初中英语语法词类.doc

语法（词法）英语中常见的几类词有：名词，代词，冠词，数词，形容词、副词，介词【名词】名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是： 人的名字 ，地方名称 ，职业称呼 ，物品名称 ，行为名称 ，抽象概念 1名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。2名词的复数（1）规则变化A一般情况下加-s。B以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es。如：bus-buses，box-boxes，watch-watches，brush-brushesC以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。如：city-cities，country-countriesD以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es。（2）不规则变化A元音发生变化。如：man-men，woman-women，foot-feet，tooth-teeth，mouse-miceB词尾发生变化。如：child-childrenC单、复数同形。如：fish-fish，Japanese-Japanese，Chinese-Chinese，sheep-sheep3物质名词（不可数名词）量的表示方法（1）用much，a little，a lot of等表示（2）用容器表示a bowl of rice，a glass of water，a cup of tea，a piece of paper， two glasses of milk，two pieces of paper4名词的所有格(1) 名词所有格的构成法 A单数名词词尾加 s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加 s。the workers bike，the Children s ball B表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加 s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后 s。如： This is Lucy and Licy s room These are Kates and jack s roomsC. 如果是通过在词尾加s构成的复数形式的名词，只加。如:the students books，the girls blouses(2)名词+of+名词: 名词是有生命的，我们就用s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:the legs of the desk，the door of the room但在表示名词所有格时， s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格.如:ten minutes walk，todays newspaper(3)双重所有格所谓“双重所有格（doublegenitive）”，是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of名词所有格”。双重所有格有以下几个特征：1）“of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。因此，我们可以说：aplayof Shakespeares（莎士比亚的一个戏剧），afriendofmywifes（我妻子的一个朋友），但却不能说afunneloftheships或alegofatables，而且该名词必须是特指的，不能是泛指的。比如我们可以说，afriendofthedoctors（这位医生的一个朋友），anovelofthewriters（那位作者的一部小说），而不能说afriendofadoctors或anovelofawriters。选择正确答案1. There are forty _ in our school.A. women teachers B .teacher women C. woman teachers D. women teacher2. Mr. Li is one of _ in the hospital.A. most popular doctors B. the most popular doctorsC. most popular doctor D. the most popular doctor3. The sign NO PHOTOS means that you cant _.A. take pictures B. bring in pictures C. buy any photos D. sell any photos4. Some of the boys in _ are afraid of maths exams.A. Class Three B .the Class Three C. Three Class D .the Three Class5. Have you got any _ for us this time?A. pieces of message B. piece of messagesC. pieces of messages D. messages6. _, those mountains will be covered with trees.A. In a few years time B. After a few years timeC. In a few years time D. After a few years time7. Hong Kong is an SAR while Macao is another. So there are _ in China.A. both SAR B. both SARS C. two SAR D. two SARs8. Look! There are _ stars up there in the _.A. thousands of; sky B. thousands of; airC. thousand of; sky D. thousand of; air9. My father lived in _ for some ten years.A. city Beijing B. the Beijing city C. Beijing of city D. the city of Beijing10. Just from the _ I know its Liu Minjun.A. noise B. voice C. sound D .sing11. Where are the other two students?Theyre in _.A. teachers office B. teachers officeC. the teacher office D. the teachers office12. How many _ have you next term?Let me see. Well have eight.A. lesson B. subjects C. days D. class13. My uncles full name is David Edward Hartpode. His family name is _.A. Edward B. Hartpode C. David D. David Hartpode14. He writes more carefully than _ in his class.A. any student B. any other student C. any other students D. all students15. This new kind _ can do half the work.A. of tractor B. tractor C. of a tractor D. a tractor16. John is very happy to have a _ training.A. two weeks B. two-month C. two-weeks D. two-months17. My brother is always careless. He always makes _A. mistakes B. mistake C. mistook D. some mistake18. Mr. Green is nearly _.A. two metres high B. two metres tall C. high two metres D. tall two metres19. Mr. Smith is an _.A. English B. English man C. Englishman D. Englishmen20. A group of _ are talking with two _.A. Frenchmen; Germans B .Frenchmen; GermenC. German; Frenchmen D Germans; Frenchmans【代词】代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either1人称代词 人称代词it的特殊用法：一般it指“它”，但在表示天气、时间、距离等时，用it来代替，此时的it并不译为“它”。当三个人称代词(单数)同时出现时，其先后顺序为you，he，I。而复数一般采用we，you，they顺序。 2物主代词物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。 名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。3反身代词 1)反身代词的构成分两种：第一、二人称反身代词在形容词：性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves2)初中阶段由反身代词构成的常用词组有：enjoy oneself，help oneself to，learn by oneself，teach oneself，(all)by oneself，leave.by oneself，lose oneself in等，在运用反身代词时，应注意它在数、性别上与哪一个保持一致。试比较：“Help yourselves to some fish，Tom and Mike”与I cant leave the girl by herself4. 指示代词 指示代词的特殊用法：(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this，these不可以。(2)this，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。 5. 不定代词主要不定代词的用法：(1)one的用法A. one作为代词可以指人，也可以指物。B. one，ones (one的复数形式) 可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词，以避免重复。C. one的前面可用this，that，the，which等词来修饰。D. 常有a+形容词+one这一形式。it和one的用法区别：it用来指特定的东西，而one则用于替代不特定的东西。(2)some和any的用法区别A. some一般用于肯定句，any一般用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。B. some，any与thing，body，one构成的合成词的用法与some，any一样。C.在疑问句中，一般不用some，只有当问句表示一种邀请或者请求，或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。 (3)other，another的用法A. anothe 另一个”，泛指众多者中的另一个。一般后面接单数名词，前面不能加定冠词。有时another可以用在复数名词前表示“又”“再”，如： I want to have another two cakes我想再吃两个蛋糕。Bthe other表示两个中的另一个，常与one连用。常见形式是“onethe other”。 C. other+复数名词others D. the other+复数名词the others(4) a11、both的用法both表示“两者都”，而a11表示“三个或三个以上的人或物都”。a11、both在句中放在be动词，情态动词及助动词之后，放在实义动词之前。(5) each和every的用法A. 从含义和语法功能上看，each是“单个”的意思，侧重个体，在句中可作主语、同位语、定语和宾语。而every是“每一个”之意，侧重全体、整体、共性。在句中只能作定语，也就是说它后面必须跟着名词。而由every构成的合成词后面绝不能跟名词。(6)either，neither，both的用法either：指两者中的任意一个。作主语时谓语用单数。neither：指两者都不，全否定。作主语时谓语用单数。 both：指两者都。作主语时谓语用复数。 (7)many和muchmany只能和复数可数名词连用。much只能和不可数名词连用。注意：a lot oflots of / plenty ofmuchmany a largegreat number ofmanya greatgood deal ofmuch(8)few，a few，little，a littlefew，little表示否定含义，“很少”“几乎没有”；a few，a little表示肯定含义，有一些”。few，a few用在可数名词前，little，a little用在不可数名词前。单项选择1. _ the twins enjoyed _ at the party yesterday.A. Both; them B. Both; themselves C. Neither; them D. All; themselves2. Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea?_, thanks. Id like just a cup of water.A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None3. Would you like _ milk in your tea?Yes, just _.A. any; little B. some; a little C. much; a few D. a little; some4. There is_ to do this evening.A. much nothing B. many nothing C. nothing much D. nothing many5. The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget _.A. anything else B. something else C. nothing else D. everything else6. Is this your shoe?Yes, it is. But where is_?A. the others B. Another C. other one D. the other one8. They have an English lesson _ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.A. each other B. every other C. some others D. another more9. We found_ very important to learn a foreign language well.A. this B. that C. it D. its10. _ is Lily like?Oh, shes tall and thin.A. How B. Who C. Which D. What11. Would you like milk or orange?_ I prefer water.A. Each B. Neither C. Either D. Both12 .Oh, there is someone in the room._ must be my mother.A. There B. She C. This D. It 13. Betty and John have come back, but _ students in the class arent here yet.A. the other B. others C. another D. the others14. _ of us has read the story.A. Some B. Both C. All D. None 15. Which of her parents is a doctor?_. A. Any B. Either C. Both D. All16. I have bought a new watch because my old _ doesnt work.A. it B. One C. that D. this 17. Is this dictionary _ or _?Its mine.A. your; hers B. your; her C. your; her D. yours; hers 18. There is _ water in my glass. Will you please give me _.A. little; some B. few; any C. few; some D. little; any 19. _pencil-box is this, Patrick?Its _A. Whose; mine B. Whos; mine C. Whose; my D. Whos; my 20. The pen is _. She wrote _ name with it _.A. hers; her; herself B. her; hers; herC. her; hers; herself D. her; herself; hers【冠词】1.不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前，其余用不定冠词a.2定冠词的基本用法A.用在上文提到的人或事物前面。B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。 C用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物。3定冠词的特殊用法A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。F用在乐器名称前。G. 和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。4名词前不用冠词的情况，又称为零冠词。A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边go to school去上学；go to the school去那所学校；in hospital住院；in the hospital在那个医院里用适当的冠词填空，不需要冠词的空白处填“”1. Tomorrow is _ Teachers Day and well make _ card for our English teacher.2. The bus is running about seventy miles_ hour.3. Mary is interested in _ science.4. Some people dont like to talk at _ table.5. Last night I went to_ bed very late.6. Dont worry. We still have _ little time left.7. What _ beautiful day! And what _ fine weather!8. In _ winter it is cold in _ Beijing and warm in _Shanghai.9. John is_ cleverest boy in his class.10. We cant live without _ water or _ air.11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris, _capital of_ France, for Washington by_ air.12. We were having_ lunch when they came in.13. This is _ book you gave me last week.14. What did you do _ last Saturday?15. March 8 is _ Womens Day.16. If _ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park.17. I prefer playing _ piano to playing _ basketball.18. At _ age of five, he read a lot of books.19. Tom and Lucy are of _ same age.20. _ harder we study, _ more we learn.【数词】1数字的表示三位数数词要在百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加and。1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand，第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。2序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。3分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于1时，分母序数词要变成复数。4Hundreds of, thousands of，millions of用法。5年、月、日和时间的表达法 1）年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。 例如： 1999 nineteen ninety-nine 2000 two thousand 2001 two thousand and one 2）月份的第一个字母要大写，有些月份名称有缩写形式。 例如： 一月January(Jan.), 二月February(Feb.), 三月March(Mar.), 四月（Apr.）,五月May, 六月June, 七月July, 八月August(Aug.)，九月September(Sep.), 十月October(Oct.), 十一月November(Nov.), 十二月December(Dec.)。 3）日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。 例如： 在6月1日：on June 1 st 读作：on June the first. 年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。 例如：在2001年5月4日：on May 4 th, 2001。 4）年代用基数词的复数表示。 例如： 20世纪90年代：nineteen nineties 21世纪20年代：twenty twenties 5时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。 例如： 顺读法 倒读法 5：00 five (oclock) 6：18 six eighteen eighteen past six 12：15 twelve fifteen fifteen (a quarter) past twelve 4：30 four thirty half past four 5：50 five fifty ten to six 6：45 six forty-five a quarter to seven注意： 1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接oclock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时，绝不能用oclock。 2）表达“15分”或“45分”时，常用quarter（刻）。 3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式；如果钟点过半，则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）”的形式。选择填空l. September is the _ month of the year.A. eighth B. ninth C. tenth D. eleventh2. The Peoples Republic of China was founded _A. on October the first, 1949 B. in October the first ,1949C. on October one, 1949 D. on October first one, 19493. There are _ days in a year.A. three hundreds and sixty-five B. three hundreds and fifty-sixC. three hundreds of sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty-five4. There are _ days in February.A. thirty B. thirty-one C. twenty-eight D. twenty-six5. The film begins at 4:15. The right answer of “4:15” is _A. four fifth B. fifteen four C. four fifteen D. a quarter to four6. _is seventy seven.A. forty and four B. thirty-seven and fortyC. forty or thirty-seven D. seventy of seven7. What row are you in? I am in _.A. Row One B. Row First C. Row one D. One Row8. How many months are there in a year? There are _A. eleven B. twelve C. twenty D. twelfth9. At the age of _, he was a worker.A. twenty B. the twenty C. twentieth D. one10. The Changjiang River is _ longest river in China.A. the first B. the second C. the third D. the fourth【形容词，副词】形容词1.形容词的位置(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如：something important，nothing serious。(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如：We have dug a hole two meters deepThe hole is about two metres deep2形容词的比较等级(1) 单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加(e)r，(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。如：popularmore popularmost popularimportantmore importantmost important(2) 不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good better best bad worse worst old older oldestelder eldestmany more most little less least far farther farthestfurther furthest 3. 形容词比较级的用法形容词比较级通常可分为原级、比较级、最高级三种基本形式，具体而言，它们分别以下列形式出现在句中： (1)as+原级+as(2)比较级+than(3)the+最高级+of (in) 需注意的原级的用法： (1)否定结构有A。not as+形容词原级+as B及Anot so +形容词原级+as B两种结构。(2)表示倍数有times as+形容词原级+as的句型。如：This garden is ten times as large as that oneThis room is twice as large as that one(3)half as+形容词原级+as表示“的一半”。如：This book is half as thick as that one需注意的比较级的用法：(1)than后面接代词时，一般要用主格，但在口语中工也可换成me。(2)比较级前还可以用much，even，still，a little来修饰。(3)表示倍数时，试比较Our room is twice as large as theirs 我们的房间是他们的两倍那样大。 Our room is twice larger than theirs 我们的房间比他们的大两倍。(4) I m two years older than you 我比你大两岁。(5)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。如: He becomes fatter and fatter(6)The+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越，越”。如：The busier he is，the happier he feels他越忙就越高兴。 需注意的最高级的用法：(1)常见结构有：“of+复数意义的词”表示“在之中的”，“在中”；“in+范围、场所”表示“在之中”。如：China is the greatest in the world副词1副词比较级的构成(1) 单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。(2) 绝大多数副词借助more，most来构成比较级和最高级。(3) 少数副词的不规则变化：原级 比较级 最高级well better best badly worse worst much more mostlittle less least far farther farthest farthest furthestlate later latest(4) 副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。(5) 常用句型有like A better than B和like A（the）best of（in）其余变化和形容词类似。2常见副词用法(1) too, eitherToo 一般用于肯定句，常放在句末，否定句时用either。(2) ago，beforeago 以现在为起点，和动词的过去时连用。before以过去某个时间为起点，常和过去完成时连用。当before前没有“一段时间”而单独使用时，泛指“以前”，常和完成时连用。如：I have heard the man before。我以前听说过那个人。根据A句完成B句，使两句句意一致。1. A: Their football team is much stronger than the other two.B: Their football team is _ _ of the _.2. A: I prefer science to any other subject.B: I like science _ _ any other subject.3. A: Jane went shopping yesterday, and I went shopping, too.B: Jane went shopping yesterday and _ _ I.4. A: This room is not big. It cant hold a lot of people.B: This room is not big_ _ hold so many people.5. A: That machine doesnt work.B: There is_ _ with that machine.6. A: The snow was very heavy last night.B: It _ _ last night.7. A: His uncle no longer works here.B: His uncle _work here _ longer.8. A: This is the most important thing at this moment.B: This thing is _ important than anything _ at this moment.9. A: He was so angry that he couldnt say a word.B: He was _ angry _ say a word.10. A: Zhang Tao speaks English better than any other student in his class.B: _ speaks English so _ as Zhang Tao.【介词】一些容易混淆的介词1表示时间的at、on、in的用法区别at主要表示： (1)在某具体时刻之前，如at seven o clock，at 7：30。 (2)在固定短语中，如：at noon，at night，at that time，at the age of at the weekend，at Christmas。 On用来表示“在天”，如：On Monday，On May lst，On Childrens Day。in用来表示： (1)在某年、某月、某季节。 (2)在段时间之后，如：in two hours，in a few days。 注意：在纯粹地表示在上午下午晚上时，用in the morningafternoonevening，但在某一天的上午、下午、晚上前要用介词on。如：on Monday morning，on the morning of Children s Day。2. 表示地点的at，in，on的用法区别(1) at通常指小地方，in一般指大地方。(2) at 所指范围不太明确，in指“在里”。(3) in指在内部，on指“在之上”。3表示“一段时间”的for与since的用法区别 for后面接时间段，since之后接时间点。4表示时间的before与by的用法区别 before与by都可表示“在之前”，但by含有“不迟于”、“到为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间，则与将来时连用，若by后是过去的时间，则与过去完成时连用。 5over与above(under与below)over，above都表示“在的上面”，over表示“正上方”，而above只表示“在上方”但不一定在“正上方”。above还可表示温度、水位等“高于”，over还可表示“越过”。over的反义词是under，above的反义词是below例如： There is a bridge over the riverOur plane flew above the clouds6表示“用”的with，by，in的用法with多指用工具，用身体的部位或器官；by表示使用的方法、手段；in指使用某种语言。如：We see with our eyes.We go there by bike.Please say it out in English.He cut it open with a knife.介词的省略表示时间介词at, on, in 的省略(1) 在 next, last, this, these, today, yesterday, tomorrow, one, every, each, all等词前,一般不用 at, in, on.(2) 在某些名词词组前,可以省略(也可不省)如: (on) that day, (in)the year before last常见搭配1动词+介词，如：listen to, laugh at, write to, hear from, get to, shout at, shout to, knock at, look for, look at, ask for, wait for, get on, put on, turn on, operate on, take off, turn off, learn from, worry about . 2形容词+介词，如：afraid of, full of, angry with, strict with, busy with, good at, good/bad for, late for, sorry for, ready for, famous for, polite to, far from. 3名词+介词 / 介词+名词at home, in surprise, after class, for ever, on time, at last, at first, for example.用适当的介词填空1. Youd better not go _ the forest. Its dangerous.2. Which room are you going to live _?3. The building is _ fire. Therere some people _ the top floor.4. Before 1990 there was no airline _ the two cities.5. Its not good to come late _ school.6. Whats wrong _ your bike?7. Thank you very much _ coming to see me.8. I couldnt finish it _ your help.9. Dont laugh _ others mistakes.10. Do the twins look _ their father?11. How do you usually come to school, every day?Sometimes _ bike, sometimes _ foot.12. Its very kind _ you to help me _ my maths. 13. Dont read _ the sun. Its bad _ your eyes.14. The teacher told us the moon travels _ the earth.15. You must learn these words _ heart, and answer my question_ English.16. Please meet your uncle _ noon _ Saturday.17. Thanks _ your help, I finished the work before dark.18. Its cold and the temperature is _ zero during the night.19. The teacher is writing _ red ink _ a piece of paper.20. The children are waiting _ the gate _ their mother.四强化训练及答案名词答案：1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. C 20. A代词答案：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.B 8.B 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. D 13.A 14.D 15.C 16.B 17. D 18.A 19.A 20.A冠词答案：1. ; a 2.an 3. 4. 5. 6. a 7.a; 8. ; ; 9.the 10.; 11. the; ; 12. 13.the 14. 15.