自考英语语法串讲.doc

上传人:wux****ua 文档编号:8847445 上传时间:2020-04-01 格式:DOC 页数:52 大小:265.50KB
返回 下载 相关 举报
自考英语语法串讲.doc_第1页
第1页 / 共52页
自考英语语法串讲.doc_第2页
第2页 / 共52页
自考英语语法串讲.doc_第3页
第3页 / 共52页
点击查看更多>>
资源描述
英语语法串讲讲义课程介绍一、课程性质现代英语语法是高等教育自学考试英语专业(本科段)的一门选修课,主要面向具有相当于英语专业本科二年级以上水平并有志参加高等教育自学考试英语专业(本科段)考试的学生。现代英语语法理论与实践并重,既是一部语法理论著作,有宏观的理论概述,对英语语言结构作了比较系统的描写。又可作为教学参考书,它根据教学要求精选语法项目、设计篇章结构,有取有舍,自成体系,既有知识性,又有实践性。本教程中例子丰富,在历年试题中直接从教材中选择的例句数量相当多,这就要求学员在学习的过程中能确实看懂例子,能真正理解理论并能把理论应用于实践。二、教材的选用现代英语语法课程所选用教材是全国高等教育自学考试指定教材,该书由李基安主编,外语教学与研究出版社出版。三、章节体系为了便于各位学员复习应考,我们的串讲严格按照教材章节来讲。共十六章,每章主要以哪种形式命题以及哪些是高频考点我在讲解的什么都会提到,以帮助大家在以后的复习中做到有的放矢,迅速抓住重点内容,以取得事半功倍的效果。考情分析一、历年真题的分布情况根据对现代英语语法近5年考题(注:全国每年统考:4月,有些省份7月还有一次,浙江省每年10月份也有语法考试)分析,可以看出哪些部分是全书的重点章,具体看下列表格中的黑体。年份章名2007年4月2008年4月2009年4月2010年4月2011年4月共计一、绪论1题2分(动词短语)2分二、句子类型5题6分(以不规则附加问句为主)7题8分(以不规则附加问句为主)4题4分2题3分(以不规则附加问句为主)3题4分(以不规则附加问句为主)25分三、名词和名词词组(1)名词和名词的数2题2分3题3分2题2分1题1分1题1分9分四、名词和名词词组(2)限定词和属格6题6分7题7分6题6分8题8分6题6分33分五、动词和动词词组(1)时、体和将来时间5题6分3题3分5题6分7题10分(含1个4分的简答题)8题11分(含1个4分的简答题)36分六、动词和动词词组(2)被动态和虚拟式5题6分9题11分7题10分4题5分4题5分37分七、动词和动词词组(3)情态助动词2题3分3题5分7题10分6题7分6题7分32分八、动词和动词词组(4)非限定动词8题10分6题10分5题6分5题6分5题6分38分九、形容词词组和比较5题5分3题3分4题4分3题3分6题6题21分十、介词和介词词组6题6分4题4分7题7分3题3分3题3分23分十一、并列与从属3题3分4题4分1题1分2题2分6题6分16分十二、关系分句5题7分5题5分7题9分6题7分8题10分37分十三、状语7题9分4题4分6题8分8题10分3题5分36分十四、一致5题5分5题5分5题5分5题5分5题8分(含1个4分的简答题)28分十五、信息结构和强调4题7分2题4分3题5分3题6分5题9分31分十六、连接纽带4题8分5题9分3题6分4题8分(含1个4分的简答题)4题5分36分二、题型分析现代英语语法的考试题型包括五种:单项选择题、填空题、改错题、改写句子、简答题。根据对近5年的试题进行分析,可以发现题型有变化,但总的题量没变,仍然是74个题目。09年4月前(含09年4月)共7大题型:一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)二、选择填空题(本大题共8小题,每小题2分,共16分)如:21. were, was, had, animal, animals Small amounts of land _ used for keeping _. (该例选自0904)三、填空题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分) A. Fill in the blank with assertive, non-assertive or negative words:29. I think Ive lost that green scarf of mine; I cant find it _.B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb or verb phrase given:34. It is time we _ (think) about drawing up a detailed plan for the project.四、改错题(本大题共8小题,每小题1分,共8分)五、改句(本大题共13小题,每小题2分,共26分)Rewrite the following sentences as required.六、名词解释(本大题共2小题,每小题2分,共4分)Define the following terms with examples.七、简答题(本大题共3小题,每小题2分,共6分) Answer the following questions.10年4月开始(含1004)共五大题型:一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)二、填空题(本大题共28小题,共36分) Section A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given in the group.(共8小题,每小题2分,共16分) Section B. Fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets. Make changes where necessary. (共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)三、改错题(本大题共l 2小题,每小题1分,共12分)四、改句题(本大题共1 2小题,每小题2分,共24分)五、简答题(本大题共2小题,每小题4分,共8分)从以上题型变化分析,我们可以看出1004把09年4月(前)的第二、三题合成了一个大题,并且少了名词解释的题型,因此总的题型少了两个。学员答题时要注意以下两点:(1)计划答题时间。针对较大的题量,重要的是合理分布做题的时间。先易后难,先熟后生。暂时拿不准的切记做明显的标记,以防在检查时忘记。(2)按题目要求答题。一定要审清题,看懂语法术语是关键。(语法术语在下面一部分各章节串讲时会进行归纳)最后提醒学员注意答题的规范要求。答案是需要答在答题卡上的,在写答案时一定注意填写要求。三、本课程的复习方法在最后的临考复习阶段,学员应着重注意以下问题:1. 依据现代英语语法考试大纲的要求,在前面系统学习的基础上,对重点章节要仔细阅读,对考频高的考点要重点理解和熟练应用。2. 参考历年考题在对教材有一定的把握后,学员应当参阅以往的考题,通过对历年的考题分析了解并能准确抓住个章节的命题侧重点。3. 系统训练应对应试教育的方法离不开习题的训练。到目前这个阶段,学员应以真题为主,同时适当地做几套综合性模拟题,考查自己对教材的重点内容能否融会贯通。回顾并复习以往的错题,找出自己的薄弱环节,有的放矢,切忌平均用力。内容串讲关于教材内容的串讲,我们严格按照教材上的章节来讲,即共十六章,以便于各位学员复习应考。Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence 一、复习建议本章是全书的绪论,简明扼要地介绍了本书所涉及的内容,目的是使学员对语法有个总的了解,为后面学习各章节打好基础。由于绪论中大部分内容比较简单,所以有一定语法基础的学员可以快读和跳读。因为该章内容比较基础,概括性较强,所以历年考试中涉及的很少,只在2007年4月的考试中考查了简单动词和复杂动词的区别。二、本章重要知识点【例题】1. What is the difference between a simple verb phrase and a complex verb phrase? (P16)本题的关键在于对简单动词和复杂动词区别的理解记忆。 【答案】The difference is that the former goes without auxiliaries and the latter goes with it. 【例题】2. Distinguish root, stem, and base as morphological terms. 词根、词干、词基作为形态学术语的区别 (P8)【答案】A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed. (e.g. force in enforce and touch in untouchables). A root is not further analyzable in morphological terms. A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. (e.g. chair in chairs, work in worked). A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added (e.g. touch in touchable, touchable in untouchable, and untouchable in untouchables). 去掉所有词缀剩余的那一部分叫词根。从形态学上无法将词根进一步划分;词干和词的屈折变化有关,是去掉词的所有屈折词缀后剩余的那一部分;词基是可以加任何词缀的任何形式。Chapter 2 Sentence Types一、复习建议本章主要讨论英语中四种基本句子类型(陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句)的语法功能和交际功能。不规则附加疑问句是本章近几年来考查的首要重点,不仅多次以改写句子的题型进行考查,也多次以单项选择或填空题的形式进行考查,学员要务必掌握该知识点。否定句中否定词的选择考查的也不少,仅在2009年4月一套试卷中就考查了四次,因此也要重点掌握。本章重要术语:declarative(s)陈述句;interrogative(s)疑问句;imperative(s)祈使句;exclamative(s)/ exclamations感叹句;assertive肯定的;assertion肯定;non-assertive非肯定的;non-assertion非肯定;negative否定的;negation否定;semi-negative半否定词;transferred negation否定转移;tag question/question tag附加疑问句;modal auxiliaries情态动词二、本章重要知识点(一)否定词的选择1.否定句可以用不同的形式来加强否定语气,常用的加强词是never,如Ive never been there before.的语气比I havent been there before.强。另外还有其他的加强感情色彩的词。如:She doesnt like him at all. Ive never in all my life seen such a swarm of ants. Not a single candidate managed to pass the test. These goods are by no means satisfactory.2. none和neither 是两个相关的否定词,none相当于not any(用于三个或三个以上),neither相当于not one nor the other(用于两个之间)。如: They have tested several samples, but none is of the quality required. They proposed two solutions, but neither seemed available to us.3.否定也可以通过半否定词来实现,即意义上否定而形式上不否定的词,包括:seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely, barely, little, few等。它们后面的附加问句要用肯定形式。如: You seldom get up late, do you? They could barely read and write, could they?【真题】:AFill in the blank with assertive, non-assertive or negative words:【例题填空题】I think Ive lost that green scarf of mine; I cant find it _.【答案】anywhere【例题填空题】“Id like some more cheese.” “Im sorry theres _ left.”【答案】none【例题填空题】Im trying to persuade him to come but Im getting _.【答案】nowhere【例题填空题】Satellite technology offers the opportunity, as _ before, for continuous television coverage of major international events.【答案】never(二)否定转移(transferred negation)否定转移指的是否定从从句被转移到主句,这种否定转移一般与表示“看法,意见”的词一起出现,如:think, believe, suppose, imagine和expect。例如:I think (that) he wont come tomorrow.I dont think (that) hell come tomorrow.尽管否定词放在从句中比放在主句中语气更强烈,但是不论是在口语还是书面语中,否定转移更为常见。尤其要注意否定转移后面的附加问句的形式。例如:I dont imagine Tony will learn from this lesson, will he?(三)附加疑问句(tag questions)又叫反义疑问句,由陈述句加简短问句构成,常用的形式是:前肯后否,前否后肯。这里主要讲不规则附加疑问句。1.祈使句(imperatives),例如: Turn down the radio, wont you/will you? Dont turn on TV, will you? Lets talk to the manager, shall we? Lets not talk to the manager, shall we? Let us go to school together, will you?2.附加疑问句中代词常常代表陈述句的主语,但也有特殊情况,如果主语是不定代词everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one时,附加问句中主语用he或they。如: Everyone is here, isnt he/arent they? Nobody agreed with you, did he/did they?3.有have的陈述句的附加问句是用dont 还是havent根据上下文中have的意义。一般来说,助动词have(除have to外)应与havent 搭配。例如:You have already heard the news, havent you?She had done her work by the time you arrived, hadnt she?They have to live on their own, dont they?John had to work harder, didnt he?实义动词have除了拥有、占有等意义外,附加问句一律用dont。例如:We all had a wonderful time at the party, didnt we?You had your hair cut yesterday, didnt you?She has coffee with sugar, doesnt she?You have a lot of friends, dont you/havent you?4.情态动词(modal auxiliaries)也是一大难点,特别是在表示推测意义时,在下列例句中,附加问句都有两种形式。 She must be over 20, mustnt she/isnt she? You could have heard the news last night, couldnt you/didnt you? They should have arrived there by now, shouldnt they/havent they?may是情态动词的一个例外,因为几乎不用maynt 这个缩略形式,特别是在美语中。解决的办法是在表示推测意义时使用cant。例如: That may be your lost car, cant it?在附加问句中,常用shouldnt 代替oughtnt,这在口语中特别常见。例如: We ought to leave now, oughtnt we/shouldnt we?5.如果陈述句部分含有否定词或半否定词,附加问句要用肯定形式。例如: No one listened to him, did they? She seldom smiles, does she? He hardly ever shows up these days, does he?【真题】:【例题填空题】Nobody in the class agrees with you,_?【答案】does he/do they【例题填空题】Everyone is excited by the news, _?【答案】isnt he/arent they【例题填空题】Lets not take John with us on our family outing this time, _?【答案】shall we【例题填空题】John hardly speaks to anybody in the class, _?【答案】does he【例题填空题】Nobody agreed with you, _? 【答案】did he/did they【例题填空题】Lets go out to dinner, _? 【答案】shall we【例题填空题】You had your watch repaired yesterday, _? 【答案】didnt you【例题填空题】Close the door, _? 【答案】will you/wont you【例题填空题】Lets talk to the manager, _ (we)?【答案】shall we【例题填空题】She has coffee with sugar, _(she)?【答案】doesnt she【例题改写句子】Turning the following imperative into a tag question.Dont let the children eat a lot of sweets and ice creams.【答案】Dont let the children eat a lot of sweets and ice creams, will you?【例题】Using a question tag: Bob rarely got drunk.【答案】Bob rarely got drunk, did he?【例题】Using a question tag: Everybody knows what he has to do.【答案】Everybody knows what he has to do, does he/do they?(四)祈使句(commands/imperatives)祈使句往往没有主语,以动词原形开头。加上主语you可以起强调作用。例如:You be patient.You shut up.另一种表示强调的方法是在句首加do。例如: Do behave yourself. Do shut up.祈使句的否定形式常在句首加dont 或do not,并将句中的肯定词换成非肯定词。Let引导的祈使句的否定形式是:把not放在代词后或用dont,但后者不太正式。例如:Lets not go out until after the rain.Dont lets go out until after the rain. (infml)Let me not try again.Dont let me try again. (infml)Let him not disturb me.Dont let him disturb me. (infml)【例题填空题】_ (not lets) go out until after the rain.【答案】Lets not / Dont lets(五)感叹句(exclamations)感叹句主要有两大类型:由what引导的感叹句和由how引导的感叹句。在感叹句中,主语和动词不需要颠倒。what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词、副词或动词。例如:What a good day it is!What a long time he has been working!What friendly people they are!How foolish he is!How fast he is running!How I love you!How long a meeting we had this afternoon! = What a long meeting we had this afternoon!Chapter 3 Noun and Noun Phrase (1)Noun and Number一、复习建议本章旨在帮助学员了解并掌握英语中名词的数和名词的种类。在学习过程中,要注意(1)单数名词和复数名词的使用,特别是名词的不规则复数形式。(2)单位名词的种类及其与名词的搭配。通过对近五年的考题分析,可以看出对本章的考查主要集中在名词的单复数上,特别是不规则复数形式,对单位名词的种类及与名词的搭配还未涉及。本章重要术语:proper noun专有名词;mass noun物质名词;singular单数名词;plural复数名词二、本章重要知识点(一)专有名词专有名词因为是特指,因此,即使是以复数形式出现,它也是单数。例如:The United States has two official languages: English and Spanish.The United Nations has its headquarters located in New York.然而,the Netherlands和Philippines可为单数也可为复数。例如:The Netherlands is/are famous for two things: tulips and football.荷兰有两样东西举世闻名:郁金香和足球。The Philippines is/are an island country. 菲律宾是一个岛国。人名一般为单数,当表示一家人时为复数。如:The Joneses are coming to the party this evening.The Blacks are away on holidays.两个或两个以上的人同名时,可用复数。例如:A: May I speak to Mark, please?B: We have two Marks here. The young Mark or the old Mark?(二)物质名词物质名词中不论是具体名词还是抽象名词,一般都是单数形式,包括某些以-s结尾的词,它们有些偶尔用作复数。(1)以-ics结尾的表示学科、科学等名词:acoustics(声学), athletics, classics(古典文学), gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics, mechanics, optics(光学), physics, plastics(整形外科), politics, statistics等。其中有的词用作普通意义时,可用作复数。如:His politics (=political opinions) are different from mine. 他的政见和我的不同。Her mathematics (=ability to solve mathematical problems) are awful.她的数学水平非常差。(2)以-s结尾的表示疾病的名词:appendicitis(阑尾炎), arthritis(关节炎), bronchitis(支气管炎), diabetes(糖尿病), hepatitis(肝炎), measles(麻疹), mumps(腮腺炎), rickets(软骨病,佝偻病), shingles(带状疱疹)等。这些词中的后三个常常可用作复数。(3)以-s结尾的表示游戏或比赛的名词:billiards(台球), bowls(保龄球), darts(飞镖), dominoes(多米诺骨牌游戏), draughts(国际跳棋), skittles(九柱游戏)等。(4)有些物质名词以复数形式出现时,表示“强度、数量大或带有文学色彩”,如: the snows of Antarctica the sands of Sahara撒哈拉沙漠的沙子sailing on the great waters在宽阔的水域航行(三)复数名词下列名词常常用作复数(1)由两个相等部分组成的工具、衣服:binoculars(双筒望远镜), calipers(卡钳), compasses(圆规), flares(喇叭裤), forceps(镊子;钳子), glasses, jeans, pants, pincers(钳子;夹子), pliers(钳子), pyjamas, scales, scissors, shades(百叶窗), shears(大剪刀), shorts, spectacles, suspenders(吊裤带;吊袜带), tights(紧身衣裤), tongs(钳子;夹具), trousers等。注意:当这些名词用作形容词时,应去掉词尾s,如:a trouser leg, a spectacle case(2)一些集体名词:cattle, clergy(神职人员;牧师;教士)(偶尔用作单数),gentry(绅士), people, police, vermin(有害的动物)等。(3)山脉、瀑布、岛屿等地理名称:the Alps(阿尔卑斯山脉), the Rockies(落基山脉), the Highlands(苏格兰高地), the Balkans(巴尔干半岛), the Maldives(马尔代夫), the Bermudas, the Himalayas, Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)(4)其他以-s结尾的名词:archives(档案), arms, belongings, clothes, congratulations, contents, customs, dregs(渣滓), earnings, fireworks, funds, goods, greens(蔬菜;植物), lodgings(出租的房间), looks, minutes(备忘录;纪要), oats(燕麦), outskirts, pains, premises(楼宇;处所), savings, spirits(情绪;心情), stairs, suburbs, surroundings, thanks, tropics(热带), wages等。(四)不规则复数a. 拼写或发音不规则的复数(1)来自古英语的复数:brother-brethren, child-children, foot-feet, louse-lice, man-men, mouse-mice, ox-oxen, penny-pence/pennies, tooth-teeth, woman-women (注意German的复数是Germans)(2)以-f或-fe结尾或尾音发/f/音的名词的复数(参考教材P61)(3)以-o结尾的名词的复数:切记两句话(黑人、英雄吃西红柿和土豆。弹着钢琴听广播,动物园里照张相)Negro, hero, tomato, potato (+es) / piano, radio, zoo, photo (+s)b. 单复数同形(1)部分动物:deer, grouse(松鸡), salmon(鲑鱼,大马哈鱼), sheep, trout(鳟鱼)等(2)度量:foot, pound, stone等。(注意:这些名词也可以用-s形式)(3)以-ese结尾的表示国籍的词:Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese等(注意:Swiss也是单复数同形)(4)单复数均以-s/es结尾的名词:barracks(兵营), corps(兵团), crossroads, gallows(绞架), headquarters, means, series, species, works(=factory), shambles(废墟)等。(五)外来词复数(1)以-is结尾的名词(希腊词):analysis-analyses, axis-axes, basis-bases, crisis-crises, diagnosis-diagnoses, hypothesis-hypotheses, synopsis-synopses,thesis-theses等。(2)以-on结尾的名词(希腊语):criterion-criteria,phenomenon-phenomena等。(3)以-um结尾的名词(拉丁语):bacterium-bacteria,curriculum-curricula,medium-meida,memorandum-memorandums/memoranda,symposium(讨论会;座谈会)-symposiums/ symposia, stratum(地层)-strata等。(注意data最初是datum的复数形式,现在data既可以作为单数也可以作为复数,datum用的越来越少了。)(4)以-us结尾的名词(拉丁语):alumnus(男毕业生)-alumni, cactus(仙人掌)-cactuses/cacti, nucleus(原子核)-nucleuses/nuclei, stimulus-stimuli, syllabus(教学大纲)-syllabuses/syllabi等。其他例子参见教材P63。本章的例子很重要,经常会以选择填空题的形式出现。请看下面真题连接:【真题】:【例题选择填空题】analysis, criteria, diabetes, gentry, pants, physicsa. Singular only:_b. Plural only:_【答案】a. Singular only: analysis, diabetes, physicsb. Plural only: criteria, gentry, pants【例题选择填空题】bacteria, optics, nucleus, jeans, measles, cattlea. Singular only:_B. Plural only:_【答案】a. Singular only: optics, nucleus, measlesb. Plural only: bacteria, jeans, cattle【例题选择填空题】physics, gentry, binoculars, bronchitis, bacteria, stimulusa. Singular only: _b. Plural only: _【答案】a. Singular only: physics, bronchitis, stimulusb. Plural only: gentry, binoculars, bacteria【例题填空题】Your politics _ (seem) to be at variance with mine.【答案】seem(六)复合词的复数形式复合词单数变复数有三种:最后一部分变复数;第一部分变复数;第一部分和最后一部分都变复数:(1)最后一部分变复数(规则变化):armchairs,babysitters,breakdowns,crime reporters,fly-overs,grow-ups,hand signals,pickpockets等。(2)第一部分变复数(特别是当最后一部分为后置修饰语或小品词时):coats-of-mail,commanders-in-chief,men-of-war,mothers-in-law(mother-in-laws是其非正式形式),passers-by,poets laureate(桂冠诗人),Queens of England等。(3)第一部分和最后一部分同时变为复数(特别是当复合词是并列的时):gentlemen farmers,men-servants,women doctors,women priests等。(七)字母、数字、缩略词等的复数形式字母、数字、缩略词等词变复数形式时,加-s或-s:(1)字母变复数时,通常加-s,例如:Bee has two es and buzz has two zs. Your Is and Ls look alike. (2)阿拉伯数字变复数时可以加-s或-s,例如:Great changes took place in the 80s (also 80s). The entry code is a combination of two 3s and three 2s. 密码由两个3和三个2组成。(3)缩略词变复数时,加-s或加- s,双写末尾字母或者不变化。(八)单位名词单位名词是表示单体个体性词语,用以说明所修饰的名词的量,尤其是说明物质名词的量(如two pieces of paper),不过单位名词也可修饰可数名词,指明它们的数量、大小、形状等。(1)以字母顺序排列的单位名词常见的单位名词列举参见教材PP65-67(2)单位名词的分类单位名词中最常用的是piece。但是学习英语的人由于所掌握的词汇量小,错误地认为它能和任何词搭配,所以容易滥用这个词。我们应该注意,选择单位名词应根据其语言环境,同时,单位名词有自己本身的意义,因此,它与其他名词的搭配关系比较固定。例子参见教材PP67-70。【例题选择填空题】woman, women, has, have, havingThe number of _ doctors in the hospital _ increased dramatically over the past decade.【答案】women, hasChapter 4 Noun and Noun Phrase (2)Determiner and Genitive一、复习建议本章的目的是帮助学员了解并掌握英语限定词和属格。在学习过程中,要求掌握:(1)限定词的功能,限定词之间的搭配顺序,限定词的用法(特别是冠词的用法);(2)属格的形式、属格与of词组的用法区别、集体属格、地点属格和双重属格等。本章内容在历年考试中多以选择题、填空题和改错题的形式出现。学员要重点掌握一些常用重要限定词的用法、不定冠词和定冠词的用法,以及属格的形式和用法。本章重要术语:determiner限定词;genitive所有格,属格;indefinite article不定冠词;definite article定冠词;double genitive 双重所有格二、本章重要知识点(一)限定词的同现若三类限定词同时出现,排列顺序一般是:前位限定词+中位限定词+后位限定词(三类限定词参见教材P77),如:all the students (前位+中位)all other students (前位+后位)the other students (中位+后位)all the other students (前位+中位+后位)all the three other students (前位+中位+后位+后位)注意:前位限定词和中位限定词是相互排斥的,即在同一个名词词组前不能同时出现两个或两个以上前位限定词或中位限定词。但后位限定词相互间不排斥。此处可能会设改错题。例如:(1)All two-thirds students have passed the exam. Two-thirds of all students have passed the exam. (原句中all和two-thirds 同属中位限定词)(2)He is my a good friend. He is a good friend of mine.(原句中my和a 同属中位限定词)(3)His that third brother is such an energetic guy. That third brother of his is such an energetic guy. (原句中his和that同属中位限定词)(二)一些限定词的用法1. all 和whole的区别all和whole语法上不同,意义近似。当修饰一个名词复数时,all指所有成员,相当于every,whole指的是一个整体,因此,有时它们不能互换。例如下例:She would work twelve hours a day all the years when she was at Cambridge.Whole regiments surrendered to the enemy.全团向敌人投降了。当all修饰一个表示地点的名词时,通常指生活在这个地方的所有的人;whole指这个地方的所有居民或指这个地方。例如:All the village was excited at the news. = The whole village was 村里所有人都为这个消息兴奋。The whole village was flooded. 整个村庄被洪水淹没了。当它们修饰专有名词时,要注意语法上的区别,例如:Whole London was excited at the news. All London was excited at the news.The whole London was excited at the news. The whole of London was excited at the news.2. all和bothall 指三个或以上,both指两者。3. all, every和eachall指整个一组,every强调一组中的所有成员,each强调一组中的每一个成员。如:All the boys enjoyed themselves at the party.Every boy enjoyed himself at the party.Each boy got one present at the party.4. both, each和eitherboth, each和either的意思都是“两个”或“这个和那个”,在一些上下文中可以互换。如:There are shops on both sides/each side/either side of the street.如果指两个中的一个,用each或either。例如:She sat watching TV with a child on each/either side of her.5. any, either, no (none), neitherany和no (none)指含有两个以上成员的一组,either和neither指含有两个成员的一组。例句参见教材PP80-81。(三)冠词下面是要强调的几点:1. 专有名词一般不用不定冠词,除非它们转移到可数名词的范畴内,例如:He looks forward to owning a Benz.You will never be a Beethoven.2. 如果名词表示的职位只有一人时,一般不用不定冠词,例如:He was elected chairman of the committee.3. 一些表示机构的可数名词前不用冠词或限定词,可以视为成语,例如:go to bed/church/schoolstay in hospital be put in prisongraduate from university但这些词如果指的是建筑而不是机构,前面要加冠词类似用法的名词还有bed, class, table, town等,例子参见教材P85。4. 乐器词前加the,例如:play the piano/violin/fiddle/guitar/flute(长笛)/cello(大提琴)5. 体育项目前不加the,例如:Play basketball/football/soccer/tennis/volleyball/table tennis/golf6. 一些常表示一种事物或一个人的名词,如果指特殊的系统或服务时,可用the,例如:The telephone is developing fast in that area. 在那个地方,电话发展得很快。Ring for the taxi if its raining. 如果下雨就打电话叫辆出租车。You may dial 0 for the operator if you have any questions. 如果你有问题的话,请拨0找接线员。7. 交通工具前用介词by,不用冠词8. 季节前通常不用the,特殊情况除外,例如:The summer of 1995 was so hot in Britain that everybody was complaining there.9. 通常来说,当指一段时间或不是某一时刻时,用定冠词,例如:in the morning/afternoon/evening比较:at dawn/sunrise/daybreak/noon/sunset/dusk/night/midnight10. the+形容词,指一类人,如:the poor/rich/young/old/wounded/beautiful/English11. 专有名词一般不用定冠词,但也有特殊情况,例子参见教材PP88-90。(四)属格也叫所有格,表示形式有s或者of词组,还有另外一种形式,即两种形式的合并,故称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my brothers, a book of mine。关于属格,要注意以下几点:1. of 词组不能与人的名字连用,但能与人的全名连用,如:不能说the T-shirt of Mary但可以说the T-shirt of Mary Smith。2. 当名词表示时间时,用属格形式,如:three years timetomorrows newspaper3. 还有一些固定的惯用语也用属格形式,如:at ones wits end等,其他例子参见教材P93。4. 专有名词指众所周知的建筑物。如:St. Pauls (教堂)Queens (大学)5. 可以用行业名词的属格表示店铺,例如:the bakers/butchers/barbers/doctors/greengrocers/druggists/chemists6.表示人的词的属格表示住所,例如:at my aunts/Harrys
展开阅读全文
相关资源
正为您匹配相似的精品文档
相关搜索

最新文档


当前位置:首页 > 图纸专区 > 大学资料


copyright@ 2023-2025  zhuangpeitu.com 装配图网版权所有   联系电话:18123376007

备案号:ICP2024067431-1 川公网安备51140202000466号


本站为文档C2C交易模式,即用户上传的文档直接被用户下载,本站只是中间服务平台,本站所有文档下载所得的收益归上传人(含作者)所有。装配图网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。若文档所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知装配图网,我们立即给予删除!