汪老师教案句法知识之简单句并列句和复合句.doc

句法知识之简单句并列句和复合句简单句1. 六种基本句型基本句型分解:英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:1）主+谓（SV） I work.2）主+系 +表（SVP） Things are getting better. She turned doctor.3）主+ 谓 +宾（SVO） She studies English.4）主+ 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾（SV Io. Do.） My mother bought me a new dress. 5）主+ 谓 +宾 +补（SVOC） I saw him come into the house yesterday.另外：There be 句型 2. 练习：判断下列句子属于何种句式1）You are sitting on the train home.2）Here comes the bus !3）The egos potential for expansion is limitless.4）There existed a nation in the ocean.5）Our neighbors gave us a baby bird yesterday.6）We think it our duty to study well.7）No body is here.8）He passed me a cup of tea.9）Tom doesnt know the pop star. 10）My mother stays at home. 11）The milk tastes good.12）The car caught fire. 13）The teacher has told me the fact. 14）He is reading a book. 15）He gave me a lecture yesterday. 16）She is very friendly.17）I can swim. 18）I have had a good time. 19）I found him talking. 20）This English book is very interesting.3. 更正下列句子的错误1）He came the room. 2）The music sounds. 3）I have seen. 4）He gave a pen me. 5）The boss made the boy to work hard. 6）My father bought a book to me.Keys：1）He came into the room 2）The music sounds wonderful 3）I have seen the film.4）He gave a pen to me. 5）The boss made the boy work hard. 6）My father bought a book for me. 4. 五种基本句型的推导：1) 英语句子必须有谓语动词。他像他爸爸。He is like his father. 这本书值得一读。The book is worth reading.我反对你的意见。Im against you.2)一个句子内有且只有一个动词充当谓语（并列谓语除外），其余动词应为非谓语或从句的谓语。 他给我一些水喝。He gave me some water to drink.5. 翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：1）我经常在早晨读英语。 2）玛丽是个聪明的学生。3）我的老师交给我一封信 4）我母亲经常叫我努力学习。5）我们叫我们的老师王先生 6）他正在房里做家庭作业Keys:1）I often read English in the morning. 2）Mary is a clever student. 3）My teacher gave me a letter. 4）My mother often asks me to study hard. 5）We call our teacher Mr. Wang. 6）He is doing his homework in the room.并列句复合句1. 把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来的句子就叫并列句。2. 四种类型1）由and, not only but also, neithernor, then连接，表同等概念。He can not only repair radios but also fix them Not only do the nurses want a pay increased, but also they want reduced hours. 2）由eitheror, or, otherwise等连接，表选择Either she leaves or I will. 3）由but, still, yet, however, while, when, whereas, nevertheless 等连接，表转折。My mother likes coffee while my father likes tea. 4）由so, for, therefore 等连接，表因果。He found it difficult to read, for his eyes were failing. . Exercises ：注意逻辑关系1）Give him an inch hell take an ell. A. but B. and C. for D. so 2） did the students dance, their teacher sang. A. Neither or B. Either or C. Bothand D. Not onlybut also3）Feathers fall to the ground slowly stones fall much faster. A. and B. while C. but D. yet 4）We must get up early tomorrow, well miss the first bus to the Great Wall. A. however B. but C. or D. so 5）He worked hard, he failed. A. while B. and C. so D. yet6）I thought wed be late for the concert, _ we ended up getting there ahead of time.7）Search the website of the Fire Department in your city, _you will learn a lot about firefighting.8）They were surprised that a child should work out the problem _ they themselves couldnt.9）I was just about to lie down to rest _I saw a snake in the grass.Keys: BDBCD, but, and, while, when句子的连接和标点符号1）句号连接两个并列句子，第二个句子的首字母大写。 My name is Tom. I am five.2）分号连接两个并列分句，第二个句子的首字母不大写。 Tom is five; he studies in a primary school.3）引号前用逗号而不用冒号，英语中没有书名号。 Tom said, “The movie Titanic is wonderful!”）重点：逗号的运用。逗号连接内部结构，即句子的状语（从句），定语（从句），同位语（从句）插入语等。请为下列句子加上逗号。1) Since he is ill he is absent.2) To save class time our teacher has us students do half of the exercises in class.3) Polar bears live mostly on sea ice which they use as a platform for hunting seals. Keys：1) Since he is ill，he is absent.2) To save class time，our teacher has us students do half of the exercises in class.3) Polar bears live mostly on sea ice，which they use as a platform for hunting seals. 逗号加连词相当于句号，连接两个并列句子。I am five, and I study in a primary school.5. Translate the sentence. (注意标点）我走进教室，看见他正在读书，我没有打扰他，拿了书就出了教室。When I came into the classroom, I saw him reading. I took my book and went out, without interrupting him.主从复合句包括名词性从句（主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句），定语从句，状语从句主语从句When we shall meet again hasnt been decided yet.What he did was all for his country.That she is good at music is known to all.宾语从句They told me that he could speak German.I know what you really mean.I have forgotten where I left the key.表语从句The problem is whether you can do it yourselves.That is why we are going to help them.That was how she won the first prize.同位从句The news that they had succeeded encouraged us. The question whom we should serve must be discussed. I have no idea when he will be back.定语从句The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.This is the house where he lived ten years ago. Ill never forget the day when I met that great writer in Japan状语从句He liked drawing when he was a small child.I didnt go with him because I was busy.Youll succeed if you study harder.练习：Analyze the sentences.1). What makes a study scientific is not, of course, the nature of the things with which it is concerned but the method by which it deals with these things.2). When Mr. Jones got back, he immediately went to sleep on the living room sofa with “English Salon” over his face.补充的详细内容：1. 动词的分类类 别特 点例 句行 为动 词及物动词接宾语He visited the Great Wall last year.不及物动词不接宾语We live in Huizhou. He is lying on the grass.连系动词be, turn keep接表语You are a student. Im a teacher. Shes a nurse.助动词be, have, has, had, do, does, did, 情动协助构成时态或语态I have known the place for many years.The goods are sold out. Did you go there?情态动词can may must will/would shall/should need dare have / ought to协助后面的动词原形表情态或语气I cant decide which film to see.You ought to go to the toilet before the film begins.2. 连系动词的分类 变化类：become, grow, get, turn, come, go, fall 感官类：smell, taste, sound, look, feel显得类：seem, appear, look状态类：be, keep, stay, remain, lie, stand, (prove, turn out, continue)3. 常见的双及物动词有：throw扔, give给, show给.看, leave留给, write给.写信, return把.还给, bring带来, read读，tell告诉, hand交给, pass递给, promise答应, lend借给, send寄, refuse拒绝（间接宾语前加to）；play演奏，get得到，sing唱歌，do做，order命令，make生产/制造, pay为.交钱，buy买（间接宾语前加for）4. 能带宾补的动词：A.感官动词：see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feelB.使役动词：have, make, letC.其它：get, force, want, wish ,expect, allow, permit, forbid, ask, order, advise，tell, find etc.5. There be是一种“存在”句，表示“某处或某时存在有某人(物)”。这种句子里there是一个引导词，引出主语(某人或某物)，用介词短语表示处所或时间，在句中作状语。be有数和时态的变化。be的数要和它后面的主语按就近原则保持一致，即当主语有多个时，be的数与离它最近的那个主语的数一致。Be还可能是exist, stand, come，lie 等不及物动词。英语句子的类别1、按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。见下表类 别例 句陈述句肯定句I have a watch./ They like skating./ Mary can swim./ There is a desk in the room.否定句I have no watch./ They dont like skating./ Mary cant swim./ There isnt a desk in the room.疑问句一般疑问句Have you a watch?/Do they like skating?/Can Mary swim?/Is there a desk in the room?特殊疑问句How old is he ?/What will you do?/Which do you like best?/Who can swim?Where does he live?/When did she leave?选择疑问句Have you a watch or a clock?/Do they like skating or skiing?/Who can swim, Mary or Jane?Is there a desk or a table in the room ?反意疑问句You havent a watch, have you?/They like skating, dont they?/Mary can swim, cant she?There is a desk in the room, isnt there?祈 使 句Be careful, boys./Go back to your seat, please./Dont talk in class.感 叹 句What a clever boy he is!/How clever the boy is!/So you here at last!/What a size!/Wonderful!2、按结构分类，句子可分为简单句和复合句。见下表：类 别例 句简 单 句1）主语+不及物动词:A bird can fly./ I live in Xiamen.2) 主语+连系动词+表语:The sentence is simple./ She seems all right.3) 主语+及物动词+宾语:We like English./ I can speak Japanese.4) 主语+及物动词+双宾语（直宾和间宾）He bought me a cup of tea./ He showed her a photo.5) 主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语和宾补）The sun keeps us warm./ I wish you success./ we treat the girl our sister.复合句并列复合句He is in Class One and I am in Class Two./She is an American, but she studies in England./ Some people love him, while others hate him.主从复合句主语从句When we shall meet again hasnt been decided yet./What he did was all for his country./That she is good at music is known to all.宾语从句They told me that he could speak German./I know what you really mean./I have forgotten where I left the key.表语从句The problem is whether you can do it yourselves./That is why we are going to help them./That was how she won the first prize.同位从句The news that they had succeeded encouraged us./ The question whom we should serve must be discusssed./ I have no idea when he will be back.定语从句The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom./This is the house where he lived ten years ago./ Ill never forget the day when I met that great writer in Japan状语从句He liked drawing when he was a small child./ I didnt go with him because I was busy./Youll succeed if you study harder.英语句子成分结构详解一、句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词主格、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等，感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻 ）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one? （数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面，同主语的构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是“代词宾格”，如：me，him，them等。例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。即间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. Give me a cup of tea, please.强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. 特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.5. 宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明，使句子的意义完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming. The war made him a soldier. （名词）They painted their boat white. New methods make the job easy.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短语）The teacher asked the students to close the windows.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room. I noticed a cat running across the road.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order. I often find him at work.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）二、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。1. 形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen. (little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tom is a handsome boy. Tom是个英俊的男孩。There is a good boy. 有个乖男孩。Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2. 数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens. 两个男孩需要两支钢笔。The two boys are students. 这两个男孩是学生。There are two boys in the room. 房间里有两个男孩。 3. 代词或名词所有格作定语：His boy needs Toms pen. 他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。His name is Tom. 他的名字是汤姆。His rapid progress in English made us surprised.There are two boys of Toms there. 那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。4. 介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. 教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。The boy in blue is Tom. 穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。There are two boys of 9,and three of 10. 有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。He is reading an article about how to learn English.5. 名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen. 男孩需要一支圆珠笔。It is a ball pen. 这是一支圆珠笔。There is only one ball pen in the pencil box. 这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。There are thirty women teachers is our school. 6. 副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen. 那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。The best boy here is Tom. 这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 7. 不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen. 写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。The boy to write this letter is Tom. 将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。There is nothing to do today. 今天无事要做。Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.8. 分词（短语）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。The pen bought by her is made in China. 她买的笔是中国产的。There are five boys left. 有五个留下的男孩。 China is a developing country; America is a developed country. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.9. 定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买钢笔。The boy you will know is Tom. 你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。There are five boys who will play the game. 参加游戏的男孩有五个。三、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成“男孩喊教室里的女孩”（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为“男孩在教室里喊女孩”（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作“In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.” 1. 副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much. 男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother. 男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）The boy really needs a pen. 男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）The boy needs a pen now./Now, the boy needs a pen./The boy, now, needs a pen. 男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语） Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）2. 介词短语作状语：In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语地点状语）3. 分词（短语）作状语：He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened, he sits there soundlessly. （因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语） 4. 不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）5. 名词作状语：Come this way! 走这条路！（方向状语）Wait a minute.（名词状语） 6. 状语从句：有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句等九种。The moment he heard the good news, he jumped with joy. （时间状语从句）Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her. （地点状语从句）I teach English because I like English. （原因状语从句）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语从句）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语从句）We got up early so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.（目的状语从句）I am taller than he is.（比较状语从句）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语从句）Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened. （方式状语从句）四、同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们) 五、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。1. 感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。2. 肯定词yes3. 否定词no4. 称呼语：称呼人的用语。5. 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.6. 情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。六、 分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。例：错句：Studying hard, your score will go up.正确：(1) Studying hard, you can make your score go up. (2 ) If you study hard, your score will go up. 解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，即your score ， 显然study的应该是人，不应是your score（分数）。 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句引出study的主语,不过已经不是分词结构而是句子了。分词独立结构常省略being, having been，但“There being.”中being不能省略。如：Game (being) over, he went home.He stands there, book (being) in hand.独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon. 无事可做，他很快就睡着了。The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose. 老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句中on his nose不可省略！）定语从句The Attributive Clause一、关系代词1. who指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）A person who steals things is called a thief. The man who I talked with is our teacher.2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省) The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.3. which 指物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省) 。apple the red/the green/the small/the bigThe apple which is red is mine.The apple which is green is yours.The apple which is red is smallThe apple which is green is big.Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat. The goat is eating her flowers.Mrs. Clark is angry with the goat which is eating her flowers.Can you lend me the book? You talked about it last night.Can you lend me the book (which) you talked about last night?Can you lend me the book about which you talked last night? Do you find the pen? I wrote with it just now.Do you find the pen with which I wrote just now?Do you find the pen (which) I wrote with just now? These are the trees which were planted last year.This recorder（which）he is using is made in Japan. Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?Is this the library from which you borrow books?4. that 指人/物，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略）He is the man. I told you about him.He is the man (that) I told you about.A plane is a machine that can fly.H 注意：介词提前时只能用which 而不能用that 。区别一：只用that，不用which的情况：（代高序修饰时）1) 当先行词既指人又指物时。 We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.2) 当先行词为 all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing 等不定代词时。All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的已经做了。There must be something that happened to you. 你一定出了什么事。3)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。Ive read all the books that are not mine.4)