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过去完成时用法： (1) 构成：由“助动词had (用于各种人称和数) + 过去分词”构成 否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadnt (2) 用法：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。 (3) 它所表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。 表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示。 也可以用when, before 等引导的时间状语从句来表示。 还可以通过状语从句或通过上下文暗示。 例如： When I got there, you had already eaten your meal.当我到达那里时，你已经开始吃了。 By the time he got here, the bus had left. 在他到达那里之前，汽车已经离开了。阅读1. Life is full of the unexpected. unexpected adj. 出乎意料的；始料不及的 e.g. It will not be unexpected if Tom comes late again, because he is always like this. 如果汤姆又迟到了，一点也不意 外，因为他一向如此。 2. By the time I got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower. by the time 在以前,常引导表示过去的时间状语从句，主句常用过去完成时，即had+动词过去分词 e.g. By the time I got there, he had already left. 在我到那儿之前，他已经离开了。 3. So I just quickly put on some clothes and rushed out the door. rush out 冲出去, 冲出 e.g. Henry rushed out the room and disappeared in the rain. 亨利冲出房间, 消失在了雨中。 Julia rushed out and didnt return. 朱丽叶冲了出去, 再没回来。 4. Luckily, Carls dad saw me on the street and gave me a lift in his car. gave a lift 捎一程 e.g. Could you give me a lift, please? 请问你能否捎我一程？ Jim gave me a lift on my way home yesterday. 吉姆昨天在我回家的路上捎了我一程。快速阅读1. I was about to go up when I decided to get a coffee first. be about to 忙于；即将做某事。侧重于表示动作马上就要发生，常与when引导的从句连用，但不与具体的时间状语连用。 e.g. One of my friends is about to have her second baby. 我的一个朋友马上就要生第二个小孩了。 2. I went to my favorite coffee place even though it was two blocks east from my office. even though 即使， 虽然， 尽管， 用于引导让步状语从句。 block n. 街区 e.g. Hes the best teacher, even though he has the least experience. 他虽然经验最少，却是最好的老师。 3. We stared in disbelief at the black smoke rising above the burning building. stare v. 盯着看， 凝视 表示看得比较仔细，有时候也带有吃惊的意味去看，常与at, into连用。 e.g. Dont stare at me like that. 别那样盯着我看。 in disbelief 不相信 ，疑惑， 怀疑 e.g. Tamara stared at him in disbelief, shaking her head. 塔玛拉一边狐疑地盯着他看，一边摇着头。 She looked at him in disbelief. 她全然不信地看着他。 above prep. 1)（表示位置）在正上方；高于”（与 below相对）。 e.g. That big high-rise above us is where Brian lives. 我们上面的那座摩天大楼就是布赖恩住的地方。 He lifted his hands above his head. 他将双手举过头顶。 2) 表示在地位、级别、能力、资历、重要性等方面“超过”、“在之上”、“比强”。 e.g. He is above the others in ability. 他的能力优于其他人。 He is above me in every way. 他各个方面都比我强。 3) adv. 在上面 e.g. There are snowy peaks above. 上面是白雪皑皑的群峰。 See the examples given above. 见上述例子。 burn v. 着火，燃烧 (burnt, burnt / burned, burned) burning adj. 着火的；燃烧的 e.g. Ouch! The sand is so hot! I can burn my feet. 哎哟！沙子这么烫！会烫伤脚的。 He was trapped in a burning house. 他被困在正在燃烧的房屋里。 4. I felt lucky to be alive. alive 一般作表语；也可以作后置定语或宾补。 “活(着)的；在世的；(继续)存在的”；反义词是dead。 e.g. Do you know shes alive? 你知道她还活着吗？ People alive should try their best to live better. (后置定语) 活下来的人应该尽力生活得更好。 Tom was kept alive in the big fire. ( 宾补) 汤姆在这次大火中活下来了。 辨析 alive, living, lively alive “活着的”，在句中常作表语或定语。作表语时，常可与 living互换；作定语时，常要放在被修饰词之后。 living“活着的”，在句中用作表语或定语。 lively“活泼的”，在句中可作表语或定语。 5. But by the time I got to the airport, my plane to New Zealand had already taken off. airport n. 机场 take off 脱掉； 起飞 e.g. He took off his hat and bowed as he passed. 他经过时脱帽鞠躬。 We eventually took off at 11 oclock and arrived in Venice at 1:30. 我们终于在11点起飞，1:30 到达威尼斯。Try to Find 1. 由when, by the time, before等引导时间状语从句时，若描述发生在过去的事，主句常用过去完成时(had + 过去分词)表示动作发生在过去的过去。 2. be about to do, be doing等表示即将或正在做某事时，常用when引导从句表示突然发生的动作，when可省略。BBC飞翔的企鹅 2008年，BBC摄制组在南极附近拍摄了自然历史系列进化的奇迹（Miracles of Evolution）。里面讲述了阿德利企鹅飞翔的故事。这个飞翔企鹅的视频成了互联网上观看最多的视频之一。解说员特瑞琼斯（Terry Jones）解释说，这些企鹅 不是挤在一起忍受冬季的严寒，而是飞去几千英里以外的南美洲热带雨林，享受热带温暖的阳光。如此有爱的愚人节玩笑是相当具有迷惑性的。作为具有专业精神的媒体，BBC随后揭秘了他们是如何制作翔企鹅特效的其实就是动画 啦。 最著名的玩笑：BBC意大利面条树大丰收 还是在遥远的1957年，英国的BBC电视台在4月1日播出了这样一条消息 ：多亏刚过去的温和冬天，以及有效的控制了面条树虫害，瑞士南部一户农家的意大利面条喜获大丰收。画面中，一名女子仔细的将意大利面条从树上摘下来，把它们放到太阳下晒干。 因为在当时，意大利菜在英国还不常见。许多英国人并不知道意大利面条是用小麦粉做成的。上百通电话打到BBC，有人指出消息错误，有人疑惑不解，甚至有人询问：怎么自己种意大利面条树呢？ 这可以算是电视媒体最早加入4月1日愚人节整人活动行列的例子。多年后的CNN文章，还评价它是史上最大的一个玩笑。快速阅读Language points 1. Explain the new words in this period: 1. fool n. 傻瓜；愚人；受骗者 e.g. People always think Im a fool, and I dare say theyre right. 人们总认为我是个傻瓜，想必他们是对的。 vt. 愚弄，欺骗； e.g. He was fooled by his friend on April Fools Day. 愚人节那天他被他的朋友愚弄了。 2. embarrassed adj. 局促不安的； 为难的； 尴尬的； 窘迫的 , e.g. He looked a bit embarrassed. 他看起来有点尴尬。 embarrassing adj. 使人尴尬的，令人为难的 e.g. That was an embarrassing situation for me. 那种情形让我难堪。 3. sell out 卖完；售完；出售 e.g. The next day the bookshops sold out. 第二天书店就卖断了货。 a. the funniest joke b. the most embarrassing joke c. the most creative joke A: Whats your story? B: Last year, on the first day of school, my sister put a piece of paper on my back that said “Please say hello”. All morning at school 4. discovery n. 发现，发觉；（剧情的）发展；被发现的事物； e.g. He knows that he had made a real discovery. 他知道他已经发现了一件真正的珍品。 5. marry v. “嫁，娶，结婚” e.g. Henry didnt marry until he was over fifty亨利直到过了50岁才结婚。 marry sb. 表示“嫁给某人” 、 “娶了某人”或“和某人结婚” get/be married to sb. e.g. John is going to marry Jane. 约翰要和简结婚了。 6. The other kids showed up. show up 露面，到场；（使）看得见； e.g. We waited until five oclock, but he did not show up. 我们一直等到了5点，但是他始终没有露面。 7. Many April Fools jokes may end up being not very funny. end up (doing sth.)（以）结束； 最终成为； 最后处于 e.g. Every time she tried to argue with her husband, she ended up crying her eyes out. 每回她试着和她丈夫争辩，她总是以流泪结束。 end up sth. 表示“结束某事”。 e.g. The scientist ended up his speech at last. 那个科学家最后结束了演讲。 end up with sth. （以）结束 e.g. The students began with speaking English, but ended up with speaking Chinese. 同学们以说英语开始， 却以说汉语结束。 根据汉语意思完成英语句子。 1.记者刚刚结束了他的报道。 The reporter has just _. 2. 聚会以一曲舞蹈结束。 The party _ a dance. 3. 他们做了很多工作，结果什么也没得到。 They did much work, but they _ nothing. Keys: ended up his report ended up with ended up getting
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