高考英语阅读简答与教师版题目.docx

高考英语阅读简答技巧阅读简答着重考查学生用英语获取信息、处理信息与用英语进行思维和表达的能力。简答题的基础依然是阅读理解，但对阅读理解的要求更高。因此，该题型一直是考生的失分重灾区。下面介绍一些做阅读简答的方法，希望对考生们有所帮助。 理解是答题的前提和保证，读不懂文章就谈不上解答提问。分析2009、2010年湖南高考英语“阅读简答”题可以看出，此题对阅读理解能力的要求相当高，涉及词义猜测能力，寻读具体信息能力和综合概括能力。英语的词义非常丰富，不同的语境，词义也不同，在考试中需用心揣摩上下文中的正确含义.根据上下文猜测词义可以在定程度上考查出考生的逻辑推断能力，是阅读能力的一个重要组成部分。 理解作为基础固然重要，但文字表达能力才是成败的关键。要做好此题，必须具备良好的表达能力，善于归纳概括有效信息，表达时不能超过题目规定的字数。解题时我们必须遵循以下几个原则： 1.看清题目要求 如Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word，我们要注意几个方面： (1)in the passage那就是说所找的单词必须是本文中出现的； (2)a word那就是只能用一词而不是多词表达； (2)所找的词形式必须与所给单词保持统性。如划线的词是过去分词，那近义词也必须为过去分词。 2看清词数要求 如果纯粹地照搬文章中的句子段落的话，尽管答案表面上来看也是对的，但词数要求就达不到了，最终不能得分。这时需要考生将短文中的原信息进行二次加工，也就是说对原句或原短语进行概括、转换。概括、转换通常有以下几个方法： (1)词语替代法。词语替代法是指用词牲相同的同义词，近义词或同义词组，反义词组对原句的某些成分进行简单的替代，而句子的结构保持不变，如： I must take good care of my sister at home.可以说 I must care for my sister well al home.将take good care of压缩成三个单词care for.well。 (2)词类转换法。词类转换法是指利用某些派生词或词性相异的词组来替代原句中的某些成分，这时句子结构会发生变化，如： The rain was very heavy last night,It rained heavily last night. (3)合并分句法。合并分句法是指把两个意义相关的简单句合并为一个简单旬，如： The woman is our new director, She is in red. the woman in red is our new director. (4)句型转换法。句型转换是句子类别的转换，它要求学生对所学的句子结构和词形的变化做到概念清楚，运用准确。 较状语从句句型转换：最高级=比较级十than any other/the other=no other十原级+as如： This flower is more beautiful than any other flower at the exhibition. - No other flowers are as beautiful as this one. - This flower is the most beautiful one at the exhibition. 状语从句与不定式转换。如： The bear wants to climb the tree in order that he can get the apple on it The bear wants to climb the tree in order to get the apple on it 宾语从句与不定式转换。如： He ordered that we should do our homework in the classroom after school. He ordered us to do homework in the classroom after school 从句转换。如： He will miss the train if he does not take a taxi. He will miss the train unless he takes a taxi. 从句与分词、动名词转换。如： I suggest that you should phone your aunt before turning up at her house. suggest calling up your aunt before visiting her house. 【一失分原因】1答非所问。考生的回答与题目的要求相差甚远。针对这一点，考生可先读懂问题再浏览全文，有的放矢。 2忽略答题要求。不同类型的问题要用不同形式的回答。例如：就目的提问，答案要用for短语或不定式；就原因提问，答案应用because of短语或because从句；提问词是what时，要用名词，名词性短语或名词性从句来回答。 3忽略字数限制。可采用一些小技巧进行形式上的浓缩，比如：可利用缩写，将can not缩写为cannt；把两个词合成个复合词，比如horse-riding、waiting-room等；尽量用词或短语代替句子，尽量用简单句代替复合句等，比如He works very hard可改写成working-hard man. 4语法和语言形式误用。阅读简答题中极易犯的错误，主谓不致、词汇搭配不当时态与原文不对应句开型使用不当，拼写错误、大小写、标点符号误用等。同学们直该在平时的学习中加强语法学习，并在答题中灵活运用。 【二解题思路】1，正确理解原文。理解是基础。是答题的前提和保证。此题对阅读理解能力的要求相当高，涉及理解大意能力、寻读具体信息能力和综合概括能力。考生应该灵活运用各种阅读策略了解文章大意，详读相关细节，最大限度地理解短文提供的信息。 2快速定位原旬。在略读的基础上，考生可以利用寻读策略，根据题干中的关键字，在原文中快速定位答题信息。 3。准确表达句意。理解作为基础固然重要，但文字表达能力才是成败的关键。要做好此题，必须具备良好的表达能力，善于归纳概括有效信息，表达时不能超过题目规定的字数。这就要求考生具备一定的抽象概括、转换能力。对考生的语言组织能力要求相当高。为了提高答题的准确性，考生还须注意以下几个原则： “简洁准确”。答案中尽量用短语或词组，句子要简洁，严格按各小题的具体要求答题。 “原文优行”。尽量用短文中出现的词组或短语，句子的用词也应以短文中出现的关键词为先。要用自已的语言组织、表达时，则要注意句子结构的简炼、完整和时态的正确。 “语法正确”。要避免一些常见的语法错误，如：主谓不一致；时态不对应(即问句和答句的时态不一致)； 句子结构不完整等。 【三解题技巧】【技巧1：如何快速定位原文?】 根据题于中的关键字定位原文。在原文中找到相对应的答案。 用来定位原文的关键词般有两种： 1原词定位。题干中有一些外表有特点且醒目的字，如人名、地名、数字、大写字母、专有名词等，在原文中可根据这些特点快速定位；还有一些题干表达主要意恩的词，一般是实词(名词、动词、形容词和副词)，这样的词往往直接涉及文章中的重点细节信息，有利于定位的准确性。 2近义词定位。题干中的关键字可能在原文中以同义词或者近义词的方式出现，不一定是原词的重现。即我们常说的“同义改写”或者“同义替换”。如alter/ change；choicealternative等。 例文：The sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best 0n the hard iced snowbut they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity 题：What kind of tools are the sculptors NOT profited to use?(No more than 6 words) 我们来分析一下原文中和题中关键词的对应。 这里有两处对应：第一处是原文中的allowed与题目中的permitted的对应，这是同意词的对应；第二处是原文中的employ与题目中的use的对应，这也是同意的对应。【技巧2：如何确定答案的基本形式?】 1what开头的问句：在回答的时候，要用名词性的短语或从句，一般为名词、动词不定式、动名词、主语从句、表语从句或宾语从句。 例文：Game hunters of the 19th century had hunted the creatures almost to extinction(灭绝) According to this passage,what was the most probable reason for elephants almost extinction in northeastern South Africa in the 19th century?(No more than 8 words) 解析：题目以what开头，回答时，要用一个名词性的短语或句子。分析原文可知，是参加狩猎游戏的人在猪杀人物，导致动物濒临绝种。因此，猎杀是动物绝种的主要原因，答案为Hunting of the 19th century 2以why开头的问旬：要用原因状语或者原因状语从句来回答，常用because或者because of来开头。例文：The fact that he was caught in the traffic jam might explain his being late 题：Why was he late? No more than10 words) 解析：阅读原文可知“因为他遇到了交通堵塞”，所以答案为Because he was caught in the traffic jam或 Because of the traffic jam. 3以How开头的问旬：这种问句一般表程度或方式。在简答题中极少考表程度的意思，所以在回答How 开头的问句时，般用表方式的介词by或者through来开头。 例文：Fortunately，he loaned some money from the bank，and set up his own company 题：How did he get the money to set up his OWN company? No more than 8 words) 解析：从原文可以看出创建自己的公司是从银行贷款的，问句用how开头，我们就用by开头来回答。所以答案为By loaning some money from出e bank 4以when开头的问句：以when开头的问句表示时间。要用时间状语或者时间状语从句回答。常用来开头的连词有when，介词有at，on，in，before，between，after，during等。 例文：He was born in 1993And when he was five years old，he lost his legs in a car accident 题：When did he become disabled?。（No more than 8words) 解析：原文中说是当他五岁的时候，所以最佳答案就是When he was five years old或In 1998 5回答以where开头的问句：以where开头的问句表示地点。要用地点状语或地点状语从句来回答。常用来开头的连词有where，介词有at，in，on等。 例文：He went to Harvard UniversityThere he found his interests in biology 题：Where did he find his interests in biology?(No more than 8 words) 解析：原文中的there指代的是Harvard University. 问句以where开头所以答案为In Harvard 【技巧3：如何转换表达方式? 】 阅读简答题有字数的限制，直接摘抄原文词句往往不能回答提问，因此需要转换表达方式。那么有哪些转换方法可以帮助考生顺利地完成转换，精简作答呢? 1词语替代法。此法是指用词性相同的同义词，近义词或同义词组，反义词组对原句的某些成分进行简单的替代，而句子的结构保持不变，如：Is Meimei at home?-Is Meimei in? 2词类转换法。此法是指利用某些派生词或词性相异的词组来替代原句中的某些成分，这时句子结构会发生变化，如： The rain was very heavy last night It rained heavily last night 3合并分句法。把两个意义相关的简单旬合并为一个简单句，如： He is a new teacher, He is called Sun Jun - He is a new teacher called Sum Jun 4句型转换法。句型转换是句子类别的转换，它要求学生对所学的句子结构和词形的变化做到概念清楚， 运用准确。 比较状语从句句型转换：最高级=比较级+than any otherthe other=no other+原级+as Lilei is taller than any other student. Li lei is the tallest in his class in his class 状语从句与不定式转换 The little girl was so tired that she couldnt go farther The little girl was too tired to go farther 宾语从句与不定式转换 We all hope that we will be able to play games on the sports field We all hope to play games on the sports field 从句之间的转换 He will miss the train if he doesnt take a tax He will miss the train unless he takes a taxi。 从句与分词、动名词转换 when 1 was going shopping yesterday. I came across an old friend of mine. Going shopping yesterday, I met an old friend of mine NO.1The north magnetic pole（磁极）is no longer a resident of Canada. It has drifted across the Canadian Arctic and is now angling toward Siberia.Not to be confused with the geographic North Pole-the northern extremity of the Earths axis（地轴），the north magnetic pole（where the Earths magnetic field is directed downward） is moving due to natural changes in the Earths magnetic field, a process that originates about 3， 000 kilometers below our feet，in the outer core（核心）of the planet. But scientists are now noticing that the magnetic pole has picked up its pace.Over the past century，the pole has been migrating at an average speed of about 10 kilometers per year， says Larry Newitt，head of Geomagnetic Laboratory at Natural Resources Canada in Ottawa. Since the 1970s，this speed has increased to about 50 kilometers per year.Scientists are wondering why the speed is increasing，says Newitt. One Hypothesis（假说） relates it to magnetic jerks sudden shifts（变化）in the rate of change of the magnetic field. There have been three jerks in the past four decades，each one correlating to an increase in speed.If the north magnetic pole continues at its current rate, it could reach Siberia by 2056.For most of recorded history，the pole has been a part of Canada, and now its not， says Newitt. It may be a blow to our collective psyche，but other than that, it doesnt have a major effect on most peoples existence.1. Find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word angling._2. What could happen to the north magnetic pole by the middle of the 21 century？ (no more than 10 words)_.3. What is the main idea of the passage？ (no more than 8 words)_(2007 湖南卷) 参考答案1. Moving/ Migrating.2. It could reach Siberia.3. The north magnetic pole is moving faster.NO.2Every January，Breckenridge hosts the International Snow Sculpture Championships. Fourteen teams travel from all over the world to Switzerland to compete. Teams sculpt for sixty-five hours over five days. Each team hopes that when the time is up, its sculpture will be judged the best.As the championship begins, the fourteen teams are faced with huge blocks of snow that weigh twenty tons each. The sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best on the hard iced snow，but they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity.Most teams are inspired by what they have seen in daily life. For example，one team carved a teapot with tea pouring out. Another team sculpted a little cat on its hind feet（后脚） reaching into a fish bowl complete with water ripples（涟漪） and a crab（螃蟹） trying to attack the cat. In 2006，Team USA sculpted a golden dog looking at its image reflected in a mirror. To create the effect that the little dog saw its reflection in the glass, the artists carved two dogs facing each other with their paws （脚爪） touching.As the final hours of the competition tick by，exhausted team members add last-minute details. They use small brooms to brush off snow caught in tiny holes. One team member counts down the last five minutes while others are busy cleaning up the tools. If they leave any tools behind，they will be out. When the whistle blows，everyone must step away from the sculpture. The judges then vote on creativity, technical skill, and visual impact（视觉效果）of the designs.In 2006, Team USA took first place for their golden dog sculpture titled Discovery. But the competition is not just about medals and ribbons. Its not about the prize, said Rob Neyland， Team USAs captain. Its about touching the audience.Every year, as the championship ends, each team is already dreaming of the next masterpiece it will design.1. What kind of tools are the sculptures NOT permitted to use？ (no more than 6 words)_2. What gives the sculptors ideas for their creative work？ (no more than 9 words)_3. Why did Team USA win the competition in 2006？ (no more than 15words)_(2008 湖南卷)参考答案1. The tools that use electricity.2. The things they have seen in daily life.3. Because its sculpture was judged the best for creativity, technical skills and visual impact.NO.3A long time ago, Milton S. Hershey, the creator of the popular chocolate bars, was dipped in warm chocolate. I know all about it. My grandfather was there!At nineteen, Hershey established a candy business in Philadelphia. Although it failed, he tried again in several other cities and succeeded with Crystal A Caramels. But Hershey was not content. He began experimenting with chocolate and managed to sell his first chocolate bars in 1900. They were an instant success. In 1903, Hershey built a factory.Hershey was usually pleasant and kind and enjoyed a good joke. However, in his chocolate factory, he held high standards for all the workers. He was both respected and feared. His anger would burst out when things didnt go as hed expected, and workers were fired for mistakes.My grandfather began working in the factory as a young man. His job was to push the vats (大桶) of warm chocolate to a storage area. To do this, he had to push the heavy vats up a ramp (斜坡) and across the walkway. One day, Hershey was walking backward on the walkway while my grandfather was pushing a vat of chocolate up the ramp. Bump. Clunk. Ker-plop! Hershey fell backward into the vat. Everyone else held their breath and ran up to pull him out. Grandfather froze in fear. Was he going to lose his job?Hershey stood stiffly with his hands on his hips. Color rose in his face. He said something in a low voice. Then he smiled. Its not your fault, son, he said. I need to watch where Im going. He put some chocolate in his mouth. Mmm, thats good, he said. Everyone laughed. The tour continued, with Hershey dripping chocolate as he went. And Grandfather kept his job.1. What did Grandfather do in Hersheys factory? (no more than 12 words)_2. Why didnt Hershey fire Grandfather? (no more than 10 words)_3. What does the incident show us about Hershey? (no more than 15 words)_(2009 湖南卷)参考答案1. He pushed the vats of warm chocolate to a storage area.2. Because he realized it was his own fault.Because he realized it was not Grandfathers fault/mistake.3. (It shows us that) Hershey was pleasant, humorous, kind (to others) and really respectable.NO.4On Christmas morning, Linda wakes up, and tries to imagine the wide-eyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them. Linda has never met the children, but thats all part of the joy of giving as secret Santas, she says.Its an amazing feeling to buy gifts on an anonymous (匿名的) basis, says Linda.It brings a whole new meaning to the holidays.Linda and Tony are an American couple living in Toronto, Canada, and Linda did charitable work as a member of the American Womens Club of Toronto. As the name suggests, members are U.S. citizens living in Toronto, who join together for fellowship and community service.To find her adopted family, Linda goes to the local schools and requests a wish list for a family thats struggling to survive. Last year she helped a single mother with three children. The mother works as a cleaning lady in a nursing home.The list is always heartbreaking. They have an opportunity to ask for anything and do just the opposite, asking for basic clothes or simple toys, she says. We always buy the kids a new winter coat, hats, and gloves. She also buys gifts for the parents.Last year Linda asked the mother for a second wish list one that didnt include the basics. Every child should have a Christmas that sticks with them for a lifetime. She purchased iPods for the two older children and a video game system for the youngest. I have learned a very valuable lesson in all of this, says Linda. Pay attention to whats going on in your own backyardno matter where you live.The joy of giving as secret Santas is much sweeter when the gift is anonymous.1. What reaction does Linda imagine the children will have? (no more than 5 words)_2. Why did Linda join the American Womens Club of Toronto? (no more than 10 words)_3. Why did Linda ask for a second wish list? (no more than 15 words)_4. What kind of people does secret Santas in the passage refer to? (no more than 12 words)_(2010 湖南卷) 参考答案1. They will feel greatly surprised.2. She joined it for fellowship and community service.3. She wanted to give the children some other gifts rather than the basics.4. It refers to people who give away anonymous gifts on Christmas.NO.5Now let us look at how we read. When we read a printed text, our eyes move across a page in short, jerky movement. We recognize words usually when our eyes are still when they fixate. Each time they fixate, we see a group of words. This is known as the recognition span or the visual span (视幅). The length of time of which the eyes stop the duration of the fixation varies considerably from person to person. It also varies within any one person according to his purpose in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermore, it can be affected by such factors as lighting and tiredness.Unfortunately, in the past, many reading improvement courses have concentrated too much on how our eyes move across the printed page. As a result of this misleading emphasis on the purely visual aspects of reading, numerous exercises have been devised to train the eyes to see more words at one fixation. For instance, in some exercises, words are flashed on to a screen for, say, a tenth or a twentieth of a second. One of the exercises has required students to fix their eyes on some central point, taking in the words on either side. Such word patterns are often constructed in the shape of rather steep pyramids so the reader takes in more and more words at each successive fixation. All these exercises are very clever, but its one thing to improve a persons ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability to understand the relationship between words. Consequently, for these reasons, many experts have now begun to question the usefulness of eye training, especially since any approach which trains a person to read isolated words and phrases would seem unlikely to help him in reading a continuous text.1. Show at least three facts which can affect the time of the recognition span. （no more than 14 words）_2. What does reading require according to the writer? （no more than 8 words）_3. What is the attitude of the author towards reading improvement courses mentioned in the passage? (one word )_4. What will probably the writer talk about next? （no more than 12 words）_参考答案1. Different person; ones familiarity with the text; ones purpose of reading; lighting and tiredness中任选三个2. The ability to understand the relationship between words.3. Critical.4. Effective ways of training students to read a continuous text.NO.6Until the twentieth century cigarettes were not an important threat to public health. Men used tobacco mainly in the form of cigars. Most women did not use tobacco at all. The cigarette industry began in the 1870s with the development of the cigarette manufacturing machine. This made it possible to produce great numbers of cigarettes very quickly, and it reduced the price. Today cigarette smoking is a widespread habit. About forty-three percent of the adult men and thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettes regularly. It is encouraging to note, however, that millions of people have given up the smoking habit. Seventy-five percent of the male population and forty-six percent of the female popula