考研英语基础语法实例讲解.doc

考研英语基础语法实例讲解扎实的语法功底对于考研解题是很重要的.据总结,最令大多数考研学生头疼的基础语法现象主要有以下几项:英语的基本句式,形容词性(定语)从句,名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句),副词性(状语)从句,As 的用法.下面将对以上语法点详解,并通过练习进一步强化对它们的掌握.一,英语的基本句式 (一)英语句子的主要成分英语句子主要由主语,谓语,宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),定语,状语,补语(主语补语和宾语补语),表语(主语补语的一种),同位语,感叹语,插入语等构成.(二)英语的五大句式一)主 + 系 + 表语例如:You are a baby. 系动词:联系动词(Link Verb)是一种表示谓语关系的动词,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况,性质,特征等情况.系动词可以是be动词,也可以是某些实义动词.例如:The dog looks dangerous. 五大类常见系动词:1)be动词-用来表示主语状态. 例如:He is a teacher. 2)持续类-用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度. 这类系动词主要有: 例如:I am sorry to have kept you waiting. This matter rests a mystery. 3)表象类-用来表示看起来像这一概念 这类系动词主要有: 例如: He seems (to be) very sad. 4)感官类-用来表示感觉触觉等这类系动词主要有: 例1:It sounds reasonable. 例2:-Do you like this sweater -Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 5)变化类-这些系动词表示主语变成什么样这类系动词主要有: 例如:It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. 二) 主语+不及物动词+(状语)例如: He changed a lot.You cried loudly.注意:该句型可接状语.当一句话中存在多个状语时,状语的排列顺序一般为:地点/方式/目的/原因/时间/(never等频度副词置于句中,实义动词前,系动词,情态动词等助动词后).例如:President Nixon came to China by a special plane for an official visit at the invitation of Chinas government in 1972 after there had been about 40 years of separation between the two governments.三) 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语例如:I love you 注意:当宾语为动词意义时,用to do形式或者doing形式.英语中只有少部分动词接doing形式,其余均接to do形式;还有一些既可接to do形式又可接doing形式,没有什么区别;但有些接to do形式或doing形式意义有区别,应区别记忆. 1)下列动词常以doing形式作宾语: 2)下列动词可接to do形式或doing形式作宾语: 3)下列动词可接to do形式或doing形式作宾语,但意义不同: 四) 主+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语例如:I will give you a book. =I will give a book to you. My mother made me a new dress. 可以带双宾语的动词主要有: 买卖关系: buy, pay, cost 给予关系: give, grant ,pass, offer, bring, send 借还关系: lend, return, owe 说服关系: tell, persuade 命名选举关系:name, call, elect, select 其他关系:wish, envy, make 注意:直接宾语与间接宾语对调时,应加适当的介词: 1) 等 + to 2) 等 + for 3)+ of 4)+on 五) 主语+ 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补(补充说明宾语状态) 例如:I will make you happy 注意: 1)以名词为宾语补足语的动词主要有:若补语是指一个人可以担任的职位时,便应省略冠词.例如: 比较They elected him Present. He made her a servant. 2)以不定式为宾语补足语,如果谓语动是感官动词或使役动词,to应省略;但变被动语态时应补上 to.例如:I often see him help others. 3)现在分词或过去分词也可为宾语补足语: 例如:I found the man stealing the money. He cant make himself understood. I heard my name called. 二,英语的三大类从句从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子.在英语中,主要有三大类从句,即形容词性从句(定语从句),名词性从句(包括主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句),副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间,地点,原因,目的,结果,条件,让步,方式,比较等).(一)定语从句说到定语从句,大家都不感到陌生,它是考研题中经常见到的一类从句.例如2006年考研真题的完形填空题中:Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. 下面我们来仔细剖析一下这类从句及其用法.一)有关定语从句的基本概念1. 定语从句(Attributive Clause)是一个具有完整的主谓结构,并在主句中担任定语的从句,它通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后.2. 先行词(Antecedent)是指被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词,它通常位于定语从句之前.例如:Time and time again there are serious accidents that pollute the air.Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police.注:1. 先行词并不一定都是词,它除了由名词或代词充当外,还可以由下列成分充当:1)一个短语例如:Many lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleague are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. (1995) 2)一个分句例如:The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. (2004) 3)一个完整的句子例如:I was late for school this morning, which made my teacher very angry. 2. 如何确定先行词要想正确找到先行词,首先要理解定语从句的意思,然后根据从句的意思来找在其之前并能与其构成逻辑语义联系的先行词.例如:For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of _that came from being a loyal employee. (1997)A. excitementB. convictionC. confidenceD. importance3. 关系词(relative word)是指引导定语从句的连词.关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等;关系副词有when, where, why等.关系词不仅在主句和分句间起连接作用,而且还代表先行词在定语从句中担任一定的句子成分;关系代词作主语,宾语,定语,表语等,关系副词作状语.关系代词或关系副词的选用,取决于先行词的意义.先行词表人,则用who或that;表物则用which或that;表时间则用when;表地方则用where;表原因则用why(先行词只可用reason).关系代词的格则取决于它在从句中的地位.例如:This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. The time when he arrives is not known. The fire also destroyed cars which belonged to people who worked in the building. 二)定语从句的种类及关系词的用法:1. 限制性定语从句(restrictive attributive clause):在限制性定语从句中,从句对先行词起限制作用,二者关系密切.如果没有从句,将会影响全句的意义,因此从句和先行词之间通常不用逗号分开.1)先行词表人时,关系词由关系代词who,whom,whose,that担任:(1)在从句中作主语用who或that(以who居多)例如:He had some friends who /that worked in the office there. (2)作宾语用whom(需置于从句之首), who,that或省略例如:The boy (whom/who/that) we saw yesterday was Johns brother. (3)作定语用whose(需置于从句之首,有时可用of which替换)例如:The couple whose photo I took at the party was very pleased with it. He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful.注:l关系代词作介词宾语时可用who/that或省略,但介词须置于从句之后.例如:This is the girl (who/that) I told you of the other day. l书面语中多用whom,但介词可置于从句之前或之后.例如:The teacher from whom I learnt most /whom I learnt most from was Mrs. Zhu.l如介词与动词已组成短语动词,一般则须置于从句之后(与动词不分开).例如:The machine which I have looked after for twenty years, is still working well. lWhose也可置于介词之后作定语,介词须置于从句之前.例如:The boss in whose department Mr. King worked had heard about the accident.2)先行词表物时,关系词由关系代词which或that担任,在从句中作主语或宾语(常省略).例如:He had many merchant ships which traded with other countries.There are some jobs (that) men cant do very well. 注:当关系代词that和which在从句中作介词宾语时,用法有些不同.lwhich作介词宾语时,介词即可置于从句之首(which紧跟其后),也可置于从句之末(which置于从句之首),单一置于句首较为正式.例如:One subject to which country music often returns is the good old days. l如介词与动词已组成短语动词,一般则须置于从句之后(与动词不分开).例如:Is this the watch which he was looking for lThat作介词宾语时,介词只可置于从句之末.例如:If it is a book on a subject that you are interested in, you will want to chew and digest it. 总之,只要介词置于从句之末,用which/that或省略均可.例如:That is the exhibition (which/that) you should go to. 3)先行词表时间时,关系词由关系副词when担任,在从句中作时间状语.例如:This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema. 4)先行词表地方时,关系词由关系副词where担任,在从句中作地点状语.例如:Today many of them live in special areas where they can continue their way of life. 5)先行词表原因时(只有reason一词),关系词由关系副词why担任,在从句中作原因状语,先行词在句中常省略.例如:I do not know (the reason) why they quarreled. 注:l关系副词when和where有时可用介词+which代替,why可用for which代替.例如:There are occasions when one must yield. Beijing is the place where I was born. Is this the reason why he refused our offer l先行词虽然是时间或地点,但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,要用关系代词.例如:比较:The factory where his father worked has closed. The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 比较:Ill never forget the days when we lived together. Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 比较:The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.2. 非限制性定语从句(nonrestrictive attributive clause):在非限制性定语从句中,从句与先行词关系比较松散,用逗号隔开.1)先行词表人时,关系词由关系代词who,whom,whose担任(that不能担任非限制性定语从句的关系词):(1)在从句中作主语用who例如:Martin Luther King, Jr., who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, was an important political leader in the USA. (2)作宾语用whom(需置于从句之首), who例如:That man, whom/who I met yesterday, is a film director. (3)作定语用whose(需置于从句之首)例如: My brother, whose arms had been broken by the police, was not taken to the hospital. 注:l关系代词作介词宾语时,可用whom,介词须置于从句之首.例如:These papers belong to Bernard, with whom I am sharing a room. lwhom常作of属格的宾语.例如:About 2,000 people, many of whom were Europeans, worked on the project. lwhose也可置于介词之后作of属格宾语中的定语.例如:I decided to write about Chaplin, one of whose films I had seen several years before. 2)先行词表物时,关系词由关系代词which担任(that不能担任非限制性定语从句的关系词),在从句中作主语或宾语.例如:The dam, which is the biggest in the world, is 3,830 meters long. 注:关系代词which在从句中可用作介词宾语,介词可置于从句之首或从句之末;并常用作of属格的宾语.例如:It was like stepping into a secret art museum, in which we were the only visitors. North Island is famous for an area of hot springs, some of which throw hot water high into the air. 3)先行词表时间时,关系词由关系副词when担任,在从句中作时间状语.例如:Agriculture first started about 10,000 years ago, when people began to grow crops in the river valleys of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India. 4)先行词表地方时,关系词由关系副词where担任,在从句中作地点状语.例如:He returned to Dublin, where he formed his own pop group. 3.判断是否由that来引导定语从句1)习惯上要用that引导的定语从句(1)当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时,或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时.例如:All that can be done has been done. He will tell you everything that he heard about it.(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时,或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next),最高级形容词及the only, the very等修饰时.例如:This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.(3)先行词包括人和物时.例如:They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. (4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,为了避免重复,多用that引导.例如:Which is the house that caught fire last night Who is the lady that is playing the piano 2)习惯上不用that引导的定语从句(1)在非限制性定语从句中,不以能用that引导.例如:Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. (2)直接在介词后作宾语时,不能用that引导,要用whom, whose或which,且不能省略.例如:The house in which we live is not large.I know the young man with whom you live. 但当介词放在从句的末尾时,可以用that替代which, who替代whom,也可以省略关系代词.例如:The house (which/that) we live in is not large. I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. (3)当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, those, people, he等时,只能用who.例如:None is blind as those who wont see. Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. (4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时.例如:I was the only person in my office who was invited. A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 4. 由what,as引导的定语从句1)what引导的定语从句what作为关系代词时,用法很特殊,被看作是先行词和关系代词的结合体.一般情况下被理解为the things that,all that或something that,在句中充当主语或宾语等名词性成分.它引导从句时,前面不应该再出现先行词.例如:For Williams, those activities became what he calls electronic heroin(1)what单独使用,后不接名词,表示物或人例如:She is not what she used to be. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. (2002)(2)what后接名词所有的,尽可能多的例如:He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. What little he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate. (1997) 2)关系代词as引导的定语从句as可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,根本区别在于: 前者as只用在一些固定结构如such/the same/as修饰的先行词后面;而后者没有结构要求.例如:As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition. (1999)定语从句 1. The house _ we live is not big. A. in thatB. which C. in which D. that 2. He talked about the lecturers and schools _ he had visited. A. that B. which C. who D. whom 3. The scientist the teacher is talking _ is leaving for Beijing. A. to him B. whom C. to D. to that 4. I who _ your teacher, will teach Marxism as a truth to you. A. is B. are C. were D. am 5. _ they could do was to work hard. A. All B. All what C. All which D. That 6. Do you know the reason _ he didnt come A. that B. which C. for D. why 7. The room _ windows face south is his. A. that B. which C. whose D. whos 8. The park, _ we visited yesterday, is very nice. A. where B. which C. that D. when 9. The park, _ we met with him, is very nice. A. where B. which C. that D. when 10.The first time _ I saw her was in 1989. A. when B. which C. that D. as 11.Pay attention to all _ I do. A. which B. in which C. what D. that 12.Ive read all the books _ you gave me. A. which B. them C. what D. that 13.Is there anything _ I can do for you A. what B. which C. that D. it 14.The woman _ child had fallen ill was a doctor. A. who B. her C. whose D. / 15.The pen _ Im using _ is hers. A. which; it B. that; it C. it; / D. /; /16.I have the same trouble _ you have. A. that B. which C. as D. what 17.Its the very book _ I want to find. A. which B. that C. it D. so 18.He is the only one of the boys who _ English for four years. A. has learnt B. have learnt C. learn D. learning 19.This is one of the books _ worth reading. A. that is B. which are C. it was D. they are been 20.This is the best film _ been shown this year. A. which has B. which have C. that has D. that have 21.Can you tell me the reason _ you didnt come for yesterday A. why B. how C. which D. what 22.That is the reason _ he came to see you. A. when B. that C. which D. for which 23.Do you still remember the day _ we spent together last month A. that B. in which C. when D. where 24.Oct. 1, 1949 was the day _ the New China was founded. A. that B. in which C. when D. where 25.Ive never seen such a lazy boy _ you are. A. which B. who C. that D. as 26.There were many great leaders in the history _ Abraham Lincoln was the greatest one. A. in which B. in whom C. of which D. of whom 27.Shanghai, _ I have visited twice, has a large population. A. where B. which C. what D. that 28.The students didnt like the way _ she was dressed. A./ B. which C. what D. how 29.I am determined to learn my subjects in the way _ you have done. A. in which B. by what C. what D. where 30.Ill do _ to help you. A. all I can B. all what I can C. all those I manage D. all which I can(二)名词性从句名词性从句主要有四类,即主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句.引导名词性从句的常用连词如下图所示:名词从句的引导词对应的句子类型是否做成分连词that陈述句that在从句中不作成分(只起连接作用,后接陈述句)连词whether, if一般疑问句whether, if在从句中不作成分连接副词when, where, why, how;连接代词who, whom, what, which, whose特殊疑问句when, where, why, how在从句中作状语;who, whom, what在从句中作主语,宾语或补语;which, whose在从句中作定语,后面接名词注:要特别关注这些连词在句中是否充当句子成分.这是考试的重点.例如:Concerns were raised_ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. A. whatB. whenC. whichD. that一)主语从句在主句中担任主语的从句,叫做主语从句(Subject Clause).主语从句可以由陈述分句,疑问分句和名词定语分句担任.例如:When he was born is unknown.What he did last nightis being investigated. That many hands make light work is a well-known saying. 主语从句中应注意:1.主语从句一般用it作形式主语,放在句首,而将主语从句放到句末.例如:It is possible that he has stolen the car.Isnt it strange that he should not have passed the test 附:考研中常见的主语从句句型(作文中也经常用到):1)It +过去分词+that从句Its reported that 据报道Its believed that人们相信2)It is +形容词+that从句It is clear(显然)/possible or likely(很可能)/natural(很自然)3)It is +名词短语 +that从句It is a pity that.可惜的是It is a fact that.事实是4)It +不及物动词+that从句It seems(似乎)/follows(因此,由此可见)/happens(碰巧)5)其他重要结构It dawns upon/on sb. that某人突然想起It occurs to sb. that某人突然想起It makes no difference that无所谓It doesnt need to be bothered that不必担忧It is of little consequence that无关紧要2.if引导主语从句时,只能用it作形式主语,放在句首,而将if引导的主语从句放到句末.例如:It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 3.that引导主语从句放在句首时,that不可省,但在句末口语中可省.例如:That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(2006)That he was ill yesterday is known now.4.连词whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导主语从句只能放在句首.例如:Whether the eyes are the window of the soul is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.Who has broken the glass is unknown. What he wants is all here.How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 5.主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式,但what引导主语从句的主句谓语动词的形式须根据句子的意思来判断.例如:How he worked it out is still a secret. What they make in this factory are TV sets.二)表语从句在主句中担任表语的从句,叫做表语从句(Predictive Clause).表语从句可以由陈述分句,疑问分句和名词定语分句担任,通常置于系动词之后.例如:My idea is that he can teach children English in this school. The question is whether we shall run out of food soon. That is how Annie came to be with us. A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. (1997)表语从句中应注意:1.连接词that一般不能省略,但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时,that可以省略.例如:What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 2.当句子的主语是:advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时,表语从句须用虚拟语气,即:should +do.例如:My advice is that you should go to apologize to him. 三)宾语从句在主句中担任宾语的从句,叫做宾语从句.宾语从句有三种,即直接宾语从句,形容词宾语从句和介词宾语从句.1. 直接宾语从句,即在及物动词(双宾语动词)后作宾语;它可以由陈述分句,疑问分句,名词定语分句和感叹分句担任.例如:Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure (2005) Prof. Lees book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts. I thought (that) it was going to be interesting, but in fact it wasnt. He wanted to see for himself what the problems are. Goodness! Now I see what youre talking about.Now, you know how important you are to you family.2.形容词宾语从句,它可以由陈述分句,疑问分句担任.例如:Im sorry that you are not happy yet in your new school. Im afraid (that) all these offices are non-smoking offices.Im not sure if she would be willing to meet us. 3.介词宾语从句,它只能由疑问分词和名词定语分句担任.例如:I will give this dictionary to whoever wants to have it. (1992)We need to think about how much we should charge our customers for using the phones. They were astonished by what they found. 宾语从句中须注意:1.that 在口语中常被省略,但在正式的文体中,不能省;并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句,但可引导except, but, in等少数介词的宾语从句.例如:I didnt know (that) he was Li Lei. I will do anything I can to help you except that Im ill. 2.宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时,一般须用it作形式宾语,把宾语从句放到句末,即动词+it形式宾语+宾语补足语+that从句,此时的that不能省.例如:The boy has made it clear that they cant play with his toys. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (1993) 3.动词advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(坚决主张), order, propose, request, suggest(建议)等代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气,即:(should) do的形式.例如:He asked that we (should) get there before nine oclock.The teacher advised us that we (should) not waste our time. 4.宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应.即:1) 当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时,从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示.例如:He always says that he is our good friend. When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed. 2) 当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时,从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时.例如:He didnt tell us he came from Shanghai. He said he had read the book. 3) 但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实,而不受时间的限制时,即使主句谓语动词为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时.例如:Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers. When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world. 四)同位语从句1. 当名词后面所接的从句表示与名词同位并为名词的实际内容时,这个从句就是同位语从句(Appositive Clause).我们通常所见的同位语从句往往由that引导,而很少用whether,if以及连接代词或连接副词引导;因为我们补充名词的内容时多用陈述句,而很少采用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句.例如:The news that China has joined the WTO excites us all. He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon.同位语从句也可由whether,if以及连接代词或连接副词引导,但不常用.例如:There is no argument whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. (1999) 2. 常用的同位语从句两大句型:1)名词+that+陈述句例如:There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability. He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were t