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高考英语专题复习二 时态一般现在时一概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。二与其连用的时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.三基本结构：1. 肯定形式 be动词（am/ is/ are）；主+ am/ is/ are+其他. eg: Im /am a teacher/ You are a teacher./ Tom is a teacher.实意动词 (原形:like/ 第三人称单数形式 :likes) 主+ V原/V三单+ 其他. eg: I/you/ they/ Jack and Tom like English./ she/ he/ it/ Mary/ Brother/ The dog likes English.2 .否定形式：am/is/are+not; 主+ am/is/are+not+其他. eg:I am not a student./ you are not ./ she/ he it/ Mary/ sister/ the desk is not. 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时动词还原型. 主+ dont/ doesnt + 动词原形+ 其他。 Eg: I/ you/ they/ sisters/ Lily and Jack dont like English./ He/ she/ it/ Tom/ my mother doesnt like English.3一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；Am/ Is/ Are + 主语+ 其他.eg: Are you a student?/ Is she/ he/ it/ Mary/ the dog a .?用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还动词为原行。Do/ Does+ 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他.Eg: Do you/ they/ students like English? Does he/ she/ it/ Tom / the dog/ like English?四、一般现在时的用法：1. 表现在（1）. 表示目前的情况或状态。如：Mother is ill. 母亲病了。He is always like that. 他总是那样。He likes living in the country. 他喜欢住在乡下（2）. 表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作。My sister wears glasses. 我妹妹戴眼镜。He often goes to the cinema. 他经常去看电影。（3）. 表示现在的能力、特征、职业等。如：He sings well. 他唱歌唱得好。Mr. Smith teaches French. 史密斯先生教法语。（4）. 表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在。如：The teacher said that Summer follows spring. 春去夏来。Mother told me that The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。2.、一般现在时表将来（1）. 当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时，时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来。如：Ill write to her when I have time. 我有空会给她写信。Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。（2）. 表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。如：【注】用于此用法时，句中通常有具体的时间状语。The train leaves at 12:00. 火车12点开出。The plane takes off at 15:05.一般过去时一概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。二时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.三基本结构：1. 肯定形式 be动词（was/ were）；主语+ was/ were+ 其他.eg: I / She/ He/ It/ Mary/ My brother was very young ten years ago. Eg:You/ They/ My brothers/ were very young ten years ago.行为动词 (动词的过去式：did). 主语+ V过去式+ 其他.eg: I/ you/ she/ he/ it/ the cat/ his sister liked English.2.否定形式：was/were+not; 主语+ was/ were+ not+ 其他.eg: I / She/ He/ It/ Mary/ My brother was not.You/ They/ My brothers/ were not.在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。主语+ didnt+V原形+其他.Eg: I/ you/ she/ he/ it/ the cat/ his sister didnt like English.3.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；Was/ Were + 主语+ 其他?eg: Was I / She/ He/ It/ Mary/ My brother very young ten years ago? Eg: Were You/ They/ My brothers/ very young ten years ago?用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。Did+ 主语+ V原形+其他?Eg: Did I/ you/ she/ he/ it/ the cat/ his sister like English?四用法.1. 表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态, 一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。 Liu Ying was in America last year. 刘英去年在美国。Jim rang you just now. 吉姆刚才给你打了电话。2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常接时间副词often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc. 如：We often went out for a walk after supper. 我们过去常在晚饭后散步。We usually played together. 我们通常一起玩。3. 如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do(过去常常做，而现在不那样做了)He used to drink.他过去喝酒。（意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了）4. 有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话，也要用过去时I didnt know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。（因为在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.）I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。（这句话应是在说话之前，我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病）五.动词的过去式。动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式，不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆，规则变化则遵循以下原则：(1) 一般在动词后加-ed。如：playplayed, offeroffered, weighweighed, destroy destroyed, signsigned.(2) 在以字母e结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：likeliked, provideprovided, hate hated, datedated。(3) 在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后，则改y为i，再加ed。如：supplysupplied, flyflied, study studied.(4) 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾且，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：planplanned, referreferred, regretregretted, banbanned.一般将来时一.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。二. 与其连用的时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.三.基本结构：1. be(am/ is/ are) going to + 动词原形。表示已经计划或安排好了的事情，也可表示有迹象表明肯定要发生的事情。（1）肯定形式：主语+ am/is/are/going to + do sth. Eg: I am going to do my homework. （2否定形式：am/is/are/ + not going; 主语+ am/is/are/+ not +going to + do sth. Eg: You are not going to do your homework.（3）. 一般疑问句： be放于句首；Am/ is/ are + 主语+ going to do sth?Are you going to do your homework?We are going to have a meeting to discuss the matter this evening. 今天晚上开会讨论这件事情。Look at the black clouds over there. I think it is going to rain soon. 看一看那边的乌云，我想天要下雨了。2. shall / will + 动词原形。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态, 强调人的意愿.(1). 肯定形式will/shall + do. 主语+ will/shall + do sth eg: I think he will tell us the truth. 我想他会告诉我们真实情况的。(2). 否定形式：主语+ will/ shall+ not do sth.Eg: Tom will not tell thetruth.(3). 一般疑问句will/shall提到句首。 Will/ Shall + 主语+ do sth？Will Tom tell the truth？3. be to + 动词原形。表示一种计划约定或注定要做的事情They are to meet at the gate of the school.You plan is to be a failure.The bridge is to be completed by the end of this year. 这渡桥该在今年年底前完工。4.be about to + 动词原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。往往暗含一种时间上的巧合，因此，句子不能再用时间状语,与when 引导的时间状语从句连用.Dont leave. Li Lei is about to come. 不要走了，李蕾就要来了。Be quiet. The concert is about to start. 安静下来，音乐演唱会就要开始了。I was about to leave when he came in.5.be+ V-ing. 现在进行时表将来. 这个句型中动词主要是瞬间动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等,与将来的时间状语连用.Im doing experiment tomorrow.Go ahead, and Im coming. 先走，我就来。She is leaving for beijing.她将启程去北京.Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快点，商店就要关门了.6. 一般现在时表将来 。表示一种严格按照计划进行的动作。比方说，上课、飞机起飞、火车离站等。如：Dont hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙，回忆八点过一刻开始。The bus goes back at four thirty. 汽车四点返回。过去将来时一 .定义表示过去某个时候看来即将发生的动作或存在的状态。二结构1. would/ should + 动词原形。如：（1）She told us that she would try her best to catch up with other classmates this term. 她告诉我们说她将一切努力在本期赶上其他同学们。（2）When you asked Li Lei for help, he would never refuse you. 过去当你请她帮忙时，他绝不会拒绝。2. was / were going to + 动词原形。如：（1）He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我说他要参加那次会议。（2）He said that he was going to watch Tv 他说将要看电视。3. was / were to + 动词原形。如：（1）He said he was to finish the work in a week.（2）Li Lei was to arrive soon. 李蕾很快就要到了。4. was / were about to + 动词原形。如：（1）We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily .就在我们要离开时，天下起了大雨。（2）He was about to have lunch when the bell rang. 就在他要吃中饭的时候，门铃响起来了。5. was / were +现在分词。如：（1）He was leaving the next day. 他第二天要走了。（2）We were informed that the leaders were coming to our school soon. 我们接到通知说领导们很快要来我们学校。三. 过去将来时的用法1.过去将来时，一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。如：（1）He said he would stay with us. 他说他要与我们呆在一起。（2）He said he would never go there again. 他说他绝不会再去那儿。（3）He said he would come here next Friday. 他说他下周星期五来这儿。（4）I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道当我们陷入困境时它会帮助我们。2过去将来时，用于虚拟语气中，如：（1）If I had a lot of money, I would give it to the poor。如果我有很多钱，我就会把它给穷人。（2）If he had a car, he would travel around the world.如果他有车，他就会环游世界。现在进行时一现在进行时的定义主要用于表示目前正在进行的动作，有时也可表示现阶段在进行的动作。二现在进行时的构成 现在进行时由be（am/ is/ are）+v-ing构成. 肯定句:主语+be（is/am/are）+现在分词 eg：Mary is doing her homework. 否定句：主语+be（is/am/are）+not+现在分词 eg: Mary is not doing her homework.一般疑问句:be（is/am/are）+主语+现在分词 eg: Is Mary doing her homework. ? 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+相应be动词+主语+现在分词+Sth?Eg: What is Mary doing?/ How is Tom doing homework?三. 特征: (1)多与now, at this moment, this week, these days 等时间状语连用. (2). 句子中 look! Listen! 等动词.四. 现在进行时的应用: (1)当句子中有now时，常表示动作此时此刻正在进行，如： They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。 (2)以look, listen开头的句子，提示我们动作正进行，这时要用现在进行时。如： Listen！She is singing an English song.听，她正在唱英语歌。Look! Lily is dancing. (3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻不一定正在进行.且此时有this week, these days等时间状语.如：We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。(4). 常与 always, all the time 等时间状语连用, 表达一定的感情色彩, 如不满, 抱怨, 赞赏等.The boy is always crying.The lady is thinking of others all the time. 五、动词现在分词的变化动词现在分词由动词原形在词尾加ing构成，其规则如下：（1）一般情况下直接加 think-thinking sleep-sleeping study-studying speak-speaking （2）以不发音的字母e结尾的单词，去掉字母e，再加 ing wake-waking make-making come-coming take-taking leave-leaving have-having（3）以ie结尾的动词，把ie改为y ，再加ing die-dying lie-lying（4）以重读闭音节结尾，呈现“辅，元，辅”结构的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing stop-stopping sit-sitting run-running forget-forgetting begin-beginning注： 以重读闭音节结尾，呈现“辅，元，辅”结构的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing 。初中学过的这类词有：begin，cut, get, hit, run, set, sit, spit, stop, swim, beg, drop, fit, nod, dig, forget, regret, rid, 等。travel虽然重读第一音节，词尾音节不重读，但是现在分词仍要双写末尾辅音字母，然后再加ing如：travel-travelling.初中阶段此类词只有这一个。过去进行时1、过去进行时的定义表示过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。、过去进行时的构成过去进行时是由“be动词的过去式was/were现在分词”构成。3.与其连用的时间状语：at that time，at that moment，at this/ that time yesterday, at ten oclock yesterday 等。4、过去进行时的基本句型 肯定式疑问式否定式I was workingWere you working?I was not workingHe / She / it was working.Was he / she / it working?Yes, he / she / it was.No, he / she / it wasnt.He / she / it was not working.We were working.Were we working?We were not workingYou were workingWere you working?You were not workingThey were workingWere they working?They were not working、过去进行时的基本用法a. 过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。I was having a talk with Li Hua at that time. 那时，我正在跟李华谈话。Tom was reading at that moment.They were watching Tv at 9 yesterday.b过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作They were expecting you yesterday. 他们昨天一直在等待。c. 常用在 when/ while 引导的表示过去的句子中。When 后面的动词可用延续性动词(过去进行时)也可用非延续性动词（一般过去时），while 后面的动词只能是延续性的（过去进行时）。Eg：I was writing a letter when he came in.Eg: I was writing a letter while/ when he was listening to the music .Eg: The telephone rang when she went out.Eg: The telephone rang while/ when she was washing.5、一般过去时和过去进行时的区别（1）一般过去式常表示在过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态（包括过去习惯动作），常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有just now, a moment ago, yesterday, last week(month, year), the day before yesterday及表示过去的时间状语从句。如：I was sixteen yesterday old last year. 我去年16岁。He worked in a factory in 1986. 他1986年在一家工厂工作。I met her in the street the day before yesterday. 前天我在街上遇见了她。He often swam in the river when he was young. 他小时候常在河里游泳。（2）过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday)，when sb. did sth.等时间状语从句。What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday? 昨天晚上七点你在干什么？I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。I was cooking when she knocked at the door. 她敲门时我正在做饭。（3）一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。如：He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完)He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)现在完成时一 定义.发生在过去的动作结束在现在，或一直持续到现在并可能一直持续下去，对现在造成一定的影响。二. 构成. 主语+ has/ have + V过去分词+其他.三与其连用的词。Since，already，yet，so far，in the past few years。Eg：Jack has already done his homework.Eg: Jack hasnt done his homework yet.四. 用法.1. 发生在过去的动作结束在现在, 对现在造成一定的影响. (多为非延续性动词).Eg: He has phoned me about this. (他已经知道此事)Eg: I have had my breakfast. （我已不饿）Eg: He has lost his key to the door. （进不去）.2. 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在并可能一直持续下去，对现在造成一定的影响, 这时只用于延续性动词, 常与 for, since 连用。(for+ 时间段)(since+ 过去的时间点/ 过去的时间段/ 一般过去时的句子+ago).Eg: We have studied English for 4 years.Eg: We have studied English since 2008/ 4 years ago/ I was 12.Eg: I have lived here for 2 years.Eg: I have lived here since 2010/ 2 years ago/ I was 22.注意这种用法中的动词必须是延续性动词，若句子中为非延续性动词，该怎么办呢？（1） 把非延续性动词改为相应的延续性动词. 口诀: 开始离去,借来还; 出生入死买到家. Beginbe on , leavebe away from, go- be, borrowkeep, comebe here, returnbe back; Bornbe in, diebe dead, buyhave, arrivebe here.Eg: He has borrowed this book for 3 days.(wrong)Eg: He has kept this book for 3 days.( right)Eg: Mary has bought this book for 2 months. (wrong)Eg: Mary has had this book for 2 months.( right)(2). 把句子改为 It is/ has been + 一段时间+ since + 一般过去时的句子。译为：“自从.以来以多久了”以上两个句子就可以改为：Eg：It is/ has been 3 days since he borrowed this book.Eg: It is/ has been 2 months since Mary bought this book.五. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别.1. 一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去,对现在并无影响. 现在完成时强调对现在造成影响.Eg: I saw this film yesterday.Eg: I have seen this film yesterday. (内容已知道)。2. 一般过去时与具体的过去的时间段连用，如：Yesterday，last week/ month/ year., .ago, in 1980, just now.Eg：I finished my homework yesterday/ just now.现在完成时一般不与具体的时间状语连用，与其连用的词有：already，yet，since，so far， in the past few years等。Eg：I have already finished my homework。现在完成进行时 1. 现在完成进行时的定义现在完成进行时表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。2. 现在完成进行时的结构现在完成进行时由 “主+have /has been + 现在分词”构成。We have been waiting for him for two hours. 我们等他等了两个小时。3. 现在完成进行时的应用现在完成进行时所用的时间状语：this month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + 时间段, since +时间点, for + 时间段。如：They have been building the bridge for two month. 两个月来他们一直在修桥。They have been planting trees this month. 这个月来他们一直在植树。She has been reciting the words all the morning. 她整个上午都在背单词。He is ill. Hes been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了，已经卧床3个星期了。4. 现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别(1) 现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续，因此，表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时，而不能用现在完成进行时。如：He has finished his homework. 他已经做完了他的家庭作业（已完成）。He has been doing his homework.他一直在做他的家庭作业(还没完成,还在做).I have read this book .(已完成)I have been reading this book.(未完成)(2) 在表示动作的延续时，既可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，但现在完成进行时强调动作的进行。因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时，应用现在完成进行时。如：We have been studying here for two years. 我们在这儿已经学习了两年了。(3) 有些延续性动词(如 keep, learn, live, stay, study, work等)，用于现在完成时或现在完成进行时的区别不大。如：I have lived here for many years.=I have been living here for many years. 我在这儿住了多年了过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示动作发生在过去某一时间或某一动作之前，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。-|-|-|-过去某时以前 过去某时 现在 构成：主语+ had + 过去分词+其他，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 二特点。过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它, 它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。（1）在过去完成时的句子中, 会有一个过去的时间段,描述的动作发生在此时间段前. She had finished the composition by 10:00 this morning. （2）在过去完成时的句子中，通常会有两个动作，且这两个动作都发生在过去。两个动作之间会有时间的先后顺序之分，发生得早的用过去完成时，发生得晚的用一般过去时。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 三过去完成时的用法。1) 状语从句中. 常用于含by，before，when，until，after等引导的过去的时间状语从句中，主、从句的动作都发生在过去，发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： I had finished my homework by nine oclock last night. We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. He had stayed (stay)here for two days before he left(left). When I woke up (wake up), it had stopped (stop)raining. When I got (get) to the station, the train had left. (leave). After he had finished (finish)his homework, he went (go)to bed. 注意：当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 另外，在before，after，as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. 2) 宾语从句中.过去完成时还经常用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中,当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. He said he had been a soldier before. They said they (see)had seen the film. I didnt know who (tell) had told him the news. 3) 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.4) no soonerthan 或hardly / scarcely when(“一.就.”,) 两个结构中的主句(hardly/ scarcely/ no sooner 后)通常要用过去完成时, 而从句(when/ than 后)。“Sb had no sooner + done sth+ than + sb did sth./ Sb had hardly / scarcely+ done sth+ when + sb did sth.(1).He had no sooner returned than he bought a house.= He had hardly/ scarcely returned when he bought a house.他一回来就买了一套房子。(2). I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.= I had hardly/ scarcely reached home when it began to rain. 我一回到家就下雨了。注意：把no sooner或hardly / scarcely 放于句首时句子的主句构成倒装。“no sooner+ had + sb done sth + than+ sb did sth或hardly / scarcely+ had + sb done sth +when+ sb did sth”。所以上面的句子可以改为：（1） No sooner had he returned than he bought a house./ Hardly / Scarcely had he returned when he bought a house.（2） No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain./ Hardly / Scarcely had I reached home when it began to rain.四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far. (从现在起的过去). I had learned 1000 English words by last year.(从过去起的过去). Im sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） John returned home yesterday. Where had he been? （答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在returned home之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”） 五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
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