初中需掌握的英语从句.doc

1、 宾语从句1、 概念在复合句中充当宾语的句子。2、 位置紧随在主句动词、介词、间接宾语or形容词的后面。3、 连词v That从句为陈述句，that引导，无词义，不充当句子成分，可省略E.g: She said (that)she wanted to go home.v If/whether从句为一般疑问句，If/whether引导E.g: Do you know if/whether he hae been to Japan?v 连接代词：what, who, whom, whose, which连接副词：when, where, how, why, how much, how much, how old, how long等从句为特殊疑问句，由连接副词or连接代词引导，有词义，要充当句子成分E.g: Can you tell us what they are doing?(作宾语)4、 语序陈述句语序：主句+连接词+陈述句语序的句子宾语从句5、 时态和主句一致。6、 特殊用法1) 主句为过去时态，从句说明的是客观真理or客观事实时，从句时态不受主句限制。E.g: The teacher said that light travels much faster than sound.2) 从句有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，时态不变，即从句时态不受主句限制。E.g: He said he was born on April 21,1980.3) 原句如果是祈使句，要改为tell(ask, order, beg 等) sb. (not) to do sth. 句型E.g: “Bring me a cup of tea, please.”said she.改为：She said him to bring her a cup of tea.4) 宾语从句的否定v 一般情况下，宾语从句的否定和一般句子的否定一样v 动词think, believe, suppose等后跟宾语从句时，从句的否定前移至主句中E.g: I dont think you are right.5) 从句与反意疑问句连用v 反意部分和主句谓语动词呼应E.g: He said that he is wrong,doesnt he?v 若主语为I 且动词为think, believe, suppose等，反意部分和从句谓语动词呼应E.g: I think he is right, isnt he?2、 定语从句1. 概念在复合句中充当定语的句子，修饰名词或代词（即先行词）。2. 位置紧随在先行词的后面，由关系词引出。3. 关系词v 关系代词：that, who, whom, whose, which等关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词Or代词，并在句中充当主、宾、定等成分。关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 that, who, whom代替的先行词是人的名词Or代词，在从句中作主语和宾语E.g: He is the man that/whom I saw yesterday. whose用来指人或物（只用作定语，若指物，还可以和of which 互换）E.g: Please pass me the book whose(of which) cover is green. Which, that代替的先行词是事物的名词Or代词，在从句中作主语和宾语等E.g: The package(which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(作宾语)v 关系副词：when, where, why等关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点or理由的名词，在从句中作状语 when, where, why含义相当于“介词+which”结构，两者可交替使用E.g: Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. that代替关系副词，可用于表示时间、地点、方式or理由的名词后，取代when, where, why和“介词+which”结构引导的定语从句E.g: His father died the year (that/ when/ in which)he was born.4. 判断法1：取决于从句中的谓语动词。Vt 后面无宾语，用关系代词；Vi 用关系副词。法2：判断先行词在主句中的成分（主谓宾定状）。作主、宾、定，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词（时间状语when, 地点状语where, 原因状语 why）5. 分类v 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉后往往主句意思不明确。E.g: This is the house which we bought last month.v 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉后不影响主句意思，与主句之间通常用逗号分开。 当先行词是专有名词or物主代词和指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。E.g: The house , which we bought last month, has got a lovely garden . 非限制性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，则从句谓语动词用第三人称单数。E.g: Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation(蒸发). 由as, which 引导的非限制性定语从句，as,与which 指代整个主句，相当于as this, 或as that。As在句首，且从句的谓语为系动词，which在句中，且从句的谓语行为动词。E.g: As we know , smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.注意：that ，why不能引导非限制性定语从句。6. 特殊用法1) 先行词和关系词合二为一。E.g: Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(whoever = anyone who)2) What=the thing which; whatever=anythingE.g: What you want has been sent here.Whatever you want makes no difference to me.Who=the person that ; whoever=anyone whoE.g: Whoever breaks the law will be punished.Who robbed the bank is not clear.That/what当that 引导定语从句时，用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词，宾语从句和表语从句中的that可省略。E.g: I think (that)you will like the stamps.What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。E.g: What you need is more practice.3) That的用法v 不用that的情况 引导非限制性定语从句时 介词后不能用v 只能用that作定语从句的关系代词的情况 在there be 句型中 在不定代词（anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等）作先行词时 先行词有the only, the very修饰时 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时 先行词即有人又有物时E.g: All that is needed is a supply of oil.三、状语从句1. 概念修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词or副词等的从句。2. 位置可以在主句前面或后面。在主句前面时，用逗号隔开；主句若是疑问句时，在主句的后面。3. 语序从句为陈述句语序：主语+谓语+其他成分4. 分类v 时间状语从句时间状语从句由when, while, after, before, since, as soon as, till, until等连词引导。E.g: I went to bed after the TV play was over.注意：若主句是一般将来时，则表示将来的时间状语只用一般现在时E.g: I will write to you as soon as I get to Beijing.v 原因状语从句原因状语从句由because, since, as等连词引导。E.g: He sold the car because it was too small. Because多表示所叙述的理由为本句的重点，在句末E.g: He did not go to school because he was badly ill. As, since用于表示理由是已知，而理由以外才是叙述的重点，用于句首。前者多表示理由以外的才是重点，后者则重形式。E.g: As it is raining, let us stay at home.Since you have no license,you are not allowed to drive. For用于主句之后，补充说明理由；主句表推测时，用for说明原因。E.g: Ill follow his advice,for he is a doctor. Because of 也是表示原因状语，但后面只能跟短语E.g: I stayed at home because of the bad weather.v 比较状语从句比较状语从句由than,as连词引导。E.g: He writes as well as you(do).v 条件状语从句条件状语从句由if,unless(=if not)等连词引导。从句中的动词多用一般现在时表将来。E.g: I shall go if he asks me.由and连接的简单句，可以用条件状语从句来改写。E.g: Run faster and you will catch up with him.=If you run faster ,you will catch up with him.v 结果状语从句结果状语从句由so that ,sothat连词引导。E.g: He has lost his bike so that he cant come to school on time.Your shirt were so dirty that you mast wash it.注意：由sothat连词引导的状语从句若是表示否定意思，可以用tooto（太而不能）来代替。E.g: She was so angry that she could not say a word.=She was too angry to say a word.v 让步状语从句让步状语从句由though(虽然), although(虽然), even though(即使) 引导。E.g: Though/Although he tried hard, he was not successful.注意：1)虽然但是：though/but。不能同时使用E.g: Though I like looking after my sisters baby, she doesnt let me do it.=I like looking after my sisters baby, but she doesnt let me do it.2) though可以与yet（副词）连用E.g: Though it was cold, yet he went out without a coat.v 地点状语从句地点状语从句由where, wherever引导。E.g: Where I live there are plenty of trees.Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.v 目的状语从句目的状语从句由that, so that, in order to, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。E.g: You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.v 方式状语从句方式状语从句由as, (just)asso, as if, as though引导。 as, (just)asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)asso结构中位于句首，此时as从句带有比喻含义，“正如”，“就像”，多用于正式文体E.g: As water is to fish, so air is to man. as if, as though用法和意义相同。引导的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反；有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大，“仿佛似的”，“像似的”E.g: He looks as if (though)he had been hit by lighting.(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气)It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气)注意：as if/as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语or无动词短语。E.g: He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.