由此可知计算机模拟无法完全模拟自然危险，因此具有局限性。A选项“完全不可靠”；B选项“产生不良分析”和D选项“应该被废弃”都不正确，C选项“有严重的局限性”符合题意，因此C选项正确。2. 单选题His strong sense of humor was（ ）make everyone in the room burst out laughing.问题1选项A.so as toB.such as toC.so thatD.such that【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项so as to“以便；以致”；B选项such as to“到如此程度以致；像这个样子因而”；C选项so that“以便；所以”；D选项such that“如此以至于”。to后面不能直接加句子，排除A/B, so that虽然可以是一个词组，但是在这个句子里，修饰的是“sense”，是个名词，应该用such。句意：他强烈的幽默感使房间里的每个人都捧腹大笑。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题We are making little（ ）in pollution control.问题1选项A.headwayB.sidewayC.edgewaysD.leeway【答案】A【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项headway“前进；进步；航行速度；间隔时间”；B选项sideway“人行道；小巷”；C选项edgeways“侧着；边对边地；在边上的”；D选项leeway“退路；留有余地；风压差；余地”。根据固定搭配make little headway“前进的步伐很小；没什么进展”可知该题选headway。句意：我们在控制污染方面成绩甚微。因此A选项正确。4. 单选题The film was given the absent（ ）.问题1选项A.treatmentB.boardC.applauseD.comment【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项treatment“治疗，疗法，处理，对待”；B选项board“董事会，木板，甲板，膳食”；C选项applause“欢呼，喝彩，鼓掌欢迎，掌声”；D选项comment“评论，意见，批评，描述”。be given the absent treatment指被冷落。句意：这部影片受到了观众冷落。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题This observation flummoxed Terkel, a self-styled Jewish free-thinker who says he knows nothing about God but everything about human nature.问题1选项A.inspiredB.surprisedC.bewilderedD.provoked【答案】C【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项inspired“品质优秀的，能力卓越的，借助于灵感创作的”；B选项surprised“感到惊讶的，出人意料的”；C选项bewildered“困惑的”；D选项provoked“被激怒的，受到挑衅的”。句意：这一发现让特克尔感到困惑，他自称是犹太自由思想家，声称自己对上帝一无所知，只知道有关人类本性的一切。Flummoxed“困惑的”，C选项与该词词义最相近，因此C选项正确。6. 单选题Would such a deal fly? One source close to House Republicans tells me: “I think theyd take it; theyre holding no cards at the momentThe capping of deductions would be very magnanimous and a good way to lay the groundwork for negotiating real tax reform.”问题1选项A.magnificentB.benevolentC.prodigiousD.favoring【答案】B【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项magnificent“高尚的，壮丽的，华丽的，宏伟的”；B选项benevolent“仁慈的，慈善的，亲切的”；C选项prodigious“惊人的，异常的，奇妙的，巨大的”；D选项favoring“有帮助的”。句意：这样的交易会成功吗？一位亲近众议院共和党人的消息人士告诉我：“我认为他们会接受”，他说：“他们现在手头没有任何筹码对税收减免设定上限将是非常宽宏大量的，这是为谈判真正的税收改革奠定基础的好办法。”Magnanimous“宽宏大量的，有雅量的，宽大的”，B选项与该词意思最相近，因此B选项正确。7. 单选题He is sitting in the catbird（ ）.问题1选项A.seatB.nestC.positionD.den【答案】A【解析】考查固定短语搭配。sit in the catbird seat“处于必胜无疑的地位”。句意：他处于必胜无疑的地位。因此A选项正确。8. 单选题George is only a stalking（ ）, his mother is the real boss问题1选项A.horseB.catC.duckD.tiger【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项horse“马，骑兵，脚架”；B选项cat“猫，猫科动物”；C选项duck“鸭子，鸭肉”；D选项tiger“老虎，凶暴的人”。stalking horse“用以掩人耳目的人(或物)，用以掩蔽的事物，(为试探对手支持率而推出的)掩护性候选人”。句意：乔治只是个幌子，他妈妈才是真正的老板。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题I dont believe you are going to have the matter looked into today,（ ）?问题1选项A.are youB.do youC.arent youD.dont you【答案】A【解析】考查反义疑问句用法。题干属于陈述部分为主从复合句的反义疑问句。一般有两种情况：当陈述部分为主从复合句“主语+从句”时，疑问部分一般应与主句保持一致，如He knows that where I live, doesnt he？；当陈述部分为I think（believe, suppose）that.等时，疑问部分通常与从句保持一致，如I dont think he will come, will he? 题干陈述部分为I dont believe (that).从句部分为you are going to have.，因此A选项正确。10. 单选题Ten years of living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or A.L.S, progressive, paralyzing disease, have stilled nearly every muscle; Dr. Jules Lodish types with twitches of his cheek, detected by a sensor clipped to this glasses. But when people ask him how he feels about his life, Dr. Lodish, his eyes expressing the intensity denied to his body, responds: “I still look forward today.”A.L.S. or Lou Gehrigs disease, is often described as a kind of living death in, which the body goes flaccid while mind remains intact and acutely aware. The prospect of being trapped in an inert body and being totally dependent on others drives many sufferers to suicide.When Attorney General John Ashcroft attacked an Oregon law allowing doctor-assisted suicide in 2001a case that is still working its ways through the legal systempatients with the disease were among those who supported the law in court.But while the legal case and much of the national attention have focused on the issue of the right to die, less is known about those patients who want to live, and like Dr. Lodish, will go to extraordinary lengths to do so.With adequate medical care, patients often can live for years relatively free of physical pain from the disease itself. “Its more a sort of existential, psychic sort of pain,” said Dr. Leo McCluskey, a neurologist in Philadelphia who treats many people with the disease.As a result, patients and their families are forced, on a daily basis, to take stock of the meaning and quality of their lives and to make repeated decisions about how much is too much.“With A.L.S., you have a choice about when to stop treatment, letting nature take its course.” said Dr. Linda Ganzini, a professor of psychiatry at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, who has studied patients making end-of-life decisions.What keeps many patients alive, experts say, is a sense of having unfinished businessperhaps a milestone “like getting the last kid off to college” said Dr. Mellar P. Davis, a professor hematology and medical oncology at the Cleveland Clinic.Those patients who do best are those who have insurance that covers nursing and medical care, allowing them to avoid some of the major health risks associated with the disease, and family members who can cover the hours when expert help is unavailable.Many patients, Dr. Ganzini said, have deep religious beliefs that help sustain them, and they are able, “to find hope in the future, find meaning and tolerate the daily ongoing losses that they are experiencing.”Dr. Lodishs body sits limp in a wheelchair and his tongue lolls; a machine breathes for him through a tracheostomy tube in his throat. He lost the ability to talk more than three years ago, he says, then jokes, “But not the ability to be annoying.”There are no half measures for Dr. Lodish, a hematologist who devised his own intricately detailed treatment regimen. He wrote a 30-page guide for his nurses that sets standards for a sterile environment that go beyond hospital practices, rules that have helped him avoid the infections that kill many patients. When he could no longer eat, he did the research to come up with a recipe for the nutrient blend that flows down his feeding tubeeven determining that the ingredients were kosherand he typed the two-page guide to its preparation, twitch by twitch, with a special program on the laptop that helps him to choose whole words or phrases from scrolling lists.This wire to the world keeps him connected to his family and friends, and allows him to remain an important part of their lives. He continues to provide medical consultation, and now advises patients with A.L.S. and their families on how to organize their own care and use the communication devices he has mastered.“One irony is with many people I communicate more now than when I was well,” Dr. Lodish said.By holding on, he said, he has been able to see many of lifes milestones, including the marriages of two of his three children.When his older daughter, Elizabeth Lester, became pregnant with the first grandchild, she asked her father to make the official family announcement.“He still plays the same role for me” she said, “I still consult him on financial matters and other kinds of things.”Dr. Lodish said that his own determination to live comes, in part, from his long experience in treating cancer patients, who often feel that a diagnosis is a death sentence.1. A.L.S. is a disease that（ ）.2. Jules Lodish（ ）.3. All the following are possible reasons why the patients with A.L.S. can live a better life EXCEPT（ ）.4. Dr. Lodish manages to live with A.L.S. mainly because he（ ）.5. Which of the following tasks is NOT undertaken by Dr. Jules Lodish?问题1选项A.causes people to paralyze instantlyB.makes every muscle stop moving graduallyC.is highly contagious in the United StatesD.is genetically determined and cannot be cured问题2选项A.wants to commit suicideB.supports an Oregon lawC.determined to live longerD.is becoming unconscious问题3选项A.they have insurance that covers nursing and medical careB.they have a sense of having unfinished businessC.they have strong religious beliefs that help sustain themD.they have got a strong mental support from people around问题4选项A.is having expert helpB.knows how to cope with the diseaseC.is well-equipped with advanced devicesD.often communicates with other people问题5选项A.Treating a lot of cancer patients.B.Devising his own treatment plan.C.Providing medical consultation.D.Communicating with many people.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“A.L.S, progressive, paralyzing disease, have stilled nearly every muscle（A.L.S是一种渐进性的麻痹性疾病，几乎使每一块肌肉都停止活动）”和第二段“A.L.S. or Lou Gehrigs disease, is often described as a kind of living death in, which the body goes flaccid while mind remains intact and acutely aware.（肌萎缩性侧索硬化症或卢伽雷氏症，常被描述为一种活死人。身体会变得松弛，而头脑却保持完整和敏锐的意识。）”，由此可推断出肌萎缩性侧索硬化症使肌肉病变会有一个循序渐进的过程。A选项“使人立即瘫痪”说法错误；B选项“使每一块肌肉逐渐停止活动”符合题意；C选项“在美国是高度传染性的”和D选项“是由基因决定的，不能治愈”文章都没有提到。因此B选项正确。2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“But when people ask him how he feels about his life, Dr. Lodish, his eyes expressing the intensity denied to his body, responds: I still look forward today.（但当人们问洛迪什对自己的生活有何感想时，他的眼神流露出了身体所没有的那种强烈感，他回答说：我仍然期待着。）”和第四段“less is known about those patients who want to live, and like Dr. Lodish, will go to extraordinary lengths to do so.（但对于那些像洛迪什医生一样想要活下去的病人，人们却知之甚少。）”，由此可推断出Dr. Lodish虽然被肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症折磨，但他仍不失积极乐观的心态，对生活充满期待，决定好好生活与病魔抗争到底。A选项“想自杀”说法错误；B选项“支持俄勒冈州一项（允许医生协助自杀的）法律”文章没有提到；C选项“决心活得更长”符合题意；D选项“正在变得失去意识”说法错误。因此C选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第八段“What keeps many patients alive, experts say, is a sense of having unfinished business（专家说，让许多病人活下来的，是一种未完的事业感）”；第九段“Those patients who do best are those who have insurance that covers nursing and medical care, allowing them to avoid some of the major health risks associated with the disease, and family members who can cover the hours when expert help is unavailable.（那些做得最好的病人是那些拥有涵盖护理和医疗护理的保险，使他们能够避免一些与疾病相关的主要健康风险的人，以及那些家庭成员在得不到专家帮助时可以支付时间的人。）”以及第十段“have deep religious beliefs that help sustain them（许多患者都有深刻的宗教信仰，这些信仰帮助他们维持生命）”，因此A选项“他们有涵盖护理和医疗的保险”；B选项“他们有一种未完的事业感”以及C选项“他们有强烈的宗教信仰来支持他们”在文中都有提到，只有D选项“他们从周围的人那里得到了强大的精神支持”文章没有提及，因此D选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第十三段“This wire to the world keeps him connected to his family and friends, and allows him to remain an important part of their lives.（这条与世界相连的线让他与家人和朋友保持联系，让他成为他们生活中重要的一部分。）”以及第十四段“One irony is with many people I communicate more now than when I was well（具有讽刺意味的是，我现在和很多人交流的次数比我健康时还多）”，由此可知Dr. Lodish与病魔作斗争是通过经常与他人沟通交流，分享生命中的点滴。A选项“正在接受专家的帮助”；B选项“知道如何对付这种疾病”；C选项“配备了先进的设备”都不是主要原因，只有D选项“经常与他人交流”符合题意，因此D选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第十二段“who devised his own intricately detailed treatment regimen.（他设计了自己复杂而详细的治疗方案。）”；第十三段“This wire to the world keeps him connected to his family and friends, and allows him to remain an important part of their lives. He continues to provide medical consultation（这条与世界相连的线让他与家人和朋友保持联系，让他成为他们生活中重要的一部分。他继续提供医疗咨询）”，由此可知B选项“制定自己的治疗方案”；C选项“提供医疗咨询”和D选项“与许多人交流”说法正确，文章都有提及，而A选项“治疗了很多癌症患者”可定位到文章最后一段“Dr. Lodish said that his own determination to live comes, in part, from his long experience in treating cancer patients, who often feel that a diagnosis is a death sentence.（洛迪什说，他自己想活下去的决心，在一定程度上来自于他长期治疗癌症患者的经验，这些患者常常觉得确诊就等于判了死刑。）”，该段落只说了Dr. Lodish想活下去的决心来自治疗癌症患者的经验，并没有直接说他治疗了很多癌症患者，因此A选项符合题意，A选项正确。11. 单选题Many of the successful men, had they been able to choose for themselves, would have selected some quite different professions（ ）they have made fortunes.问题1选项A.from that in whichB.from whichC.in whichD.from what【答案】A【解析】考查名词性从句。different from“与不同”，that代指professions, in which引导名词性从句，其中in是mak