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-句子成分和简单句的基本句型一、句子成分主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句、 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Miss Yang is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、让步和伴随。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词）We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词）he is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)my watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的连系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） .等等) It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.二、Exercises： 1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city.7. I love you more than her child. 8. Trees turn green when spring comes.9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12. All the students think highly of his teaching.13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Dont get nervous; help yourself to what you like. 16. We will make our school more beautiful.17. He didnt come. That is why he didnt know.18. She showed us her many of her pictures.19. The old man lives a lonely life.20. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.21. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.22. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany23. There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find him.24. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfill it this month.25. Go back where you came from. 26. We must do whatever the people want us to do.27. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 28. Would you please pass me the cup? 29. Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 30. Do you know the latest news about him?三、简单句的基本句型1. 主语 谓语本结构是由“主语+不及物动词（词组）”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，She came. / My head aches. / The sun rises.该句型的主语可有修饰语-定语，如，The red sun rises.谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.2. 主语 谓语 宾语 此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，She likes English.The young should take good care of the old.3. 主语 连系动词 表语本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。She is happy. / He fell off his bike and got hurt. / His advice proved (to be) right.4. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell, write, 等；（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, spare,等。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.5. 主语 谓语（及物动词） 宾语 宾语补足语此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有内在逻辑上的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。She makes her mother angry.The teacher asked me to read the passage.6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如， 现在有 there is / are 过去有 there was / were 将来有 there will be/ there is / are going to be. 现在已经有 there has / have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been. 过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。Eg. There is going to be a meeting tomorrow. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for help. There must have been a village here.There lies a book on the desk. 四、翻译练习：（一）主谓结构（主语不及物动词）1. 你应当努力学习。2. 她昨天回家很晚。 3. 那天早上我们谈了很多。4. 会议将持续两个小时。 5. 在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 6. 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 7. 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 8. 每天八时开始上课。9. 这个盒子重五公斤。 10. 五年前我住在北京。11. 让我们立即行动起来。12. 乌云低沉沉的，天下着大雪。13. 恰好他身边有钱。14. 慢慢地她脸上露出了一丝笑容。15. 背起书包我急忙赶到学校。16. 他满面笑容。17. 我英文学得不错。（二）主谓宾结构（主语及物动词宾语）1. 昨晚我写了一封信。 2. 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3. 这本书他读过多次了。4. 他们成功地完成了计划。 5. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 6. 那位先生能流利地说三种语言。7. 我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 8. Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 9. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 10. 他不知道说什麽好。（三）主系表结构（主语系动词表语 ）1. 我的兄弟都是大学生。 2. 冬季白天短，夜晚长。 3. 布朗夫人看起来很健康。 4. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 5. 孩子们，请保持安静。 6. 这本书是有关美国历史的书。 7. 她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 8. 他失业了。 9. 树叶已经变黄了。 10. 这个报告听起来很有意思。 11. 商店开到八点。 12机器出了毛病。13这些努力似乎全都白费了。 14这话听起来有道理。15房里一会儿就挤满了人。（四）双宾语结构（主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？5. 他把车票给列车员看。6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？10. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？（五）复合宾语结构（主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语）1我们叫她Alice. 2. 他的父母给他取名为John. 3. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 4. 他们把门推开了。 5. 他们把小偷释放了。 6. 我们要使学校变得更美丽。 7. 他请我们参加做游戏。 8. 我要你把真相告诉我。 9. 卫兵命令我们立即离开。 10. 明天我要找人来修理机器。 11. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 12. 痛苦使得他叫喊起来。 13. 我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 14. 他每个月理一次发。 15. 我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 16. 那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了17. 她正在听人家讲故事。 18. 男孩子们都在看士兵们操练。 19. 我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 20. 他感到很难跟你交谈。 21. 我想乘船去那里更舒服些。 22. 我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 23. 学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 24. 我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 25. 祝一路平安。 26. 你让我等了三个钟头。27. 他捡起了香蕉皮扔到了垃圾箱里。 28. 给我几分钟考虑一下。（六）There be 句型1. 今晚没有会。 2. 这个村子过去只有一口井。 3. 这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。 4. 客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 5. 天气预报说下午有大风。 6. 灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 7. 战前这儿一直有家电影院的。 8. 恰好那时房里没人。 9. 从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 10. 公共汽车来了。 11. 就只剩下二十八美元了。 12. 在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。 13. 二月份有二十八天。 14. 最近几年,这个村庄发生了巨大的变化。 15. 恰好河上有座桥。句子复习（1）参 考 答 案二、Exercises：（一）分析下列句子成分：1.主语 系动词 表语2. 主语 系动词 表语3.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语4. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语5.主语 及物动词 宾语6.主语 动词 形式宾语 it 宾语补足语+宾语7.主语 及物动词 宾语8.主语 系动词 表语9.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语10.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语11.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语12主语 及物动词 宾语13.主语 及物动词 宾语14.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语15.主语 系动词 表语16. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语17.主语 系动词 表语18. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语19.主语 不及物动词20.主语 不及物动词21. 主语 系动词 表语22.主语 系动词 表语23.主语 及物动词 宾语24. 主语 不及物动词25.主语 及物动词 宾语26. 主语 不及物动词27. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语28. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语29.主语 及物动词 宾语30. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语四、翻译练习：（一）主谓结构（主语不及物动词）1. You should study hard. 2. She went home very late yesterday evening. 3. That morning we talked a great deal. 4. The meeting will last two hours. 5. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 6. Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day. 7. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 8. Classes begin at eight every day. 9. This box weighs five kilos. 10. I lived in Beijing five years ago.11. Lets act at once/ immediately12. Dark clouds hung overhead, and a heavy snow fell/ it snows heavily.13. He happened to have some money with him.14. Gradually a smile appeared on her face.15. I hurried to the school with my schoolbag.16. He is smiling all over his face. OR: He wears a smile on his face.17. I did well in English.（二）主谓宾结构（主语及物动词宾语）1. I wrote a letter last night. 2. I want to talk with you this afternoon.3. He has read this book many times.4. They have carried out the plan successfully.5. You must finish reading these books in two weeks.6. That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently.7. I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia.8. Jim cannot dress himself.9. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.10. He did not know what to say.（三）主系表结构（主语系动词主语补语）1. My brothers are all college students. 2. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3. Mrs. Brown looks very healthy. 4. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 5. Children, keep quiet please. 6. This book is about the history of the United States. 7. Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 8. He is out of work. 9. The leaves have turned yellow. 10. The report sounds interesting. 11. The shop stays open till 8 oclock.12. The machine went wrong.13. All these efforts seem in vain14. These words sound reasonable.15. The room soon became crowded.（四）双宾语结构（主语及物动词间接宾语 直接宾语 ）1. Mr. Johnson taught us German last year. 2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3. Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 4. Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5. He showed the ticket to the conductor. 6. This term I have written three letters to my parents. 7. My father has bought me a new bike.8. Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat. 9. Will you please get me a new copy? 10. Shall I call you a taxi? （五）复合宾语结构（主语及物动词宾语宾语补语）1. We call her Alice. 2. His parents named him John. 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. They pushed the door open. 5. They have set the thief free. 6. We will make our school more beautiful. 7. He asked us to join in the game.8. I want you to tell me the truth.9. The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10. Tomorrow Ill have someone repair the machine. 11. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. 12. The pain made him cry out. 13. We wont let her go out at night. 14. He has his hair cut once a month. 15. Ill get my recorder mended. 16. The terrible sound made the children frightened. 17. She is listening to someone telling stories. 18. he boys were watching the soldiers drilling. 19. I have never seen the word used that way before. 20. He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 21. I think it more comfortable to go there by ship. 22. I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 23. The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 24. I thought it no use talking with that man25. Wish you a pleasant journey.26. You keep me waiting for three hours.27. He picked up the banana peel and threw it in the dustbin.28. Give me a few minutes to think.（六）There be 句型1. There isnt going to be a meeting tonight.2. There was only a well in the village. 3. There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school. 4. Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. 5. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. 66. The light is on. There must be someone ion the office. 7. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 8. There happened to be nobody in the room. 9. Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 10. There comes the bus. 11. There remained just twenty-eight dollars. 12. In front of the cave, there stands(grows) a tall pine tree. 13. There are twenty-eight days in February14. Recently there have been great changes in this village.15. There happens to be a bridge over the river.
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