资源描述
Unit 4Astronomy：the science of the stars教 材 面 面 观单词拓展1._n天文学_adj.天文学的_n天文学家2_n理论3_n大气层；气氛4_n生物学_n生物学家_adj.生物学的5_n地心引力；重力6_n卫星；人造卫星7_n物理学家_adj.物理的_n物理8_vt.乘；增加9_vi.存在_n存在10_vt.使迷惑_n难题；谜_adj.迷惑不解的11_vi. & vt.碰撞；坠落12_adj.猛烈的_n暴力_adv.猛烈地13_adj.有害的_n害处_vt.对有害14_adj.全世界的；全球性的_n球体；地球仪15_prep.不像；和不同短语回顾1._eggs下蛋2in ones_ 轮到某人；接着3block_ 挡住(光线)4get the_of 熟悉；掌握；理解5watch_ 密切注视；当心；提防6depend_ 依靠7cheer_ 感到高兴；感到振奋8now_ 既然9give _ to 产生；分娩10_ from 阻止；制止句型背诵1.The earth became_violent_it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.地球变得如此猛烈以至于不明确是否它的形状会保持这个样子。2This produced a chain reaction，which made_possible for life to develop.这引起一连串的反应，使生命的生长发育成为一种可能。3But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried_ _ _ _on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。4When we get closer to the moon, we shall feel its gravity pulling us but it will not be _ _ _ _ _ the earths.我们离月球越近，就会感觉到月球的引力在吸引我们，但不如地球的引力那么强。5Walking does need a bit of practice _ _ gravity has changed.既然重力改变了，走路也确实需要练一练了。自我诊断单词拓展1astronomy，astronomer，astronomic2.theory3.atmosphere4biology，biologist，biological5.gravity6.satellite7.physicist，physics，physical8.multiply9.exist，existence10.puzzle，puzzle，puzzled11.crash12.violent，violence，violently13.harmful，harm，harm14.global，globe15.unlike短语回顾1lay2.turn3.out4.hang5.out6.on7.up8that9.birth10.prevent句型背诵1so；that2.it3.twice as far as4.as strong a pull as5now that考 点 串 串 讲重点单词1.as conj.随着，当的时候用法拓展(1)prep.作为，当作(2)adv.同样地(3)conj.引导时间状语从句，在期间；当时候(4)conj.引导原因状语从句，由于，因为(5)conj.引导让步状语从句，尽管；即使；虽然(6)conj.引导方式状语从句，以方式(7)关系代词，引导定语从句As he grew older he lost interest in everything except gardening.随着年纪越来越大，他除了喜欢园艺以外，对一切都失去了兴趣。We had better treat it as a joke.我们最好把它当作玩笑。She is as tall as her mother.她和她母亲一样高。As I am going to repair my bike, I need a hammer.因为我将修理我的自行车，我需要一把锤子。Intelligent as you are, I suspect you will fail.尽管你聪明，我猜你会失败。Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean.如你所知，塞浦路斯是地中海的岛国。特别提醒表示“随着”时，也可以用with短语(with复合结构)。随着这个国家财富的增加，更多的浪费将会产生。As the wealth of the country increases, more waste will be produced.With the wealth of the country increasing, more waste will be produced.即境活用单项填空The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.AwhatBthatChow DasChina is to have more giant pandas, _ 13 female pandas are expecting babies this year.Aso BifCthough Das_ children get older, they become more and more interested in the things around them.AWhile BWhenCAs DWithI couldnt do my homework with all that noise _.Agoing on Bgoes onCwent on Dto go on答案：DDCA2lay vt.放置；压倒；使躺下；放到 vt. & vi.生蛋，产卵He laid his coat over a chair.他把外套放在椅子上。The trees were laid flat by heavy wind.树木被风刮倒了。The hens dont lay eggs during this cold weather.这样冷的天气母鸡不会下蛋。易混辨析动词原形第三人称单数过去式过去分词现在分词中文释义lieliesliedliedlying撒谎；谎话lielieslaylainlying躺；位于laylayslaidlaidlaying放置；下蛋Obviously he was lying.显然他是在撒谎。There lies a small town at the foot of the mountain.山脚下有一个小镇。即境活用单项填空The camera isnt _. It still _ where I _ it a month ago.Amissed; lies; layBmissing; lies; laidCgone; lays; laid Dlost; lays; lay答案：B3prevent vt.阻止；制止Vitamin C is supposed to prevent colds.维他命C被认为能预防感冒。Nothing can prevent us from carrying out the plan.什么也不能阻止我们执行这个计划。特别提醒stop.from.和keep.from.也有相同意思，但需要注意的是在keep.from.短语中，介词from不能省略，因为keep sb. doing sth.的意思是“使某人一直做某事”。His father stopped/prevented/kept him from joining the army.他爸爸阻止他参军。Lets hurry. Dont keep him waiting.我们快一点，不要让他等着。易混辨析prevent.from与protect.from(1)prevent.from.阻止某人做某事(2)protect.from.保护免受She protected her eyes from the sun with her hand.她用手遮住太阳保护眼睛。All visitors were prevented from touching the painting.所有参观者都被阻止触摸那幅画。即境活用单项填空Many fastgrowing countries are less concerned with protecting _ against climate change.AoneBoneselfCthem DthemselvesWe must do what we can to prevent the rivers from _ by factories.Ato pollute Bto be pollutedCpolluting Dbeing polluted答案：DD4violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；粗暴的；暴力的Violent criminals like that are a danger to society.那种暴力罪犯对社会是一种危害。The boat sank in a violent storm at sea.船在海上强烈的风暴中沉没。用法拓展a violent death横死，暴死lay violent hands on对行凶，对下毒手a violent dislike极端的厌恶violence n暴力，粗暴，猛烈do violence to损害；污辱，歪曲事实use violence使用暴力即境活用单项填空That morning，they had a_quarrel，and she threatened him with a kitchen knife.AharmfulBgentleCviolent DfundamentalShe was in a_temper and began throwing things about.Aharmful BpoorCgentle Dviolent答案：CD5unlike prep.不像；不同于adj.不同的；不相似的He managed to finish the race，unlike most of the competitors.他在比赛中坚持跑完了全程，不像大部分选手那样半途而废。His new novel is unlike all his previous ones.他新出的这部小说与他以前的不同。用法拓展It is unlike sb. to do sth.做某事不是某人的特点(风格)。dislike vt.不喜欢，讨厌unlikely adj.不大可能的likely adj.有可能的即境活用翻译句子中国的北方不比南方，春天老刮风。_她不像她妈妈；她很高，而她妈妈很矮。_答案：The north of China，unlike the south，is windy in spring.She is unlike her mother；she is tall and her mother is very short.6harmful adj.有害的，其反义词为harmless。It is generally accepted that smoking is harmful to our health.吸烟有害健康，这是大家公认的。Its harmful to your eyes to read in the bus.在公共汽车上看书对你的眼睛有害。The dog seems fierce，but hes harmless.这狗看似凶狠，但不伤人。用法拓展harm n伤害；损害，常构成do harm to.或do sb. harm结构。vt.伤害；损害It wouldnt do him any harm to work a bit harder.工作努力点对他没什么害处。There was a traffic accident in this street，but no one was harmed.这街上发生了交通事故，但没有人受伤。即境活用单项填空If the factories keep on sending off this kind of smoke，great harm will be_to the living things here.Amade BdoneCtaken Dsuffered答案：B7puzzle vt.使迷惑；使为难；使窘困vi.感到迷惑n(游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜What puzzles me is why they didnt show up.令我百思不解的是他们为什么没有出现。Her decision was a puzzle to him.她的决定对他来说是个谜。I have been puzzling about this question for weeks now.我对这个问题已冥思苦想了好几个星期。用法拓展puzzled adj.迷惑不解的，常用来修饰人。puzzling adj.令人迷惑不解的，常用来修饰事物。She listened with a puzzled expression on her face.她脸上带着困惑的表情在倾听着。The teachers explanation clarifies the puzzling problem.老师的说明澄清了令人迷惑不解的问题。即境活用单项填空_at what had happened，she decided to look into the matter on her own.APuzzle BTo puzzledCPuzzled DPuzzling答案：C8exist vi.存在；生存；维持生存用法拓展exist in存在于之中exist by靠生存come into existence开始存在；成立bring into existence使发生；产生即境活用单项填空People do not now believe in the_of ghosts.Abirth BevidenceCexistence Doccurrence答案：C句意为：现在人们不相信鬼魂的存在。existence“存在”；birth“出生”；evidence“证据；物证”；occurrence“发生(的事情)，出现；存在(的事物)”。9mass n团；块；质量；大量；体积用法拓展masses of大量的；许多的a mass of许多的；大量的be a mass of.满是；遍布着in the mass大体上；大致上the(great)mass of大多数；大部分特别提醒a mass of和masses of可以修饰可数或不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与mass的单复数形式保持一致。即境活用单项填空_work has been done to prevent the water being polluted.AA plenty of BA number ofCA mass of DA great many答案：Ca mass of可以修饰可数名词或不可数名词；a number of与a great many只能修饰可数名词复数；A项表述错误，应为plenty of，题中work为不可数名词，所以C项正确。10presence n在场；存在She was so quiet that her presence was hardly noticed.她那么安静，几乎没有人注意到她在这里。Since she joined the team last season she has made her presence felt.自从上个赛季加入这个队以来，她就使人感到她是个举足轻重的队员。He is very polite in the presence of his friends.在朋友面前他很有礼貌。用法拓展adj. 出席；在场，作定语时要后置，可构成短语be present at。adj.当前的；目前的vt.提请；授予absent adj.不在场的；缺席，可构成短语be absent from。Do you know the people present at the meeting?你认识开会的人吗？The present situation is very serious.目前的情况很严重。He wants to present some money to the school.他想给那所学校捐些钱。Why were you absent from the meeting yesterday?你为什么没有出席昨天的会议？即境活用单项填空He is very brave and always remains calm in the _ of danger.ApatienceBexpressionCimpression Dpresence答案：D重点短语1.get/have the hang of熟悉，掌握；理解某事Press the button when the light goes onyoull soon get the hang of it.灯亮时按这个按钮你很快会熟悉它的用法。用法拓展hang about聚焦在附近；缠住不放；徘徊，闲荡hang back畏缩不前，迟疑；不肯参加hang behind迟迟不离开；落在后面hang on抓住；坚持下去；不挂断(电话)；等一下hang on to紧紧抓住不放；紧跟(某人)hang out把(衣服)等挂在露天；探出身子；(树枝等)伸出；坚持hang over挂在上；笼罩；突出于；盘旋于hang up挂断电话；使延期；使搁置起来；挂起hang up on因而精神不安；嗜成瘾；迷上Since he lost his job, hes been hanging about here.他失业后一直在这里闲着。If you dont study hard, you will hang behind.你要是不努力学习，你就会落在后面了。Although we are beaten, we must hang on.尽管我们失败了，我们必须得坚持下去。They shouted to me to hang on to the rope.他们冲我喊，要我紧紧抓住绳子。He helped to hang up my cap and coat.他帮助我把帽子、大衣挂起来。即境活用单项填空The animals could no longer pull the wagons, too weak to pull their burden, and their tongues _ desperate need of water.Ahanged out inBhanged out forChung out in Dhung out for答案：C2too much 太多The Cambridge team were too much for the Oxford team in the quiz.在智力竞赛中，剑桥队远胜于牛津队。易混辨析much too与too muchmuch too“太，非常”，副词词组，修饰形容词、副词，但不能修饰动词。too much作“太多”解释，有以下三种用法：(1)用作名词词组。(2)用作副词词组，修饰不及物动词。(3)用作形容词词组，修饰不可数名词。He is much too busy to look after his old father.他太忙了，以至于不能照顾他的老父亲。You have given me too much.你给我的太多了。 She talks too much.她说得太多。There is too much snow.雪太多了。即境活用单项填空I dont think the maths problem is _ difficult for her.Atoo much Bmuch tooCvery much Dmuch答案：B3cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋Cheer up! Things are not so bad as they seem.振作起来！情况并不像看上去那样糟。The news cheered him up.这消息使他高兴起来。Mrs. Green did not appear to be able to cheer up.格林太太好像怎么也提不起兴致来。用法拓展give three cheers (for)(为)欢呼三声good cheer佳肴美酒，丰盛的食物take good cheer from sth.(因某事而)感到振奋with good cheer 高高兴兴地，欢乐地，心甘情愿地words of cheer鼓励的话即境活用单项填空I seem to be useless and I can do nothing well._， Peter. Its not that bad. Things will get better.ATurn up BBring upCBreak up DCheer upThe nurse tried to _ up the little boy when he started to cry.Acheer BdressCget Dmake答案：DA4break out爆发；突然发生A huge forest fire broke out after the lightning struck.闪电打下来之后，突然引起一场森林大火。He predicted that war would break out in the next few years.他预言战争将在下几年中爆发。We had been forewarned that fire could break out.已经事先警告过我们有发生火灾的危险。易混辨析break out，take place，happen与come aboutbreak out仅用于负面场合，多指灾难、战争、疾病之类现象的突然发生、爆发。take place没有被动语态，指事先计划好或预想到的事情的发生。如：Great changes have taken place in China in the past ten years.在过去十年里，中国发生了巨大变化。happen是不及物动词，没有被动语态，指一切客观事物或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生。如：A big earthquake happened in America.美国发生了一次大地震。come about属于中性词语，既可用于表达正面事物的发生，又可用于表达负面事物的发生。如：Tell me how the accident came about，will you?请告诉我事故发生的经过，好吗？用法拓展break through突破break up分裂，结束；解散break into闯入break in闯入；强行进入，插嘴break down破坏；拆散，(机器)损坏，失败即境活用用break短语的正确形式填空A thief_and stole many precious treasures.The soldiers_the enemys defence workers in the end.News reports say peace talks between the two countries have_with no agreement reached.The robber_the bank，trying to take away some money.A quarrel_between them last week.答案：broke inbroke throughbroken downbroke intobroke out5in time迟早；早晚，相当于sooner or later；及时；不迟If you work hard，you will succeed in time.如果你努力工作，你最终会成功的。I intended to catch the early train，but I didnt get up in time.我本来打算赶早班的火车，但是我起晚了。Firemen reached the house on fire in time.消防队员及时赶到那幢失火的房子。用法拓展in time for.后接名词，意为“刚好赶上”。in time to do sth.及时做某事I saved my bacon by arriving just in time for the meeting.我刚好及时到会，才算没受责备。The car came to a halt just in time to prevent an accident.汽车及时停下，避免了一场车祸。即境活用单项填空After many years of hard work，they achieved their goal_.Aat time Bin timeCfor time Dwith time答案：B6in ones turn轮到某人；接着They all spoke at the meeting，each in his turn.他们每个人都在会上轮流发言了。用法拓展常见的由turn构成的短语和句型有：in turn依次，轮流；反之，反过来by turns轮流；交替地take turns to do sth.轮流做某事it is ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事She asked the same question of everyone in turn.她依次向每一个人问同样的问题。The shop assistants had to have their days off by turns.店员要轮流休息。It is your turn to read the text.该轮到你读课文了。The children were taking turns on the slides in the playground.孩子们在操场上轮流滑滑梯。即境活用单项填空Each neighbor_keep an eye on the children walking back from school.Ain turn Bin returnCin reply Din need答案：A7now that既然用法拓展其他引导原因状语从句的连词because“因为”；since“既然”(可与now that互换)；as“由于”；for“因为”(并列连词，引导一个分句，不能置于句首)。表示原因的其他短语：due to起因于；归功于because of因为on account of为了的缘故owing to因为；由于thanks to由于；多亏特别提醒now that是连词词组，引导原因状语从句，口语中that可以省略，只用now连接从句。due to表原因时，一般不能放在句首。即境活用单项填空_Ive heard the music，I understand why you like it.AUnless BEven thoughCNow that DIn case_everyone is here，lets begin our meeting!ANow that BThatCAs if DIf答案：C分析句意可知，空格处表示原因，因此C项正确。A通过语境可知，句意为：既然大家都来了，我们开会吧！now that引导原因状语从句，意为“既然”，符合此处句意。重点句式1.It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.水会对于生命的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。本句是名词性从句在句中作主语，虽然是以it开头，但是it只起到形式主语的作用，真正的主语是that water was to be fundamental to the development of life。用it作形式主语是因为that引导的从句较长，如果按照正常语序来安排的话就显得头重脚轻了。类似的还有：It is no wonder that he has passed the exam.他顺利通过了考试 ，这一点不奇怪。It is reported that Liu Xiang has scratched from the 110m hurdles with his hurt foot in the Olympic Games.据报道，奥运会上刘翔因脚部受伤而退出110米栏的比赛。即境活用单项填空_he will stay in the company is what his friends most care about.AThat BIfCWhether DWhatAfter 5,000 years of history，_is no surprise that many Chinese people have become pretty set in their ways.Ait BthatCwhich Dthere答案：CA2Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the water.另外一些叫做两栖动物，他们既能在陆地上生活，也能在水里生活。用法拓展(1)本句中others指的除了insects之外的land animals, 后面的called amphibians作定语修饰others。some.others常放在一起使用，表示“一些一些；有些有些”。如：Some students are reading books and others(other students) are writing their compositions.有的学生在看书，有的在写作文。(2)as well as表示“(除之外)也；既又”。如：Im learning French as well as English.我除学英语之外还学法语。He grows flowers as well as vegetables.他既种菜也种花。特别提醒as well as连接主语时，谓语动词的形式由as well as前面的名词决定。如：The teacher as well as several students is doing experiments in the lab.老师和几个学生正在实验室做实验。即境活用翻译句子一些人支持他，而另一些人反对他。_教授和他的几个学生正在准备做实验。_答案：Some people supported him, and others were against him.The professor as well as a few of his students is preparing to do experiments.3Why they suddenly disappeared still remains at mystery.他们为什么会突然灭绝至今还是个谜。用法拓展(1)本句中why they suddenly disappeared是名词性从句在句中作主语，引导词是关系副词why，在从句中作原因状语。能够引导名词性从句的关系副词还有：when，where，how等，在从句中都是作状语。如：Please remind me when he is going.I will see him off.请提醒我他什么时候出发，我去给他送行。How they will distribute the work is being discussed.他们如何分配工作还在讨论中。(2)remain既可以作系动词，也可以作实义动词。作系动词，意思是“保持，仍然是”，其后常接名词、形容词、分词和介词短语作表语。如：The labor shortage remain a problem in society.(名词)劳动力短缺仍然是社会的一个问题。Three out of four of the men present remain single.(形容词)在场的男士中四分之三的人仍是单身。In fact，the work remained unfinished.(过去分词)实际上，工作还没有完成。People in some parts of Africa remain in deep poverty.(介词短语)非洲一些地区的人仍然处于极度贫困之中。作不及物动词，意思是“剩下”，通常不用于被动语态。如：If you take 5 away from 8,3 remains.八减五等于三。remain也可以接被动结构的不定式，意思是“尚待”。如：It remains to be seen whether you are right.你是否正确，以后见分晓。即境活用翻译句子有好几个问题尚待解决。_她整个晚上沉默不语。_她整个下午没有离开办公室。_答案：Several problems remain to be solved.She remained silent all night.She remained in her office all afternoon.4This produces a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to begin to develop.这引起连锁反应，使得生命开始发展成为可能。用法拓展句中的it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语to begin to.。it作形式宾语常用在find/make/think/consideritadj./n.to do结构中。We find it impossible to climb to the top of the hill in such bad weather.这么坏的天气，我们发现爬到山顶是不可能的。He made it a rule to get up at seven every morning.他每天早晨七点起床已成了习惯。We think it our duty to help you out of trouble.我们认为帮助你摆脱困境是我们的责任。He considered it important for him to learn spoken English well.他认为学好英语口语对他来说是重要的。温馨提示it作形式宾语时不仅可代替不定式，还可代替动名词和句子。We consider it no use discussing the problem with him.我们认为和他讨论这个问题没用。I think it a pity that you didnt come to the concert last Sunday.我认为你上周日没听音乐会很遗憾。She likes it when people give her presents on her birthday.她喜欢生日时有人送给她礼物。即境活用单项填空Do you think_difficult to guess the meaning of the word without referring to the dictionary?Athat BthisCit Dwhat答案：C5But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。用法拓展倍数的表达式“A倍数形容词或副词的比较级thanB”，表示“A比B大(长、高、宽等)多少倍”。There are five times more books in our library than in yours.我们图书馆里的书比你们图书馆里的书多五倍。“A倍数as形容词或副词的原级asB”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。They have three times as many cows as we have.他们的牛是我们的三倍。“A倍数the size/height/width，etc.ofB”，表示“A正好是B的多少倍”。My house is twice the size of my parents.我的房子是我父母的两倍大。即境活用单项填空Some parts in South China have experienced_this year as they did last year.Atwice as much rainBrain twice as muchCas twice much rainDtwice rain as much答案：A华南的一些地方今年的雨水是去年的两倍。前者是后者的多少倍用“A倍数as形容词/副词的原级asB”的形式，因此A项符合题意。知 能 层 层 练一、单项填空1He was _ when he got drunk, which made his friends angry with him.AexplodedBburstCviolent Dserious答案：C解析：由其后的非限制性定语从句可知，他喝醉酒时会变得强暴和粗鲁，故选C项。2They couldnt agree with each other and finally a quarrel _ between them.Abroke up Bbroke downCbroke out Dbroke in答案：C解析：无法达成一致意见往往导致争吵，故用break out“爆发”。3The computer revolution may change society as _ as the Industrial Revolution did.Acertainly BinsignificantlyCfundamentally Dcomparatively答案：C解析：fundamentally“基本地；根本地”。comparatively“比较地；相比较而言地”；insignificantly“无关紧要地；不重要地”；certainly“当然”。4All possible means have been tried, but nothing can _ him dying of lung cancer.Aprevent BkeepCprotect Dprefer答案：A解析：prevent.(from) doing为固定搭配，意为“阻止做某事”。5The custom of arranged marriages still _ in many parts of China.Aexists BappearsClives Dlies答案：A解析：exist“存在”符合题意。appear“出现”；live“生活”；lie“位于”。6_， dear! Things wont be as bad as you think. There certainly will be chances for you.AHurry up BLook upCCheer up DMake up答案：C解析：cheer up“振作起来”，常用于鼓励对方，符合题意。7The film festival has been a great success, _ last year when it rained nonstop.Alike BunlikeCalike Ddislike答案：B解析：此处需要介词，排除D项。unlike“不同；不
展开阅读全文