GMAT-PREPSC语法笔记.doc

GMAT-PREP SC语法笔记制作：Findjuhl协助整理：rainnyxl, sigrid920更新日期：4.12注意事项：1、 以下各个题目均来自GMAT官方模考软件PREP，通过反复做模考软件后将不重复的题目汇总得来，所有答案均为GMAT官方答案，如果未注明答案则是原发帖人漏掉了官方答案。2、 在GMAT官方模考软件中还有少数SC题目未被收录，如果有人做了出来，欢迎将题目截图和标准答案邮寄给我，我日后更新，我的Email: 3、 以下题目出题思路最接近真实考试时的SC题目，请认真分析其出题思路，但本人能力有限，题目难免有解释不足之处，欢迎来信指正4、 在CD发帖讨论某题时，请在帖子标题注明“prep 题号”方便后人搜索整理。1. The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were connected by a complex regional system of roads.A. with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were B. with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each,C. ofmore than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had beenD. ofmore than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms and with eachE. ofmore than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms each had beenA: were谓语重复，应该去掉B: correct，connected分词修饰句子主语settlementsC: 第二个of修饰Structures不对，应该修饰scale；each同位语从句用过去完成时没必要，D: 第二个of修饰Structures不对，应该修饰scale；and with each没有平行对象，E: 第二个of修饰Structures不对，应该修饰scale；each后面是完整句子但没有连词注意：1、The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale of up to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex regional system of roads. each指The Anasazi settlements，而不是rooms或者structures！2、介词的修饰对象、插入语、逗号+过去分词的用途及修饰对象2. According to one expert, the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria as that the breeds have relatively few founding members. A. the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteriaB. the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not as much their being bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria as muchC. it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog that they are being bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria as muchD. it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is their being bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria so muchE. it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog to be bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteriaA: correct，for looks or to meet 平行修饰谓语bredB: not so much theiras much as that 不平行C: it表语从句用法错，not so asas much as 不平行D: 同上，第二个is多余, not so much so much as用法错E: 同上，to be bred 和 to meet 逻辑不平行注意：1、not so much that as that表示与其说不如说，形式平行2、for looks or to meet是功能平行而不是形式平行，表示be bred的目的3、从表面上看E的to be done 和 to do形式上最平行，但逻辑上修饰对象是错的，是迷惑选项。3. Greatly influenced by the Protested missionary Samuel Kirkland, the Oneida was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided with the colonists during the American Revolution. A. was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sidedB. was alone of the five-nation Iroquois League when they sidedC. alone among the five-nation Iroquois League sidedD. were the only ones out of the five nations of Iroquois League in sidingE. only of the five-nation Iroquois League had sidedA: the Oneida表示民族时用复数概念, was应该是wereB: was应该是wereC: correct , the Oneida sided with；alone among the five-nation Iroquois League是修饰语修饰OneidaD: the only ones 应该改成the only oneE: 修饰结构错误, only of用法不对，during应该用过去时而不是过去完成注意：the Oneida表示一个民族时用复数，类似的词还有GWD考过的the Shang4. Although the turtle has been toothless for more than 150 million years, in some contemporary turtle species the moderately sharp and jagged edges of their horny jaws function for teeth.A. their horny jaws function for teethB. its horny jaws function for teethC. its horny jaws functionas doteethD the horny jaws functionas teeth doE the horny jaws function as teethA: function as n. 固定用法B: its 指代错, 应该是speciesC: 同上D: function as n. 固定用法，这里不是as引导句子做比较E: correct注意：function as 和 A do as B do 的逻辑意思区别区分A do as B do和一些有as的固定搭配的区别5. The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern India alphabets.A. the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern andB. the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and theC. with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and theD. with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern andE. with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern andA: from which 的which指代it 错，was应该用wereB: and错，无平行需要C: correct，后半部分是倒装，应该是both the northern and the southern India alphabets derive from the Aramaic scriptD: derives用复数E: and 前面不需要逗号，此外bringing 和 deriving 不应该是同一个主语注意：1、bring A with B 和bring with B A 都对 要判断后面的定语从句修饰的逻辑意思2、from which的倒装结构6. In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.A. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circleB. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circlingC. most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circlingD. mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circleE. mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circlingA: as large or larger than 不完整，应该补充asB: 同上，and circling没有前面平行的元素C: correct，circling修饰planets，但存在了些许的歧义修饰JupiterD: mostly意思错，可以修饰at least而不是planets；which circle修饰的是planets没错E: 同上注意：1、逗号+doing和which do定语修饰前面名词时的区别，语法上都没错，要看主谓搭配是否有歧义2、most和mostly含义上有区别，一个指数量，一个指程度7. Each year companies in the United State could save as much as $58 billion annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided offices with cleaner air.A.annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply providedB.annually if they prevented employee illness and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providingC. annually in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providingD. in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply providedE. by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved worker performance if they simply providedA: each year 和annually 意思重复，improving 表过程不表结果，应用improved，B: 同上C: 同上 D: in employee illness prevention要表达的意思错，E: correct注意：1、表达通过什么方式的时候用by doing最简洁，2、过去分词表结果，现在分词表过程，有逻辑意思上的差别，本题中不是通过提高performance，而是通过提高以后的performance8 Women are expected to be the majority of student entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately placing more women in leadership position in politics and business.A Women are expected to be the majority of student entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately placingB The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately placeC The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, which will ultimately placeD It is expected that the majority of students entering law school this fall will be women, a trend ultimately placingE It is expected for the women to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, which will ultimately placeA: 同位语的placing结构，不能表现出即将发生的趋势，而是一直发生的B: correct，用that定语从句修饰trend，清晰表明了要发生的动作C: which无指代D: 同AE: 同C注意：1、which和同位语结构同时出现，表明应该用同位语结构，因为which指代前面整个句子错；2、分词和that从句同时修饰一个名词，要看从句是否有表达分词不能表达的逻辑含义，如果是则选从句，反之选分词修饰更加简洁9 The investigations of many psychologist and anthropologists support the generalization of there being little that is a significant difference in underlying mental processes manifested by people from different culture.A of there being little that is a significant differenceB of there being little that is significantly differentC of little that is significantly differentD that there is little that is significantly differentE that there is little of significant differencesA: of there being 错，B: 同上C: 同上， D: correct, little是名词，that从句修饰littleE: little of 一般加不可数名词，同时表达否定意义注意：1、解释前一个名词优先使用同位语从句，遇到of + sth +doing，可以直接判断选那个that + sth + do结构2、different和difference都可以加in表示在什么方面的不同10. The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce enough berries to make between one and twelve pounds of dried beans a year.A. enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produceB. enormously in that a single tree, dependent on its size and also on climate and altitude, is able to produceC. enormously, because a single tree, depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produceD. enormously, because a single tree, being dependent on its size, climate, and altitude, is capable of producingE. enormously, because a single tree, dependent both on its size as well as on climate and altitude, could produceA: in that不如because 简洁, on both and on 不平行B: 同上, dependent一般用作表语结构，不如depending分词合适C: correctD: being dependent啰嗦；E: dependent一般用作表语结构，不如depending分词合适；both and不平行注意：1. 注意未划线结构表示从1到12磅用了between one and twelve而不是from one to twelve，虽然两种表达都对2. in that和because，GMAC认为Because更简洁现代，3. dependent一般用作表语结构，不如depending分词合适4. 表示有能力，can, is able to, is capable of doing11. Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.A. scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakinglyB. scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it painstakinglyC. scientist learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removedD. learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakinglyE. Learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it have to be painstakingly removed by scientistsA: make a synthetic不如直接用动词synthesize有效率；后半句不是完整句，主从句关系不成立B: before加过去完成时没有道理，learn这个动作实际应该在主句动词时间之后C: correctD: 从原句逻辑上看，句意中的hormone并不是被同一群科学家使用，而是表述了一种历史事件之后，hormone就可以被后来的所有人怎样怎样了，所以D从逻辑上有问题。E: learning的逻辑主语不是hormone注意：1、 此题很难，要从逻辑上判断意思，以后遇到主动、被动时态的考点，一定要区分清楚施加对象和被施加对象的合理逻辑关系。什么时候用被动？当找不到主动动作发出者时，一定用被动！2、 还有Before介词+doing，和让步状语从句的省略+doing的区别，When/while（时间）/if/unless（条件）/even though/even if/although（即使）/once名词/形容词/完整句12. The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts topursue what they had not previously considered possible - better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as measles and yaws.A. what they had not previously considered possible - better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such asB. what they had not previously considered a possibility - better control, if noteradication, of such infections likeC. something they had not previously considered possible - better control, if noteradication, of such infections asD. something not considered a previous possibility - better control and perhapseradication, of other infections such asE. the possibility of what they had not previously considered possible - bettercontrol and possibly eradication of infections likeA: GMAC的偏好，如果能用名词替代一个名词性从句，优先选名词，比如something, probability, likelihood等；the other结构不完整B: such likeC: correctD: possibility 不如用形容词更贴切; and perhaps eradication改变了原文意思；other用的不对E: the possibility of what 用法不对，用that更好，此外和possible重复注意：one the other只有两个some the others 有三个以上one another，anothersome others，othersothers = other people/thingsthe others = the rest剩余的全部13 A study of food resources in the North Pacific between 1989 and 1996 revealed that creatures of the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from increasing sea surface temperatures during the same period.a) that creatures of the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from increasingb) that creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, possibly as a result of an increase inc) that creatures of the seabed were suffering because of food supplies, which were dwindling possibly as a result of increasingd) creatures of the seabed that were suffering from food supplies that were dwindling, possibly resulting from an increase ine) creatures of the seabed that were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, which possibly resulted from increasingA: from + doing不够准确表达句子意思；increasing sea surface temperatures这里表示的是过程，实际要求表现的是结果B: correctC: because of + 名词，没有准确表达句子意思D: revealed一种动物，而不是revealed一种状况，改变了句意E: which不能用来表示结果状语注意：1、介词+分词结构和because从句一起出现时，一般正确答案是because从句(by doing例外)2、当表示过程的分词和表示结果状态的名词一起出现时，一般根据句意都是选择表示结果的得名词而不是分词。3、表示目的的结构，“，分词”、“，名词”、“，with/as a result of”都可以4、主句动词+宾语从句结构，如果把宾语从句的主语变成主句动词的宾语然后加定语从句的方式，是一种错误标志。14 The largest trade-book publisher in the US has announced the creation of a new digital imprint division, under which it will publish about 20 purely digital works to be sold online as either electronic books or downloadable copies that can be printed upon purchase.A) works to be sold online as either electronic books orB) works to sell them online,either as electronic books orC) works and it will sell them online as either electronic books or asD) works, and selling them online as either electronic books or asE) works, and it will sell themonline as either electronic books orA: correct，to be sold表示有将要的意思B: to sell them逻辑混乱，either asor不平行C: sell动作的发出者不是imprint division；either orD: and selling和前面没有平行；either orE: sell动作的发出者不是imprint division注意：1、 works to be done，不定式做定语修饰前面的名词是正确答案，简洁有效类似还可以用不定式做定语修饰的名词有：way, ability, power, tendency, capacity, reason, chance, time, method, attempt, opportunity, thing, work, property2、 第二次出现主动、被动语态的逻辑主语选择问题，需要判断句意进行选择15. Recently documented examples of neurogenesis（神经形成）, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs.A. the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that B. mice whose brains grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries whose neurons increase when theyC. mices brains that grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries neurons that increase when theyD. the brain growth in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or the increase in canaries neurons when theyE. brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in canaries thatA: when placed的逻辑主语是production而不是邻近的mice，句意错；动名词growing和increasing应该改成名词growth，increaseB: they指代不明，可以指代brains或mice；第二个they和第一个they不是一个对象C: they指代brains不对；第二个they和第一个they不是一个对象D: when placed的逻辑主语是production而不是邻近的mice，句意错；E: correct注意：句意理解清楚才能选出答案，而不能仅依赖语法结构的形式平行16. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,their descendents, popular known as killer bees had migrated as far north as Southern Texas.A. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,B. In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,C. In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,D. It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, whenE. It took less than 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and thenA: CorrectB: In 35 years 表示将来，改变了句意；since releasing 是介词+分词结构，分词逻辑主语不对；C: in the 35 years 如果表示一段时间，应该加past, last等等；since替代了after改变句子原意，release这个动作没持续到migrated开始D: it 没有可替代的对象，when改成that可以解决语法上的错误E: after the time that 罗嗦，用after就可以；it没有指代对象注意：判断less than 35 years的对错，只能从句意出发17. The new image of Stone Age people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including there wooden spears that archaeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.A. merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, includingC. as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes D. mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which includesE. mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, includingA: rather than merely scavenging for meat 和前面不对称；have用单数B: C: that includes修饰前面的Germany，修饰对象不对，应该改成include；from + doing表状态不对，应该from+名词表结果D: which includes修饰前面的Germany，修饰对象不对，应该改成includeE: correct，但此答案也有瑕疵，如果补充as就平行了，否则有歧义rather than+名词原则上可以和前面任何一个名词对称注意：1、 which include和including的区别，没区别，但which需要通过单复数动词判断修饰谁2、 from + doing再次出现，应该改分词为名词3、 rather than的平行问题歧义问题18. There is a widespread belief in the US and Western Europe that young peoplehave a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents andgrandparents and that the source of the change lies in the collapse of thework ethic. A. a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents B. less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents C. a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents D. less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparentshad E. a lessening of the commitment to work and a career than their parents andgrandparents hadA: 少助动词had会产生比较歧义，than前面有不止一个名词B: 同上C: 同上D: correctE: lessening of 应该改成less of，名词形式优于动名词；此外and a career和前面a lessening对称改变原意，the commitment to work和a career概念不对称注意：1、 less of 的less是名词，和a smaller commitment都对2、 比较结构助动词补充的原则，不会产生歧义19. Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.A. while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, havingB. while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that haveC. while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time, which haveD. but introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that haveE. but at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, havingA: 两个they不是指代同一个对象B: correctC: 两个they不是指代同一个对象D: but不能引导条件状语从句E: 同上注意：1、 出现两个选项一个有代词，一个没有代词，需要比较代词是否有指代错误或重复2、 条件状语从句的省略When/while（时间）/if/unless（条件）/even though/even if/although（即使）/once名词/形容词/完整句20. An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the solar systems largest planet.A.) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of JupiterB.) astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to be 5 to