资源描述
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肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁羈羇蒁蒇羇肀芄螅羆膂葿蚁羅芄节薇肄羄蒇蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀膈蒆螈虿羈莈蚄蚈肀薄薀蚇膃莇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁螅肇膈薇螄腿莃蒃螃衿膆葿螂肁蒂螇螁膄芄蚃螁芆蒀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈蒈莁袈膀芁蚀袇袀蒇薆袆羂艿薂袆膄薅蒈袅芇莈螆袄羆膀蚂袃聿莆薈袂膁腿蒄羁袁莄莀羀羃膇虿羀肅莃蚅罿芈膅薁 第一章 动词的时与体(Tense & Aspect)时（tense）是个语法范畴，它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”，而没有“将来时”（在英语中，表示“将来”手段多种多样，但没有一种独特的、能与“现在时”和“过去时”平起平坐的专一表示“将来”的动词形式-“将来时”）。体（aspect）也是一个语法范畴，它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语有进行体(progressive aspect)和完成体(perfective aspect)。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing分词构成；完成体由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。现在时和过去时既可以单独使用，也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用，也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用。这样，英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是：一般现在时(simple present)、一般过去时(simple past)、现在进行体(present progressive)、过去进行体(past progressive)、现在完成体(present perfective)、过去完成体(past perfective)、现在完成进行体(present perfective progressive)、过去完成进行体(past perfective progressive)。在这一章中，我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述。11 必须使用完成体的结构1）It (This, This evening, yesterday.) is (was, will be) first (second, third.) time (day, month)结构中的分句，要求用完成体。Is this the first time youve been to Beijing? This was the first time he had been to Beijing.This is the eighth month that I have been out of work.This was the eighth month that I had been out of work.This is the second time that the goods produced by our factory have been shown in the International Exhibition.This was the second time that the goods produced by our factory had been shown in the International Exhibition.2）在no soonerthan, hardly/barely/scarcelywhen,等的句型中，主句要用过去完成体。He had no sooner seen me than he left the room.No sooner had he seen me than he left the room. The helicopter had hardly landed when the waiting crowd ran toward it. Scarcely had I seen the lightning when I heard a clap of thunder.3）将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的分句连用。I will have finished all the work by the time you are back this evening.I am sure he will have left Paris by this time tomorrow. I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow. By the time you get to New York, I _for London. （2002年1月） A) would be leaving B) am leavingC) have already left D) shall have left 本题时间状语为by+将来时间，考察将来完成体用法，应选择D)。By the time he arrives in Beijing, we _here for two days.（2001年6月）A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have stayed 将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作，本句话的意思是：我们将在这里呆两天，因此谓语动词用将来完成体，答案为D)。12 现在完成体与现在完成进行体现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点。由于它有现在完成体的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行体的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。1）现在完成进行体和现在完成体皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。We have been cleaning the classroom（a）We have cleaned the classroom（b）（a）句可译为“我们打扫教室来着”。其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。（b）句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了”。其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。另外（a）句表示教室刚刚打扫过，（b）句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。再看下面两个句子：Be careful! John has been painting the door（a）John has painted the door（b）（a）句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。（b）句则无此含义，油漆可能已干了。2）现在完成进行体有时有延续性；现在完成体往往没有。They have been widening the road（a）They have widened the road（b）（a）句的意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成体有延续性（如一些属于持续体的动词），但无临时性质。Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978（a）Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979（b）（a）句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义，（b）句则没有。3）但现在完成进行体并不总是具有临时的性质。My mother has been teaching English for twenty years（a）My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）(a)句在此并无临时性质，但较口语化。（b）句则较为正式。另外，（a）句表示动作现在仍在继续并将延续下去；（b）句的动作是否延续下去，须由上下文决定，但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。4） 在完成进行体往往表示动作在重复；现在完成体则常常不带重复性。Have you been meeting her lately？（a）Have you met her lately？（b）（a）句有“经常相会”之意，（b）句则没有。（b）句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。5） 在否定结构中，现在完成体所否定的是谓语动词；现在完成进行体所否定的是状语。He hasnt been speaking since three oclock（a）He hasnt spoken since three oclock（b）（a）句中所否定的不是has been speaking，而是 since three oclock，其结构等于 He has been speaking not since three oclock but since half past three这是因为现在完成进行体本身是没有否定结构的原故。（b）句用的是现在完成体，而现在完成体是有否定结构的，所以（b）句中所否定的自然是has spoken，意即“从三点起他一直沉默不语，未发一言”。13情态动词 + 行为动词完成体1） must + have + V-ed指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测，表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。因此，You must see her last night的说法是错误的。She must have met a ghost yesterday. 她昨天一定碰见过鬼了。He must have been there last week.他上周一定在那儿。His score on the English test is the highest in the class; he must have studied last night.他这次英语测试的成绩全班最高。他昨晚一定在好好学习。2） cant/couldnt + have + V-edcant/couldnt + have + V-ed为must + have + V-ed的否定形式，指现在对过去已发生的事或可能出现的情况进行推断和猜测，表示过去不可能发生某事。They cant have come here in their car yesterday, for it was then under repair.他们昨天不可能开车到这里，因为那时他们的车还正在修理当中。The room is in a mess; it cant/couldnt have been cleaned.3） may/might + have + V-ed表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了。He may/might have chosen another career if he had had enough money to further his education.如果他那时有足够的钱继续受教育，他也许会选择另一个职业。I might have fulfilled the work earlier. 我本可以早一些完成这件工作的。4） ought to/should + have + V-ed和ought not/shouldnt + have + V-ed对以发生的情况表示“不满”、“责备”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”I wonder why they havent arrived yet. I told them how to get there, but perhaps I ought/should give them a map.（含有“后悔”或“自责”之意）You ought to have told me that yesterday.你早在昨天就该把那件事告诉我了。5） neednt + have + V-ed表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。You neednt have hurried.She neednt have come in person- a letter would have been enough.You neednt have done all those calculations. We have a computer to do that sort of thing.1 4用在was/were, planned, intended, hoped, wished + 不定式完成体表示事实上并未实现的计划或行为。（详见3.3不定式完成体）We were to have started at 8 last night, but it snowed heavily.They intended to have gone camping, but they later cancelled it.I hoped to have finished it last week, but I was too busy.练习1. Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone them. （2002年12月）A) discovers B) discovered C) will discover D) would have discovered2. In fact，Peter would rather have left for San Francisco than _ in New York.（2002年6 月）A) to stay B) staying C) stayed D) having stayed3. There has been a great increase in retail sales，_？（2002年6月）A) does there B) hasnt there C) isnt it D) isnt there4. The boy spent as much time watching TV as he _ studying. （2002年1月）A) doesB) hadC) was D) did 5. The article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. （2002年1月） A) is B) wereC) be D) was 6. By the end of this month, we surely _ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A) have found B) will be foundC) will have found D) are finding7. The conference _ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lasted B) will have lastedC) would last D) has lasted 8. -May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five oclock tonight? -Im sorry. M. Williams _ to a conference long before then. （2000年6月）A) had gone B) would have gone C) has gone D) will have gone 9. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _ too long.（2000年1月）A) has been reading B) had read C) is reading D) read10. The careless man received a ticket for speeding. He have driven so fast. （2002年12月）A) cant B) mustnt C) wouldnt D) shouldnt11. Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner _ at the very moment of the crash. （2002年6月）A) ought to die B) must have died C) must be dying D) should have died12. You _ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. （2000年6月）A) shouldnt have been following B) couldnt have been following C) mustnt follow D) shouldnt follow13. The construction of the laboratory by the end of this year.A) will have completed B) will have been completedC) will be completed D) will completed14. Jack has just phoned to say that he back till Sunday next week.A) doesnt come B) will comeC) hasnt come D) isnt coming15. Take the umbrella in case it . A) is raining B) is going to rain C) rains D) will rain16. By the end of last year, I in this university for ten years.A) had worked B) workedC) was working D) would work17. Pick me up at 9 oclock. I my bath by then.A) can have had B) will have had C) will be having D) may have18. I a glass while I the dinner.A) brokewas cooking B) was breakingwas cookingC) was breakingcooked D) brokecooked19. “Michael left for New York this morning.” “Oh, I thought he until next week.”A) hadnt been going B) wasnt going C) isnt going D) wont be going 20. It has been a long time since they last each other.A) were meeting B) were to meet C) met D) meet21. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they better health.A) had enjoyed B) are enjoying C) have been enjoying D) could have enjoyed22. You should have put the milk in the ice-box; I expect it undrinkable by now.A) had become B) become C) has become D) became 23. This is one of the rarest questions that at such a meeting.A) are raised B) have ever been raised C) is raised D) has ever been raised24. When he hurried to the airport, he found, to his great disappointment, his ticket at home.A) to have been left B) had left C) were left D) had been left 25. The novel is said into seven languages including Russian.A) to have been translated B) to be translatedC) have translated D) having translated26. We our own business, but we never had enough money.A) hoped to have started B) hoped to start C) hope to started D) hope to have started27. when she started complaining.A) No sooner had he arrived B) Scarcely did he arrive C) Hardly had he arrived D) Not until he arrived28. There was a knock at the door, it was the second time someone me that evening.A) would have interrupted B) to be interrupted C) to have interrupted D) had interrupted29. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you advertisements showing happy, balanced families.A) have often seen B) will often seeC) often see D) are often seeing30. They hurried there only to find the meeting cancelled. In fact, they at all.A) need to have gone B) wouldnt have gone C) neednt have gone D) mustnt have gone第二章 被动语态(Passive Voice)21 主动态表示被动意义1）一般说来，表示被动意义要用被动态，构成被动态的动词必须是及物动词，不及物动词是没有被动态的。但是，英语里有些不及物动词在SV(A)结构中却含有被动意义，用来表示主语的某种特征、属性。Enamel wares clean easily. 搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。This box doesnt close properly. 这箱子关不拢。These apples cook well 这些苹果适于烹煮。This metal cuts easily. 这种金属容易切削。The pipe does not draw well. 这烟斗不大畅通。Nylon dries quickly. 尼龙织物干得快。This material does not dye well. 这料子染不好。It eats well. 这东西吃上去味道好。The hall soon filled 那大厅不久便坐满了人。Damp Wood will not fire. 潮湿的木头不会着火。This wheat grinds well. 这种麦子很好磨。The brake does not grip properly. 刹车不灵。This car handles well. 这车很好驾驶。The door wont lock 门锁不上。The cow milks well. 这头母牛出奶率高。These books pack easily. 这些书易于包装。These potatoes peel easily. 这些土豆皮很容易剥。His new novel is selling well. 他的新小说销路良好。The window wont shut 这窗关不上。Some kinds of wood split easily. 有些木材容易劈开。Some kinds of food soon spoil. 有些食物很容易变坏。This linen c1oth spots easily. 这麻布容易沾污。White clothes stain easily. 白色衣服容易弄脏。The damp match wont strike. 这潮湿的火柴擦不着。This paper tears easily 这种纸一撕就破。 Not every idiom translates with such ease. 不是每个习语都能这样容易地译出来。The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。This material wont wear. 这种材料不耐久。The door wont open. 这门打不开。从以上的例子可以看出，句中的谓语动词具有下面的三个特点之一：谓语动词用否定式；动词之后有副词或小品词；动词之后有形容词或介词短语。2）当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时，表示的是被动意义。The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。The floor requires washing. = The floor requires to be washed.地板需要冲洗。22 带宾语分句的句子转换成被动态带宾语分句（主要是that分句）的句子可以转换为两种被动句型。【例如】People think that she is honest. (a) It is thought that she is honest. (b) She is thought to be honest. (c)(b) 以it作形式主语，将(a)中的动词变为被动态，保留(a)中的that分句；(c)将分句的主语变成被动句中的主语，将(a)中的动词变为被动态，再将(a)中的that分句改为不定式短语，放在被动态后面。能这样用的动词主要有：think, consider, assume, suppose, say, report, acknowledge, feel, believe, find, presume, know, understand, etc.如果that分句的动词是进行体，这时分句要改为不定式进行体。They suppose that she is coming. It is supposed that she is coming. She is supposed to be coming.They supposed that she was coming. It was supposed that she was coming. She was supposed to be coming.如果that分句的动作或状态发生在主句之前，这时分句要改为不定式完成体。People feel that little was done to prevent the accident It is felt that little was done to prevent the accident. Little is felt to have been done to prevent the accident.They report that both sides have reached an agreement. It is reported that both sides have reached an agreement. Both sides are reported to have reached an agreement.People think that she was honest. It is thought that she was honest. She is thought to have been honest.23 短语动词的被动语态短语动词通常被视为一个整体，转化为被动语态时，词组内的介词、副词、名词等不能拆散或省略。The old house will b
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