电大建筑结构期末复习参考资料.doc

电大建筑结构期末复习参考资料小抄一、 判断题（）1.钢筋混凝土构件采用HRB335级钢筋时，混凝土强度等级不宜低于C15。（）2.同截面、同材料、同纵向钢筋的螺旋箍筋钢筋混凝土柱的承载力比普通箍筋钢筋混凝土柱的承载力低。（）3.在正常实用极限状态实用设计表达式中，不需考虑结构重要性系数。（）4.受弯构件的斜截面承载力随剪跨比的增大而减少。（）5.受弯构件的配筋率是钢筋截面面积与构件的全截面面积之比。（） 6.计算剪跨比为集中荷载作用点至支座的距离a和梁有效高度h0的比值。（）7.配筋率是钢筋截面面积与结构的全截面面积之比。（）8.斜拉破坏多发生在剪跨比较大或腹筋配置过少时。（）9.剪压破坏是塑性破坏，斜拉破坏和斜压破坏是脆性破坏。（）10.小偏压构件中离轴力较远一侧的钢筋，破坏时，不论其受压或受拉，其应力一般都达不到屈服强度。（）11.结构的极限状态分成承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态。（）12.可以通过最小配筋率来防止剪压破坏的发生。（）13.混凝土受压区高度超过翼缘高度的为第二类T形截面。（）14.其他条件相同时，采用水泥砂浆与混合砂浆砌筑的砌体强度相等。（）15.在预应力混凝土构件中，可采用高强度等级的钢筋和混凝土。（）16.规范按照房屋的屋盖和楼盖类别和横墙间距划分砌体结构的静力计算方案。（）17.纵向框架承重有利于增加房屋横向刚度，但主梁截面尺寸较大。（）18.弹性静力计算方案的结构，在水平荷载作用下，屋面结构可看成外纵墙的不动铰支座。二、选择题1.我国规范采用（A）强度作为混凝土各种力学指标的代表值。 A.立方体抗压强度标准值 B.轴心抗压强度C.轴心抗拉强度 D.劈拉强度2.对于有明显流幅的钢筋，其设计强度取值的依据一般是（C）。 A.最大应变对应的应力 B.极限抗拉强度C.屈服强度 D.比例极限3.混凝土的强度等级为C30，则下列说法正确的是（A）。 A.其立方体抗压强度标准值达到了30N/mm2B.其轴心抗压强度达到了30N/mm2C.其立方体抗压强度标准值达到了30N/m2D.其轴心搞拉强度达到了30N/m24.永久荷载效应控制的内力组合，其永久荷载和活荷载的分项系数取为（A）。 A.1.35T 1.4 B.1.2和1.4C.1.2和1.3 D.1.2和1.355.在一类环境类别下，梁的保护层的最小厚度规定为（B）。 A.不小于钢筋直径和20mm B. 不小于钢筋直径和25mm C. 不小于钢筋直径和30mm D. 不小于钢筋直径和40mm6.一类环境中，布置有单排纵向受力钢筋的梁，其截面有效高度一般可取（B）。 A.h-60 B.h-35 C.h-20 D.h7.受弯混凝土构件，若其纵筋配筋率小于最小配筋率，我们一般称之为（B）。 A.适筋梁 B.少筋梁 C.超筋梁 D.无腹筋梁8.一般受弯构件当V0.7bh0t时（C）。 A.可直接按最小配箍率配箍B.直接按规范构造要求的最大箍筋间距和最小箍筋直径配箍率C.按箍筋的最大间距和最小直径配筋，并验算最小配箍率D.按计算配箍9.轴心受压构件的稳定系数主要与（C）有关。 A.混凝土强度 B.配筋率 C.长细比 D.荷载10.双筋矩形截面梁，正截面承载力计算公式的第二个适用条件的物理意义是（C）。 A防止出现超筋破坏 B.防止出现少筋破坏C.保证受压钢筋达到规定的抗压设计强度D.保证受拉钢筋达到规定的抗拉设计强度11.混凝土规范规定，当矩形截面偏心受压构件的长细比l0/h(C)时，可以取=1。A.8 B.17.5 C.5 D612.对于对称配筋的钢筋混凝土受压柱，大小偏压构件的判断条件是（C）。 A.时，为大偏压构件 B.时，为大偏压构件C.时，为大偏压构件 D.时，为大偏压构件13.普通砖砌体结构，构件截面面积A0.3时，其强度设计值应乘以调整系数（C）。 A.0.75 B.0.89 C.0.7+A D.0.914.影响砖砌体抗压强度的因素有（C）。 A.砂浆的强度等级是影响砌体抗压强度的主要因素B.砂浆的品种对砌体的抗压强度没有影响C.提高砖的厚度可以提高砌体的抗压强度D.砌筑质量好坏对砌体强度没有影响15.适筋梁的破坏特征是（D）。 A.破坏前无明显的预兆 B.受压钢筋先屈服，后压区混凝土被压碎C.是脆性破坏 D.受拉钢筋先屈服，后压区混凝土被压碎16.在钢筋混凝土双筋梁和大偏压构件的正截面承载力计算中，要求受压区高度，目的是为了（A）。 A.保证受压钢筋在破坏时能达到其抗压强度设计值 B.防止受压钢筋压屈C.避免保护层剥落 D.保证受压钢筋在破坏时候能达到其极限抗压强度17.条件满足的无腹筋梁，发生斜压、剪压、斜拉破坏形态时，梁的斜截面抗剪承载力的大致关系是（A）。 A.斜压破坏的承载力剪压破坏的承载力斜拉破坏的承载力B.剪压破坏的承载力斜压破坏的承载力斜拉破坏的承载力C.斜拉破坏的承载力斜压破坏的承载力剪压破坏的承载力D.剪压破坏的承载力斜拉破坏的承载力斜压破坏的承载力18.在排架结构中，上柱柱间支撑和下柱柱间支撑的设置位置合理的是（B）。 A.上柱柱间支撑设在伸缩缝区段中部的柱间B.上柱柱间支撑设在伸缩缝区段中部和两端的柱间C.下柱柱间支撑设在伸缩缝区段两端的柱间D.下柱柱间支撑设在伸缩缝区段中部和两端的柱间19.（A）房屋的静力计算时，墙、柱可作为以屋盖（楼盖）为不动铰支座的竖向构件计算。 A.刚性方案 B.弹性方案C.刚弹性方案 D.刚性和刚弹性方案三、简答题1.试述随着配筋率的变化，梁的正截面破坏形式的变化。答：随着配筋率的增大，出现少筋适筋、超筋三种破坏形式，少筋梁的破坏特征为一旦出现裂缝，裂缝迅速开展，构件即宣告破坏；适筋梁的破坏特征为受拉钢筋先屈服，后压区混凝土被压碎，为塑性破坏，破坏前有预兆；超筋梁的破坏特征为受压区混凝土被压碎，此时受拉钢筋尚未达到屈服强度，少筋和超筋破坏均为脆性破坏。2.适筋梁从加荷开始到构件破坏经历的三个阶段分别是什么？每一个阶段末的应力状态可以作为什么验算的依据？答：1）第一阶段一弹性阶段，此阶段截面的应力状态是抗裂验算的依据。2）第二阶段一带裂缝工作阶段，此阶段截面的应力状态可以作为裂缝宽度和变形验算的依据。3）第三阶段一破坏阶段，这时的应力状态可作为构件承载力计算的依据。3.简述大小偏压的破坏特征。答：大偏心受压构件的破坏特征为受拉钢筋先屈服，后受压区混凝土被压碎和受压钢筋屈服，为塑性破坏，破坏前有明显预兆，钢筋强度得以充分利用；小偏压构件破坏特征为受压区混凝土被压碎，受压钢筋屈服，而受拉钢筋不论受压或受拉，均未达到屈服强度，为脆性破坏，受拉钢筋强度得不到充分利用。4.简述梁的斜截面的三种破坏形态及其破坏条件。答：梁斜截面的三种破坏形态及其破坏条件：1)剪跨比较小时或剪跨比适中但配箍率过大时，发生斜压破坏；2）剪跨比较大或配箍率较小时，发生斜拉破坏；3）剪跨比适中，配箍率合适时，发生剪压破坏。5.在受弯构件的设计中，为什么不允许出现少筋梁和超筋梁？答：少筋梁的破坏特征为一旦出现裂缝，裂缝迅速开展，构件即宣告破坏；超筋梁的破坏特征为受压区混凝土被压碎，此时受拉钢筋尚未达到屈服强度；少筋和超筋破坏均为脆性破坏，破坏前没有预兆，因此在受弯构件的设计中不允许出现少筋梁和超筋梁。6.砌体房屋的静力计算方案可划分为哪三种？规范是如何划分静力计算方案的？答：按照房屋空间刚度的大小房屋的静力计算方案可划分为弹性方案、刚性方案和刚弹性方案。为便于应用，规范按照屋盖（楼盖）的类别和横墙的间距来划分静力计算方案。四计算题1.单筋矩形截面简支梁，截面尺寸bh=250500mm，采用C30砼，HRB335级纵向受力钢筋，承受弯距设计值M=250kNm的作用，已在受拉区配置有4根直径25mm的钢筋（As=1964mm2），试验算截面安全与否。已知，min=0.2%，b=0.550，h0=465mm，。解： 1.验算梁是否会超筋 2.验算梁是否会少筋不会少筋梁3.计算梁的承载力=225.42KN-mM=250KN-m梁截面不安全。2.某轴心受压柱，截面尺寸bh=400mm500mm,此柱承受的轴力设计值N=4000KN,计算长度0=4m,采用C35砼，HRB400级纵向受力钢筋，试校核此柱是否安全。 已知：810121.00.980.95提示：。解： 1.计算柱的长细比 2.查表得柱的稳定性系数 =0.98 计算NU NU=0.90.98（16.7400500+3601964） =35.69KNN=4000KN 此柱不安全。3.某单层食堂，横墙间距S=25m，为刚性方案，H0H，外纵墙承重且每3.3m开间有一个2.1m的窗洞，墙高H=4.2m，墙厚370mm，砂浆采用M5。试验算外纵墙的高厚比是否满足要求。=24答案：外纵墙的高厚比满足要求。请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the National Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time. I met my dear hubby in 2009 the second year I was in my school and it was the first year when he came here. We became colleagues. And there was nothing special happening during that year. He was just a kind and humble brother graduated from the same college as me. But we did not know each other till he became my colleague and his office desk was just in front of me. There was only a glass between us. So actually we could see each other when we both look up. But it is not the main reason that really draws us close. How we become close to each other was something seems quite natural. We went out to play badminton with other colleagues and we sometimes chatted for a while. He is a man of few words but somehow sometimes will say something really humorous. Then one day, to my great surprise, I found a pot of beautiful flower on my desk. It was just the flower I had talked about with my colleague the other day, and I thought it was her who put the flower there. But the truth is not. It was the humble guy sitting in front of me. He just simply said ,”well, I caught sight of this flower and thought that its beautiful and you may like it”. I wonder why I was moved because of these simple words and present. Maybe it is the sincerity and the true self that impress me. I thanked him and some colleagues walked past my desk would appreciate the beautiful flower and they noticed that something romance happened there. Then later on, there were some little surprises once in a while. Once, there was something wrong with my drawer and I had complained about it unconsciously. And he fixed it for me. Then the other day, he placed several pink diamond roses beside the flower with a piece of paper saying” I love you more than I can say! Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. I hope you are mine, become my wife. You are the only girl who I really want to spend the rest of my life to stand by.” Although there were some grammar errors but I got what he meant. He meant so clear and so direct. And actually, I accepted him some days earlier. I was just waiting for him to break the ice. So finally, the common interests and the common understanding brought us together. Some people say the relationship and the feeling will change after getting hitched. You will find that love is no longer strong and there is always lack of passion and whats worse you may find out many bad habits of your partner, which never appear when you are first in love before the marriage. It seems that many faults turn up after you truly living together and see each others face the moment you open your eyes in the early morning. But after almost 4 years from now, I do not feel any negative change in our relationship. During all these years, we know each other better and we become more tolerant about each other and I realize that if you really love a person you will accept his imperfect. And what is the qualification of a good husband? Once I was chatting with my colleague about this issue. And one of the qualifications I thought was that he must be a good cook. But to my surprise, my colleague said that a good husband must be someone who makes big money. What made her think so was quite beyond me. Maybe I am not sophisticated enough and what I want is just simple life style. The most enjoyable thing is that we go to the market to buy vegetables and other daily stuffs if we both have time. Maybe he is a housebound husband and I love housebound man. And there is another reason why We love going to the market. That is because we sometimes will get some surprises. The surprise is saving little fish which are disserted by the fish mongers. Because these fish are swellfish. Then we will collect them and set them free into the river. Swellfish are lovely creature. When they look like a little submarine when they are swimming in the water and look like a meat ball when you hold them in your hand. And if they are scared, they will swell and look like a little ball. Every time we see them swim away and we feel their happiness of returning home and this also make us cherish life. Maybe some will consider these behavior as something childish. Well, that is fine with us. We love doing these together and feel happy that is what it is all about. My dear hubby is a kind hearted man and he love animals just as I do. I am lucky to have someone who can be both my intimated soul mate and my forever friend.