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第一部分 通用英语Part OneEnglish for General PurposesUNIT 1 How to be Happy如何获得幸福TextRead the text. Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese. In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient. Step 1: Peace and quiet Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good. Step 2: Relationships This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on. Step 3: Share If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends. Passing on what works is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others. 1. Whats the happiness formula according to the passage? 2. Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? 3. How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? 4. Where does the unhappiness come from? 5. What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship?Exercises A. Translate the following sentences into English. 1吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。 2在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。 3我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。 4如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。 5我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. There are many benefits to being happy. Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and eam more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call “Duchenne or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious. According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specificallyi they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life. Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesnt translate to the workplace. So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.【课文参考译文】 过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。 第一步：平和宁静 乔纳森海迪在他的优秀著作幸福假说当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。 第二步：人际关系 这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。 第三步：分享如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。【参考答案】阅读理解 1. The formula refers to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). 2. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. 3. If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors. 4. Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others. 5. What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset. 2. A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. 3. We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing. 4. If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression. 5. We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.B英译汉 幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。 全球畅销书关联的作者詹姆斯福勒和尼古拉斯克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。 具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14%)和邻居(34%)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），1而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。UNIT 2 City Design城市设计TextRead the text. Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese. When Im being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldnt help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots. The worlds cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels. In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergency of a new urbanism. In just a few years,many cities banned the parking of cars on side walks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-base rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods. The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people. Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars. Cars promise mobility. But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city. After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility. Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car. Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars. A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted - all mechanism and no human. In order to avoid this disaster, wed better start designing sustainable cities. 1. What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center? 2. According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars? 3. What does the last sentence the vision of a city designed for people in paragraph 2 mean? 4. Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas?5. How would a city look like if cars were everywhere?ExercisesA. Translate the following sentences into English. 1随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。 2生态城市(eco-city)将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。 3预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车(fuel-cell vehicles)投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。 4如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。 5全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. Once at a supermarket, I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter. It said the store was using only plastic bags. The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasnt biodegradable. Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport, so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic. It got me thinking further. Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times, or until they start falling apart, you have really done a good thing. You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets, instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.【课文参考译文】 当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。 针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。 现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。【参考答案】阅读理解1. (He takes) a bus.2. Cars not only do harm to peoples health but also cause heavy traffic jam.3. Design cities for people not (for) cars.4. Because people depend largely on cars.5. There would be all cars (mechanism) no-human.【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs. 2. The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies. 3. One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10,000 by 2012. 4. These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city. 5. It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the worlds population is now city-dwellers (is now living in cities). B英译汉 有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。UNIT 3 Population人口TextRead the text. Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese. A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate. So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as Death Control. You have no doubt heard of the term Birth Control. Death Control is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind. If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem. If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land, we would each have about 50,000 square meters. This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the worlds land cannot produce food. Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. But we are not! Instead, we are consuming its capital -its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades. We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us. 1. What can be learnt about the population growth at present? 2. According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? 3. What is the doctors job according to paragraph 2? 4. Why isnt there enough land to support human beings? 5. In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as _.ExercisesA. Translate the following sentences into English1亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。2人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。3我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。4我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。5中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. A report, based on United Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations, suggests that by mid-century, humanitys demand on nature will be twice the biospheres productive capacity. At this level of ecological deficit, exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real.Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now. Population size changes slowly, and human-made capital - homes, cars, roads, factories, or power plants - can last for many decades. This implies that policy and investment decisions made today will continue to determine our resource demand throughout much of the 21st century.【课文参考译文】 在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。 那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。 如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这样做！反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。【参考答案】阅读理解 1. It continues to increase / grow at its present rate. 2. Death Control 3. They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive. 4. Because the worlds land has already been taken up / occupied by the ever-increasing population. 5. non-renewable【练习参考答案】A汉译英 1. Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the worlds land area. 2. The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain. 3. We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report. 4. I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds. 5. The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational (mobility) and population mobility.B英译汉 一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。向可持续发展的转变取决于现在所采取的重大行动。人口数量变化缓慢，而人类创造的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会持续几十年。这意味着，今天所作的政策和投资决策将决定我们在21世纪的大部分时间里对资源的持续需求。UNIT 4 Earthquake地震Read the text. Answer the given questions and translate the underlined sentences or paragraphs into Chinese. Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most devastating force known to men; since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in millions and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation. The greater part of such damage and loss of life has been due to collapse of buildings and effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves. The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas. One such area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses. The other extends from the East Indians to the Atlas Mountains, including the Himalayas, Iran, Turkey and the Alpine regions. They may happen anywhere at any time. This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be possible. By analyzing changes in animal behavior, pattems of movements in the earths crust, variations in the force of gravity and the earths magnetic field and the frequency with which minor earth tremors are observed, scientists have shown increasing success in anticipating when and where earthquakes will strike. As a result, worldwide earthquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to prepare for the vast destruction that might otherwise have been totally unexpected. It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and eliminate their destructiveness altogether, but as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs. 1. What are the causes of the great part ofthe damage and loss of life?2. Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world? 3. What fact does “element of the unknown in paragraph 3 refer to? 4. What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity? 5. What is the authors attitude toward the possibility of earthquake predictions?Exercises A. Translate the following sentences into English.1会议的准备工作正在顺利地进行着。 2科技发展在解决老问题的同时也带来了一些新问题。 3. 1976年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。 4近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。 5地震能造成惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。 B. Read the text and translate it into Chinese. Our weather surely is getting strange. There seem to be more tomadoes than in living memory, longer droughts, bigger downpours and record floods. Unprecedented fires are burning in some areas. Scientists tell us that for every one degree increase in temperature, lightning strikes will go up another 10%. And it is lightning, after all, that is principally responsible for igniting the conflagration in some areas today.【课文参考译文】地震是人类所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计由地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，地震造成的破坏更是不计其数。地震造成的破坏如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引发的建筑物倒塌、岩石崩落、洪水、火灾、疾病等现象造成的，而不是由于地震本身。 大多数地震发生在两个独特的地理位置。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻的大陆架，另一个是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯山脉，其中包括喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔卑斯地区。那里随时随地都可能发生地震。 几个世纪以来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐惧性。但近几年来已有迹象表明地震预测是可能的。通
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