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虚拟语气英语有两种语气陈述语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气表示事实上发生的事情或客观存在的情况。虚拟语气表示假定、想象、愿望等非事实观念。.虚拟语气在条件句中主要有以下几种情况。(1).表达与现在的事实相反的假设或想象： 条件从句 主句If + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + should/would + 动词原形If + 主语 + were，主语 + would/should + 动词原形(其中，should用于第一人称，would可用于各个人称。)If I had enough money, I should/would buy a camera.If I were rich, I would help the poor.(2).表达与过去事实相反的假设或想象： 条件从句 主句If + 主语 + had + 过去分词，主语 + should/would have + 过去分词If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car.（= I didnt have enough money, so I didnt buy it.） If it had not rained yesterday, we should have gone fishing.(3)表达与将来事实相反的假设或想象，有三种形式：条件从句 主句If +主语+ should + 动词原形，主语 + should/would + 动词原形(表示可能性极小 “万一”) If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go.注意：if从句的动词形式不分人称与数，一律用“should+动词原形”条件从句 主句If +主语 + were to + 动词原形， 主语 + should/would +动词原形If I were to go abroad, I would go to America. 倘若我要出国，我就到美国。条件从句 主句If +主语 +动词过去式，主语 + should/would +动词原形If he went to the party, he would be disappointed.(4)在条件状语从句中，常会出现主句所表示的行为所发生的时间与从句表示的行为的时 间不一致，叫做错综时间虚拟条件句，即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致。如从句指过去，而主句却指现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作出相应的调整。If you had gone to bed early last night, you would not be so sleepy now.If I were you, I wouldnt have gone to the party last night.(5) 假设情况不用if从句来表示，而是用without, but for, otherwise, or, but等表示一种含蓄条件。表示与现在或将来相反，用“would (should, could, might)+动词原形”；表示与过去相反用“would (should, could, might)+have+过去分词”I knew my uncle did have no time. Otherwise he would have kept me company to go hiking.例1：We _ Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. (2011江西卷28)A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put 例2: I _ through that bitter period without your generous help. (2011陕西卷22) A. couldnt have gone B. didnt goC. wouldnt go D. hadnt gone (5)条件从句if的省略：当从句中有were，过去分词had, 或should时，if经常省略。此时，主语后面的主动词（were， had，should等）被移至句首。Were I a bird, I would fly to you.= If I were a bird, I would fly to you,Should it rain tomorrow, I would not go there.= If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go there.例:_ in your position, I would go.A. If I B. Were I C. If was I D. If I am用在从句中的虚拟语气 宾语从句中的应用（1） wish后的宾语从句：表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的主观愿望，常用“would (could)+动词原形”。I wish I knew the answer to the question.I wished I hadnt spent so much money.I wish it would stop raining.I wish you would come soon.例： Where are the children? I wish they _ always late. (2011北京卷28) A. werent B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wouldnt have been(2) 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide ) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词not的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.【注意】(1)suggest 意为“表明，暗示”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气.His pale face suggested that he was in poor health.(2)insist 意为“坚持认为，坚持说”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。He insisted that he did not kill the boy.2. 主语从句中的应用It is+形容词/ 名词/ 过去分词+ that引导的主语从句，主语从句中谓语动词常用 “should + 动词原形”。常用形容词有：necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等常用名词有：duty, pity, regret, no wonder, shame等。常用过去分词有：demanded, suggested, required, requested, ordered, decided等It is suggested that pupils (should) wear school uniforms. It is important that everyone (should) inform themselves of these rules.It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer3.表语从句中的应用上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词构成表语从句，要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”.常用名词形式有：advice, decision, demand, proposal, request, order, suggestion等。His suggestion was that the meeting (should) be put off.其他形式的虚拟语气 1. 在Its (high/about) time “该干某事了” 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式.It is high time that you went to school.2. 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用“would (could)+动词原形”He felt as if he were responsible for what had happened.He treats me as if I were a stranger.Even if she had been ill, she would have gone to her office.3.if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气表示与现在或未来事情相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去式 或 would/should+动词原形表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去完成式。Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had followed your advice. If only I had not been busy last week.4. would （had）rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。表示与现在或未来事情相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去式.表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去完成式.I would rather he went right now. 补充：“情态动词+have done”的用法must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测。cant / couldnt have done表示对过去所发生的事情所做的否定推测。may have done表示过去所发生的事情作可能性推测。might / could have done表示对过去所发生的事情作可能性推测，或者表示本来可以做而事实上未做的事情。should / ought to have done表示本应该做的事情而事实上未做，含有对对方的责备。neednt have done表示做了本不应该做的事情。例1：They _ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. (2011新课标卷32) A. will B. can C. must D. should例2： I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone _ it. (2011江苏卷34) A. will have stolen B. might have stolen C. should have stolen D. must have stolen语法专项练习：1. But for the help of John, he _ last night. A. should have drowned B. would have drowned C. was drowned D. may have drowned2. If it _ fine tomorrow, we would go for a swim in the sea. A. would be B. should be C. is D. was to3. He suffered a sudden heart attack and her wife found him dead when she got home from work. But _. A. if his wife came back earlier, he might be saved B. if his wife had come back earlier, he might be saved C. if his wife came back earlier, he might have been saved D. if his wife had come back earlier, he might have been saved4. I would rather she _ tomorrow than by plane. A. travel on train B. traveled by train C. travels by trainD. travelling by the train5. How old would you _ if you _ in 1900? A. be; had been born B. be; would be born C. have been; would be bornD. have been; were6. _ the sun, nothing on earth could live. A. Were it not to B. If it were not to C. If it had not been for D. If it were not for7. If he _, give him the message. A. were coming B. would come C. should come D. were come8. Were I to move to a foreign country, I _ away all my furniture in my house here. A. would give B. shall give C. gave D. will give9. I would go to the concert but I _ no time. A. had B. had had C. haveD. has10. Would you have told him the answer?Yes, I would have, but I _ so busy then.A. had beenB. were C. wasD. am11. Why didnt you buy it?I _ but I didnt have the money.A. would B. would haveC. had had D. had bought12. You should have finished it sooner.I know but I _ the time.A. dont have B. wont have C. didnt haveD. had not13. _ water, we could not live a day in the desert.A. Without B. No C. Having noD. But not for14. If you _ the doctors advice, you would have recovered already.A. followedB. would followed C. will followD. had followed15. If he had not lost the money, he _ the piano last week.A. could have bought B. had boughtC. would buy D. have bought答案与解析：1. 选B。but for表示“如果不是的话”，与虚拟语气搭配使用。2. 选B。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用should do或者were to do.3. 选D。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。4. 选B。would rather后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，形式是：would rather sb. did/had done.5. 选A。从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。6. 选D。表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，意思是“如果不是有太阳的话”。7. 选C。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用should do.8. 选A。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，主句用would/should do.9. 选C。but后面的分句表示事实情况，不用虚拟语气。10. 选C。but后面的分句表示过去的事实情况，因此用过去时。11. 选B。虚拟语气和事实情况混合的用法，第一个分句是虚拟，而but后面是事实情况。12. 选C。but后面的分句表示过去的事实情况，因此用过去时。13. 选A。without经常代替虚拟的从句，表示假设。14. 选D。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用过去完成时。 15. 选A。could have done表示“本来可以做某事”。0706 82.The auto manufacturers found themselves _ (正在同外国公司竞争市场的份额).83.Only in the small town _ (他才感到安全和放松).84.It is absolutely unfair that these children _ (被剥夺了受教育的权利).85.Our years of hard work are all in vain, _ (更别提我们花费的大量金钱了).86.The problems of blacks and women _ (最近几十年受到公众相当大的关注).071282. But for mobile phone, _(我们的通信就不可能如此迅速和方便)。83. In handling an embarrassing situation, _(没有什么比幽默感更有帮助的了).84. The Foreign Minister said he was resigning , _(但他拒绝进一步解释这样做的原因).85. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, _(而动物的行为主要依靠本能).86. The witness was told that under no circumstances _(他都不应该对法庭说慌).080682. We can say a lot of things about those who have spent their whole lives on poems (毕生致力于诗歌的人): they are passionate, impulsive, and unique.83. Mary couldnt have received my letter, or she should have replied to me last week (否则她上周就该回信了).84. Nancy is supposed to have finished her chemistry experiments (做完化学实验) at least two weeks ago.85. Never once has the old couple quarreled with each other (老两口互相争吵) since they were married 40 years ago.86. The prosperity of a nation is largely dependent upon (一个国家未来的繁荣在很大程度上有赖于) the quality of education of its people090682. With the oil prices ever rising, she tried to talk _ (说服他不买车).83. _ (保持幽默有助于) reduce stress and promote creative thinking in todays competitive society.84. When confronted with the evidence, _ (他不得不坦白自己的罪行).85. When people say, “I can feel my ears burning,” it means they think _ (一定有人在说他们坏话).86. She has decided to go on a diet, but finds _ (很难抵制冰淇淋的诱惑).091282. How long does a jacket like this last me? (这要看你多长时间穿一次).83. The theory he advanced has proved (对许多传统概念的一种挑战).84. The manager (本可以亲自参加会议), but he was called away for some urgent business abroad.85. Both research and practical experience have shown that a (均衡的饮食对健康是必不可少的).86. Much (我感到遗憾), I was unable to finish the work on time.100682. _ (他们的独生儿子从未想过) to leave them and strike out on his own though he is in his late twenties. 83. Before you take any action, please remember to _ (权衡你的决定会产生的后果). 84. He assured his friend that under no circumstances _ (他会违背还钱的承诺). 85. Most educators advise that kids _ (不要沉溺于电脑游戏). 86. Business major as he is, he has _ (从未考虑过从事推销员工作). 101282. There is no denying that you _(越仔细越好) in dealing with this matter.解析：can never be too careful / can not be too careful【考点解释】本题考查“越仔细越好”“再也不为过”的固定搭配，即can never be too/can not be too + adj.【原句精释】无可否认，处理这件事，越仔细越好。83. Only when I reached my thirties _ (我才意识到读书是不能被忽视的)解析：did I realize that reading cannot be neglected did I realize that reading is unignorable【考点解释】本题考查由only when 引起的局部倒装。当only when置于句首，主句用局部倒装，即将助动词置于主语前面。only when引导句子时态为过去时(reached)，为保持时态一致，主句助动词用did;注意被动语态的使用，reading与neglect为被动关系。同时也可以使用be+adj的结构。【原句精释】直到三十岁，我才意识不能忽视读书。84. Much _ (使研究人员感到惊讶)，the outcome of the experiment was far better than they had expected.解析：to the researchers surprise【考点解释】本题考查固定搭配 to ones surprise 使惊讶的是【原句精释】让研究人员大为惊讶的是，实验结果比他们的预计好得多。85. Oh, my, I cant find my key; _(我一定是把它放在哪儿了)。解析：I must have left / put it somewhere.【考点解释】本题考查对过去事情的肯定的猜测，即must have+过去分词，leave与put都有放置的意思，但leave强调遗忘在，较之put，leave更贴合题意。【原句精释】天啊，我找不到钥匙。我一定是把它放在哪儿了。86.I _(宁愿加入你们去做义工)than go to the beach for a holiday.解析：would rather join you as a volunteer【考点解释】考查结构“宁愿也不愿”, 因题干中已存在“than go”的结构，只能使用 “would rather do rather than do”。加入 join sb【原句精释】我宁愿加入你们去做义工，也不愿到海边去度假。111282. You shouldnt have run across the road without looking. You _ (也许会被车撞倒的).33. By no means _ (他把自己当成专家)although he knows a lot aboutthe field.84. He doesnt appreciate the sacrifice his friends have made for him,_ (把他们所做的视作理所当然).85. Janet told me that she would rather her mother_ (不干涉她的婚姻).86. To keep up with the expanding frontiers of scholarship, Edward Wilson found himself_ (经常上网查找信息)120682. I think that the meal is well (没有折扣的情况下值80美元).83. (面对来自其他公司的激烈竞争), the automobile manufacturer is considering launching a promotion campaign.84. As far as hobbies are concerned, Jane and her sister (几乎没有什么共同之处).85. Only after many failures (我才认识到仅凭运气是不能成功的).86. But for the survival instinct which nearly all creatures have, (更多的物种就可能已经在地球上灭绝了). 070682.competing with foreign firms for market share83.does he feel secure and relaxed84.are deprived of the rights to receive education85.not to mention / let alone the large amount of money we have spent86.have gained / caused considerable public concern in recent decades071282 our communication would not have been so rapid and convenient83 nothing is more helpful than a sense of humor84 but (he) refused to make further explanation( for doing so)/ to further explain why85 while animal behavior depends mainly upon (on) their instinct(s)86 should he lie to the court080682. We can say a lot of things about those who have spent their whole lives on poems (毕生致力于诗歌的人): they are passionate, impulsive, and unique.83. Mary couldnt have received my letter, or she should have replied to me last week (否则她上周就该回信了).84. Nancy is supposed tohave finished her chemistry experiments (做完化学实验) at least two weeks ago.85. Never once has the old couple quarreled with each other (老两口互相争吵) since they were married 40 years ago.86. The prosperity of a nation is largely dependent upon (一个国家未来的繁荣在很大程度上有赖于) the quality of education of its people 081282. He designed the first suspension bridge , which made a perfect combination of beauty and function. (把美观与功能完美地结合起来)。83It was very dark, but Mary seemed to know which way to take instinctively. (本能地知道该走哪条路。) 84. I dont think it advisable that parents (should) deprive children of their freedom (剥夺孩子们的自由) to spend their spare time as they wish.85. Older adults who have a high level of daily activities have more energy and a lower death rate compared with relatively inactive people（与不那么活跃的人相比死亡率要低）。86Your resume should attract a would-be bosss attention by demonstrating why you would be the best candidate.（为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选）。090682. over him not to buy a car83. Keeping sense of humor is contributive to84. he had no choice but to confess his guilt85. some one must are speaking ill of them86.it difficult to resist the temptation of ice cream0912 82. It depends on how often you wear it.83. a challenge to many traditional concepts84. Should have been able to attend the meeting in person85. Balanced diet is essential to health86. to my regret.100682. Their only son has never thought83. weigh your decision against its possible consequences84. would he break his promise to pay back the money85. should not be addicted to computer games86. never considered working as a salesman101282.can not be too careful83.did I realize that reading could not be neglected84.to the researchers surprise85.I must have left it somewhere86.would rather join you to do volunteer work110682. Even though they were already late, they would rather stop for the beautiful view(宁愿停下来欣赏美丽的景色) than just go on.解析：本题考查两个知识点，比较活。停下来做某事可以表达为stop for sth.（此处sth.为汉译英动词转名词的技巧，即doing sth. sth.），stop to do sth. 或者stop and do sth.。而欣赏美丽的景色，若用动词组合表达则为enjoy the beautiful view即可。83. No agreement was reached in the discussion between the two parties, as either side refuses to soften their positions (任何一方都不肯放弃自己的立场)解析：本题语言表达在新闻英语中出现频率较高，一定程度上考查了考生平时练习新闻英语听力的成果。任何一方既可以用neither side（后跟放弃的表达），也可以用either side（后跟不肯放弃的表达），而立场的表达较多，可用standpoint, position, ground, stance等，所搭配的动词也不尽相同。84. The pills could have cured the cancer patient (本来可以治愈那位癌症病人的), but he didnt follow the doctors advice and take them regularly.解析：等到本题虚拟语气的用法并不令人惊讶，这是历年六级考试中出现频率最多的考点之一，而治愈则用动词cure。heal更侧重于康复，愈合之意。85. It is really kind of you to give me so much help（你真好，给了我那么多帮助）；I really feel obliged to you.解析：本题令人欣喜，因为对于it is kind of sb. to do sth.的句法，绝大多数考生都烂熟于胸，而趋于口语的整句意思，也可轻易补全空格内容。86. The war left the family scattered all over the world, and it was thirty years before they were able to reunite（他们才得以重聚）解析：本题考查before的上下文语境用法。除去在.之前的意思外，A从句 + before + B从句还能理解为A，B两事先后发生，即A之后，B接着发生。原句意为三十年之后，他们才得以重聚。如采用汉译英中的动词转名词的技巧，则可回答before their reunion。111282：may be knocked down by car83:does he take himself to be an expert 。84:and take it for granted 。85:not interfere marriage 。86often searching information on the internet120682. I think that the meal is well worth $80 without a discount (没有折扣的情况下值80美元).【点评】well worth，“值”，后跟动名词或名词；discount 折扣。83. Facing the fierce competition from other companies (面对来自其他公司的激烈竞争), the automobile manufacturer is considering launching a promotion campaign.【点评】横线处要填的是一个非谓语从句，根据句意可知前后主语都是the automobile manufacturer，因此用现在分词形式。84. As far as hobbies are concerned, Jane and her sister nearly have nothing in common / hardly have anything in common (几乎没有什么共同之处).【点评】have something in common有共同点，注意表示否定时副词的使用。85. Only after many failures have I realized that I cannot succeed with luck merely (我才认识到仅凭运气是不能成功的).【点评】本题考查only位于句首的倒装。这里强调的是过去的事情对现在造成的影响“不能成功”，因此应用现在完成时态。86. But for the survival instinct which nearly all creatures have, more species would have been extinct from the earth (更多的物种就可能已经在地球上灭绝了).【点评】but for，“要不是，如果没有”，这里考查虚拟语气，后面应该用would + have done的形式，强调这种非真实的虚拟对将来可能发生的情况的影响。1212翻译A82. The new movie we are going to see this evening_(据说是基于一次真实的事件).83.Sometimes the coupon attached to a product may_(分散顾客对其质量的注意力).84.If we had left half an hour earlier, we_(或许就不会为交通阻塞所耽搁).85.Nancy refused the assistance provided, for she objected_(被当成残疾人看待).86.Hard_(他们虽然尽了力)，their first attempt at a solution was unsuccessful.翻译答案82. was said to be based on a true event83. disperse customers attention to its quality84. could not have been delayed by the traffic jam85. to be treated as the disabled86. as they had tried翻译解析82. was said to be based on a true event【解析】本题考查固定句型及短语用法。”It is (was)said to be”,表示“据说”。该句子的主语是”The new movie”, “we are going to see this evening”这个句子是定语从句用来修饰主语，因此翻译的时候可以先不看它，抓住句子的主干。“基于”的表达有许多种：sth.be based on sth. ; sth. be on the base of sth.等等。83. disperse customers attention to its quality【解析】本题考查短语固定用法。“分散某人的注意力”表达方式也有许多种：disperse / distract ones attention to sth.84. could not have been delayed by the traffic jam【解析】本题考查过去时态的虚拟语气;而且根据句意可知为被动态，因此主句的结构为”could not have been done”，表示本不可能发生的情况却发生了。另外注意“交通阻塞”、“耽搁”这些日常生活中常用词的英语表达。85. to be treated as the disabled【解析】本题考查动词短语固定表达。”treat sb. as”表示“把某人看作”，而此句用被动态”sb. was treated as”即“某人被当作(对待)”。另
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