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高考英语解题技巧和解题方法教案一、教学目标1、完形填空的解题技巧和解题方法； 2、阅读理解的解题技巧和解题方法；3、书面写作的解题技巧和解题方法。二、教学重难点1、教学重点：阅读理解的解题技巧和解题方法；2、教学难点：完形填空的解题技巧和解题方法。三、教学过程（一）问题排行榜（Hit the charts）1、完形填空的解题技巧和解题方法都有哪些？2、阅读理解的解题技巧和解题方法都有哪些？3、书面写作的解题技巧和解题方法都有哪些？（二）攻克难点（Overcome difficulties）1、完形填空的解题技巧和解题方法都有哪些？完型填空之能力训练目标：词语辨析能力语法结构分析能力语篇理解能力逻辑推理能力生活常识综合运用能力完型填空特点:题材常为记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章。内容完整,逻辑性强,语言结构严谨。考察近义词语细微差别的辨析。考察重点多为实词:名/代/动词/形容/副词等。关注语境背景知识,侧重上下关联,暗示判断能力。侧重于篇章,体现语用判断和内在逻辑。完形填空总体要求：完形填空全面考查学生的语言知识、阅读理解能力和总体语言水平。解题过程是对语篇中的缺失信息进行猜测、推断、验证的过程，通常我们可以借助语篇的上下文线索以及文化背景知识等进行解题。解题方法：总的原则: “先完意，后完形”。八字方针：上下求索，瞻前顾后。三步曲：读填读三步答题Step1跳读文章，把握大意，注意首句。完形填空首句不挖空，帮助进入语境。Step2 在把握语篇大意的基础上，借助于一些恰当的方法选择最佳答案。四种常用的方法：context (上下文语境)；词语辨析和固定搭配；利用文章中的信息-原词复现、近义词和反义词等；文化背景和常识。Step3 将所选定的词放到文章中复读检查。Tips:时态语态，主谓语在上下文的中是否一致；语法和习惯用法的搭配在上下文中是否一致；段与段，句与句之间的衔接是否连贯；整体上检查结构、语义及逻辑是否一致，上下文的衔接是否合理。完形填空之九大解题技巧1.利用首句来解题 I did very badly at school. My headmaster thought I was 36 and when I was 14, he said, “Youre never going to be 37(anything) but a failure. ” 36.A. brightB. useless C. simple D. hopeful2. 根据上下文语境，合理推断来解题Our father was a struggling 36(lawyer) , but I always knew he was 37 . He never criticized us, but used 38 to bring out our best. 37.A. strictB. honest C. special D. learned 38. A. help B. peace C. smile D. praisePractice His big stomach has always ballooned out between his T-shirt and trousers. Although his family often 43 about that, Ed refused to buy a 44 T-shirt or to lose weight. 43. A. cared B. forgot C. quarreled D. joked 44. A. clean B. straight C. larger D. darker3. 利用语篇的标志性的词语解题常见的标志性的词语有以下几种:结构层次:firstly, secondly, thirdly；逻辑关系：thus, therefore, so；递进关系：besides, whats more, furthermore;转折关系：but, while, however等. She told the front-desk clerk she had had a(n) _1_vacation, but was heart-broken about losing several rolls of Kodak color film she had not yet developed. 1.A. disappointing B. wonderful C. uncomfortable D. important4. 根据逻辑推理解题and the officers then began to eat their meal , saying that the mushrooms had a very strange_37_quite pleasant taste.37. A. besides B. but C. and D. orPractice Students generally appreciate these special 50 opportunities. They are almost always fun and interesting, and professors 51 them too because students learn so much in just a few short months. 50. A. working B. living C. teaching D. learning 51. A. hold B. like C. dislike D. discover5. 根据常识和文化背景的角度来选择The amount of usable water has always been of great interest in the world. 36(Owning) springs and streams sometimes means control , particularly in the 37 areas like the desert. A.dry B.distant C.deserted D.wild6.从语法角度来解题I went into a caf and asked for a coffee. 21 I was waiting for my drink, I realized that there were other people in the place , but I sensed 22 (loneliness). A.Before B.Since C.Although D.While7.从词汇辨析和固定搭配方面来解题1) He was only fourteen and was not good at swimming_1_.So he shouldnt have gone into that place. 1.A.after all B. in all C.at all D. for all2) So I tried hard with my writing and went to college . My first novel 45 while I was at college. 45. A. came on B. came in C. came out D. came back8.利用词汇的复现解题How does a tooth go bad? The 51 begins in a little crack in the enamel (珐琅）covering of the tooth. This happens after germs and bits of food have collected there. Then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth. In the end, poison goes into blood, and we may feel quite ill. 51. A. destruction B. decay C. fault D. hurt9.利用语气副词的情景解题.I raised the pistol and fired. The animal fell backwards with an angry cry. Father took the 38 smoking pistol from my hand , and fired another shot, which killed the gorilla.38. A. still B. yet C. even D. already2、阅读理解的解题技巧和解题方法都有哪些？摒弃不良的阅读习惯：1.“指读”； 2.“声读”； 3.“译读”； 4.“回读”； 5.“析读”；6.“参照读”； 7.“视幅过窄”；8.“毛病”（bad habits）: 教学过程中，发现学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作.有的同学晃头、颠腿、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。关于阅读的4大能力：体裁分析能力分析题干能力猜词能力猜答案能力体裁分析能力 高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体，即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。 记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。 描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。 说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手。文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章。对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。分析题干能力细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) The author mentions all of the following except . . . 3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _.5) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? 6) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? 7) The reason for . . .is . . . 8) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . 9)From the passage we know that _.10)In the passage, the author states that _.细节理解题：细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，找出正确答案。1、是非题出题形式：a.三正一误： Which of the following is true except? Which of the following is mentioned exceptb.三误一正： Which of the following is true? Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned? 这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。2、例证题 例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为:The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。 文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。3、年代与数字: 这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。4、比较: 比较考点的表现形式主要有： a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构； b.表示绝对意义的字眼： first(第一)，least(最不)，most(最)等； c.表示惟一性的词汇：only, unique等；阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时回原文定位。5、原因：这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：result, reason; result in(结果)，result from(由于，baseon(以为基础)，be due to (由于)；because, for, why;as a result, consequently等。阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. “Its really a hard job for me. I wont enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q： Which of the following is NOT true?A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种：1）The general/main idea of the passage is about _. 2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 3）In this passage the author discusses primarily _. 4）The passage is mostly about _. 5）The passage is mainly concerned about _. 6）What is the main topic of the passage？ 7）What is the best title for the passage？ 8）The subject discussed in this text is _ 9）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10）The passage is meant to .11）The purpose of this article is to 在解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考.1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子.2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述.抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词.（04年全国卷1（河南等）E篇中major出现过八次，尽管其词性、词义有所不同，但它就是关键词）.3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后.例如：On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer掌握了找主题句的方法，就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误，需要同学们注意。 1.以偏概全.即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。 2.过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。 3.把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。如何寻找主题句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.（1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.（2）主题句也会出现在段尾.作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题.本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展。有关推理的试题常常包括以下类型：1) It can be inferred from the text that _.2) From the text we know that _.3) The story implies that _.4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.5) The writers attitude toward.is _.6)The author implied（suggested）that. 7)It may be concluded from the passage that. 8)Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 9)With which of the following does the author agree？考作者观点态度的提问方式有：1)The author seems to think that _. 2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in _. 3)The author wants to appeal to _ . 4)The authors style is _ . 5)The authors tone would be best described as _ .6)What is the authors opinion of _?7)The writer believe that_?8) What is the authors main purpose in the passage?9）In the authors opinion_?推断题1.解推断题应注意：(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。2.解推断题的方法：解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：1、问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well，”replied the man，“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.” Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _.A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlordC. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insectsExample 2 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK，they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesnt ask questions；he answers questions. He never says，“I dont know.”Q： Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr. Neff?A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand.B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful.C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff.D. He does not like Mr. Neff.如何根据上下文判断词语的涵义这种题型常见的设题方式有： 1）The underlined word（phrase）in the passage means _. 2）The word it（them）in the first paragraph refers to _. 3）The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _.4）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？猜词能力（一）根据常识、经验猜生词 例如： The old man put on his spectacles and began to read. The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel.（二）根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有：1.根据文中的定义、解释猜生词 .例如： Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully. The harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water. 2.利用事例或解释猜生词 .例如： The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye. 3.利用重复解释的信息猜生词 .例如： Mr. Smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late.4.根据同位关系进行判断：阅读中出现一些难词，有时后面就是一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这种解释有时也用连词“or”连接. a）（NMET2001，D篇）.，and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon（or Old English），a Germanic language. b）（NMET2002，A篇）The Chunnel，a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France，is now complete.（三）利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizingsaying the words to themselves in a low voice. The early scientific study of chemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries A.D.（四）根据上下文的指代关系进行选择 文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事.有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事. 例如（NMET2002，A篇）原题第57题： What does the underlined word it（paragraph 2）refer to？ A. Discovering the moons inner space. B. Using the earths inner space. C. Meeting the moon people“ again. D. Traveling to outer space. 原文：However，the question that moon people asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.（五）根据转折或对比关系进行判断根据上下句的连接词，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义.分号（；）还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义.He has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated.(六) 根据因果关系进行判断根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因. （NMET2001，A篇）Biggest power failure in the citys historyAll of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted.（七）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是生词，但掌握了一定的构词法知识，就不难猜出它的词义. 例如（NMET2002，B篇）Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete.根据近年来高考阅读理解对同学们提出新的要求，建议同学们在以下几个方面加强自我训练！1.猜测熟词新含义例1: The major market force rests in t he growing population of white collar employees (白领雇员)，who can afford the new service.例2: “It was the best night we had ever had”, said Angela Carraro, who runs an Italian restaurant.猜测熟词含义除了要求同学们有较强的语境分析能力外，还要求同学们有较宽的知识面，对常见有新含义的熟词要弄清其用法，并将这些词进行简要归纳整理。2.猜测词性变换新词含义When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago，how could they even begin to picture modern life? 利用熟词的新词性来抽象词义，关键应在理解原词的基础上，分析它的新词性，并结合原词含义发挥合理想象，从而概括抽象出它的新词义。猜答案能力反问法；绝对词否决法;答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly等。怀疑词判断法：选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。关键词对应法：(ABC=ABC法; ABC=ABC法; ABC=CBA法; ABCABD法)选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。锅盖法：较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。 A. to be more successful in his career B. to solve technical problems C. to be more specialized in his field D. to develop his professional skill B“解决技术问题”；C“深化专业”；D“发展职业技能”。这三项表达的意思都比较具体，而A项则概括地有深度，包括了B、C、D三项内容。选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的（字面意思）一般不是答案项，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。其他技巧：1.文长题少2.文短题多3. 重点读段首句和段未句，看是否有主题句4.问题要求解答案数字、人名、地名、时间5. 抓关键词的办法6.画下不懂的难句（三）方法列举（List methods）3、书面写作的解题技巧和解题方法都有哪些？文章的形态: 三段式,首尾相顾;开门见山,直入主题。 1.文章开头。 1）主题句开始就点明全文主题; 2）时空法以介绍某事发生的时间和地点作为文章开头。 2. 文章结尾。 1）总结式把全文提出的主要观点进行概括和总结; 2）重复文章开头提出的主题,以达到前后呼应的效果; 3）提出期望,或对未来展望。高考英语写作原则一、长短句原则写英语作文时，有长句，也要有短句。在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。写一个短小精辟的句子可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：For example:As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.二、主题句原则写作文时一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，隐藏主体句是不可取的。For example:To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一二三原则写文章必然要通过一些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）8）most important of all, moreover, finally9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）四、短语优先原则写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！For example:I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。五、多实少虚原则写文章应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说很好的时候，不应该只说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！六、多变句式原则1）加法（串联）都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover2）转折（拐弯抹角）写作的时候，在要点之前先写点别的，注意二者之间的联系就够了。For example:The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, not with standing3）因果（so, so, so）讲故事的时候要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！The snow began to f
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