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非谓语动词 遇到有关非谓语动词的单选题，可以根据句中的搭配结构、非谓语的主被动形式和非谓语的“时态”三个角度，从语言的结构到语义由简单到复杂依次排选。第一步：根据非谓语形式在句中可作的成分来分析空白处可填入的非谓语形式，看能否在不定式、分词和动名词几个形式之间先排除一个或几个。非谓语动词在句中可作成分一览表主语宾语表语定语状语宾补不定式分词动名词注：1).the分词也可用作主语和宾语；2).现在分词完成式不作定语。1 非谓语形式作主语或宾语时，除“the分词”外一般只能用不定式或动名词。其中不定式作介词的宾语时要使用“特殊疑问词不定式”结构。例如：1).Its very kind of you to help us.2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .4).Please show us how to do that. 2 作状语时，不定式表示目的以及so/asto do和(only)to do中的结果状语，其它状语都用分词来表示。例如：1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.（“非谓语主句”模式中，非谓语在句首而且由逗号与主句隔开，此句中的不定式只作目的状语；此时的分词表示时间、原因或条件状语，有时分词前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等连词，如：Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. When asked,never be silent.） 2).He came here only to say good-bye to us. （不定式在句中作目的状语时它前面不能用逗号） 3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic. （不定式在主句之后，又有逗号与主句隔开时常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主语意料的结果）第二步：在第一步的基础上从非谓语的主被动形式这个角度进行筛选。1 非谓语用作主语或状语时，一般根据它们的逻辑主语来判断主被动形式的选用；若无逻辑主语，则以主句主语为判断对象。例如：1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great use.（作状语的分词逻辑主语和主句主语相同时，逻辑主语常省去）2).Its so nice to hear your voice.3).Seeing is believing.（不带逻辑主语的不定式或动名词作主语时，通常看作第一人称的逻辑主语省略）注意以下特殊情况中非谓语一律用主动式：主语系动词形容词不定式need/want/require(需要) doingbe worth doing2 作宾语或表语时，要根据主句主语来分析主被动形式。例如：1).The little girl would like to be brought to the State with her brother. 2).His story in the jungle is very exciting.3 作定语时，应根据被修饰词来选用主被动形式。例如：1).I have a room to paint,so I cant go out for a picnic with them.2).We have a room to be painted.Where can we find a worker?(当句中出现了作定语的不定式动词的执行者时用主动式，否则用被动式)4 作宾补的非谓语主被动形式要根据非谓语动词与宾语的关系来确定。例如：1).Dont have the water running like that. 2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.第三步：经过第一、二两步分析仍未能作出最后选择时，可能会剩下不定式和分词内部不同的式之间的选择，即非谓语的“时态”，这时可通过比较非谓语动词和谓语动词所发生的先后来判别。1 不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在表示非谓语动词发生在谓语之后； 例如：1).I hope to see you again soon.2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?表示与谓语动词同时发生的一个全过程动作或谓语当时所处的状态。例如：4).Have you seen a little boy go into the house? 5).He seems to know that.2不定式的进行式to be doing 和现在分词的一般式doing/being done只用来表示非谓语动词和谓语动词同时发生。例如：1).The secretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president. 2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.3不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和现在分词完成式having done/having been done均表示动作发生在谓语之前。例如：1).He is said to have left.2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.4词常表示发生在谓语之前而及物动词的过去分词则可以指发生在谓语之前或与谓语同时的状态。例如：1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match 2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind. 若非谓语形式正确而词义仍不同者则需从句义来考虑。 非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生，非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。1.动词不定式例1：Alotofyoungpeoplearelearningtodrivecars.(同时发生)例2：Allofusexpectedtodiscoveranewoilfield.(非谓语动词动作发生在后)例3：HeissaidtohavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.(非谓语动词动作发生在前)注：动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended,expected,meant,wereto,wasto等过去式的动词后面，表示未实现的行为。例如：1)Imeanttohavesentthebooktoyoubymail.（我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。）2)Hewastohavebeenthenewambassador,buthefellill.(他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)2.动名词例1：Iamthinkingofgettinganewdictionary.(非谓语动词动作发生在后)例2：WeenjoywatchingcolourTV.(与谓语动词动作同时)例3：Heforgothavingpromisedtowritethingsforus.（非谓语动词动作发生在前。）3.分词例1：Singingasong,hecameintotheroom.（非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生）例2：Havingwrittenhiscomposition,hewenttohaveahearttohearttalkwithWang.(非谓语动词动作发生在前)非谓语动词的比较1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较(1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。例如：1）Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketoswimtoday.2)Theypreferstayingindoorswhentheweatheriscold.3)Wouldyouprefertostayathomethisevening?(2)动词不定式的逻辑主语，常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词；而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不着的。例如：1）Ihatetobesittingidle.(我不想闲坐着。)（指自己）2）Ihatesayingnothingatameetingbutgossipingafterwards.(我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。)（可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）(3)有些词后既可接动名词亦.1不定式作宾语1) 动词+ 不定式afford aim appearagree arrangeaskbe decidebothercarechoose come dare demanddesiredetermine expectelectendeavorhopefail happen helphesitatelearn longmean manage offer ought planpreparepretend promiserefuseseem tend wait wish undertakeThe driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3） 动词+疑问词+ todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。2 不定式作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise allow appoint believe cause challengecommand compelconsider declare driveenableencourage find forbid forceguess hireimagineimpelinduce informinstructinvite judge know likeorder permitpersuade remind reportrequest requireselectsend state suppose tell think traintrust understandurge warn a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法：Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lieC. layD. laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel find,guess, judge ,imagine, know,prove, see(理解), show ,suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3) to be +形容词Seem, appear,be said,be supposed, be believed,be thought,be known, be reported,hope, wish, desire,want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。4)there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。3 不定式主语1） Its easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了easy,difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible,comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2) Its very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。Kind,nice, stupid,rude, clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly, selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。4 Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。for 与of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如： You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)5 不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor.6 不定式作定语 不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.7 不定式作状语1）目的状语To only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因 Im glad to see you.The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。8 用作介词的toto 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意9 省to 的动词不定式1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：2） 使役动词 let, have, make：3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4） would rather，had better：5） Why / why not：6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be： He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out.比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题1) - I usually go there by train.- Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。2） Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。10 动词不定式的否定式 Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。典型例题1）Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended _ me when I passed by. A.not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D.having not seen 答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driverC. never driving D. never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _. A. not toB. not to doC. not do itD. do not to答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。5) The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。11 不定式的特殊句型tooto1）tooto 太以至于He is too excited to speak.他太激动了，说不出话来。 Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为不太。 Its never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常 等于very。 Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。12 不定式的特殊句型so as to1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to -劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?劳驾，现在几点了。13 不定式的特殊句型Why not Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不? 干吗不?例如： Why not take a holiday?干吗不去度假?14 不定式的时态和语态时态语态 主动被动一般式 to doto be done进行式 to be doing完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式 to have been doing1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你。2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4) 完成进行时：She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.15 动名词与不定式1） 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组： 1stop to dostop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3remember to doremember doing4 regret to do regret doing 5cease to do cease doing 6 try to dotry doing 7go on to do go on doing8 afraid to do afraid doing 9interested to dointerested doing 10 mean to do mean doing11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing1. 分词的定义 动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。 2. 过去分词的语法作用： 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：Dont touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。2) 过去分词做定语：单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。3) 过去分词做状语：过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. 激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。 Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。表方式或伴随情况。如：The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。4) 过去分词作补足语：过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。二、特别提醒 1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。We wont have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。He had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）the bridge built 造好的桥 （表示完成的动作）4. 过去分词和ing分词作表语的区别：过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。5. 过去分词和ing分词作定语的区别：过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。三、提高练习1. Im going to have my car _ .A. to be fixed B. to fix C. fixed D. to fix 2. Whats the language _ in Germany?A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 3. _ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed by 4. He had his leg _ in the match yesterday.A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking 5. Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 6. _ more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given7. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied8. The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened9. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose10. The Olympic Games, _ in 776BC, didnt include women players until 1912.A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first played11. Dont get _ in the rain.A. to be caught B. catching C. to catch D. caught12. I found a car _ in a pool by the side of the road.A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick13. -By the way, when did you get your bedroom _ ? -Last week.A. to paint B. painted C. painting D. to be painted14. The children were found _ in the cave.A. trapping B. trapped C. to be trapped D. be trapped15
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