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目录概述 .1第一讲 句子 . 2第二讲 名词 . 4 第三讲 冠词 . 7第四讲 代词 . 9第五讲 形容词和数词 . 11第六讲 副词 . 14第七讲 介词 . 15第八讲 连词 . 17第九讲 动词 . 18第十讲 语法的基本概念 . 20第十一讲 一般现在时 . 22第十二讲 现在进行时 . 24第十三讲 一般过去时 . 26第十四讲 一般将来时 . 28第十五讲 句法 . 30第十六讲 话题 . 32概述英语语法是什么：英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，英语语法系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。英语语法是分类的，分为词法和句法。小学英语语法和初高中相比较，只是在语法数量和难易程度上有差别。英语有些方面是有一些规律可循的，但是英语还有它另外一个显著的特点，那就是知识点的零碎、分散。万丈高楼从地起，想要学好英语，那就需要注重英语基础。基础打牢才会越学越轻松。对于小学语法的讲解，将会从词法、句法、时态三个方面展开：【词法】八大词法：名词 形容词 副词 代词 动词 数词 介词 冠词【句法】七种句型：陈诉句、疑问句（一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句）祈使句 、被动句、There be句型 、 if条件句、感叹句【时态】四种时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时第一讲：句子第二讲：名词名词的定义：名词是指表示人和事物名称的词，可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。一：名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词1、专有名词：特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。e.g. Jim Green， New York， Bank of China，Peking University星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。e.g. Monday，May，Christmas，Spring Festival，Maths，China Daily2、普通名词：表示一类人或物或抽象概念的名称。普通名词又可以分为四类:个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student , desk集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：class , family 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water , rice , sand，hair抽象名词 表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love ，carelessness个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式；物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。注 意： 集体名词被看作一个整体时，表达单数概念。e.g. His family was well known in the town. 他家在镇里是名门望族。 集体名词被看作若干个体的集合时，表达复数概念。e.g. His family are waiting for him. 她的家人正在等他。 集体名词表达多个集体时，也有复数形式。e.g. Our village is made up of 300 families. 我们村有300户人家。二： 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants3、 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 练习：bus- lunch- car- man-toy- family- potato- life-child- Chinese- fox- baby-1. There some wine in the bottle. A. is B. are C. be D. being2. Mice afraid of cats. A. is B. are C. was D. be3. Mathematics my favourite subject. A. is B. are C. be D. were4. My father has almost . A. two hundred sheep B. two hundred sheeps C. two hundreds sheep D. two hundreds sheeps5. There are in the park. A. six child B. six childs C. six children D. six childrens第三讲：冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：不定冠词a，an用在单数可数名词前面，泛指一类人或物中的任何一个。1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：定冠词the用在单数或复数可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前。1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：零冠词：名词前不用冠词的情况。1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.练习：1. There is _notebook on my desk. I use _ notebook to keep a diary.2. There is _bottle on the table. _ water in it is sweet.3. Wangs mother is _English teacher. She teaches in _ primary school.4. China is _ ancient country with _ long history.5. China has _ population of 12 hundred million. _ Chinese people are _ great people.6. Her mother is _ university teacher. She is _ honest woman.7. None of _books should be taken out of _ room without _ permission of _ librarian.8. _Party always teaches us to work for _ people heart and soul.9. She studies at _No. 3 Middle School. She goes to _ school by _ bus every day.10. My elder sister is _student of _ English. She studies at _ college.11. _ Monday before _ Spring Festival was very cold.12. Have you had _dinner? 13. He lives in _ Shanghai.14. She is wearing _ sunglasses.15. Are you _ busy?16. I have _ money.17. Does Lisa want to be _ actress?18. Ori is _ best student in our class.19. Are those your _ shoes?20. My sister is playing _ piano. 第四讲：代词1、人称代词：表示“我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们”的词。我你他她它我们你们他们主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem主格一般用在句子开头做主语，通常用在动词前。e.g. I am a student. They are cleaning the classroom.宾格可以用来表示动作行为的对象，一般用在动词和介词后面。e.g. Ask her, please. Listen to me carefully.2、物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名 词 性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs形容词性物主代词后面一般要带上名词。如：my watch, his cousin, our school名词性物主代词本身就可以看作是名词，故其后不能再加名词，可单独使用。e.g. Is that your bike？ No. Mine is blue. 3、不定代词：没有明确指定代替某个（些）人或物的词叫不定代词。(1)some和any都表示“一些”，既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 some多用在肯定句中，any多用在否定句和疑问句中。e.g. There are some flowers in the garden. （肯定句）There isnt any milk in the fridge. （否定句）Do you have any hobbies? （疑问句） 在表示邀请和希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中也要用some。e.g. Would you like some coffee? Yes, please. （邀请） Mum, can I have some peaches? Sure.（希望对方给予肯定回答）（2）both和all both表示“两个都”，只指代或修饰可数名词。e.g. We are both policemen.（强调两人） all表示“三个或三个以上都”，既可指代或修饰可数名词，也可指代或修饰不可数名词。e.g. They are all in the room.（至少三人）（3）many和much都表示“许多”，many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。e.g. My uncle has many stamps. There is much tea in the cup.（4）each和every each强调个人，指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”；every是指许多人或事物的“全体”，与all的意思相近。e.g. Ill buy a present for each of her parents. 我要为她的父母每人买一件礼物。 Every book in his study is interesting. 他书房里的每本书都很有趣。（5）other 作形容词时意思是“其他的”，指尚未提到的部分，其后一般接复数名词。e.g. We study Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects.（6）something和everything something 某事；某物 e.g. I want something to drink. everything 一切事物；每样事物 e.g. Tell me everything about you.（7） nobody 没有人 e.g. She likes nobody and nobody likes her.4、疑问代词：用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词，一般放在疑问句的句首。what问什么Whats your name? My name is Tom. What colour问颜色What colour is your coat? Its red. what day问星期What day is it today? Its Monday.what date问日期What date is it today? Its the first of June.what shape问形状What shape is the moon? Its round.whatjob问工作Whats your fathers job? Hes a bus driver.what time问时间What time is it? Its ten oclock.when问时候When is your birthday? Its on the first of May.which问哪个Which is your watch, this one or that one? That one.where问地点Where is my pen? Its on the floor.who问谁Who is the boy with big eyes? Hes Liu Tao.whose问谁的Whose bag is this? Its Helens.why问原因Why are you absent today? Im ill.how问方式How do you go to school? By bus.how many问数量How many books are there? There are five.how much问价钱How much is it? Twenty yuan.how old问年龄How old are you? Im twelve.how far问距离How far is it from here? Its about one kilometer.how about问情况Im thirsty. How about you? Me, too.5、指示代词 this（这个）、these（这些）表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。 that（那个）、those（那些）表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。选择题：1. Ori and Mari are good friends. _ study together.A. They B. She C. He D. Them2. Mari and I are from England. _ are English.A. They B. We C. She D. It3. I am going to play tennis with _.A. She B. her C. he D. his4. Mari: Where is my pencil? Ori: _ is on the sofa.A. It B. One C. They D. Its5. Ori: Do you have a computer? Mari: Yes, I have _ .A. it B. them C. one D. ones第五讲：形容词和数词形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。它的位置通常放在被修饰的名词前，也可以放在be动词和look、feel、taste、sound、get之后。一、形容词的种类1. 用来表示性质或状态的描述形容词 Love is blue. (爱情是忧郁的。)2. 指代事物的指示形容词 That student is smart. (那个学生很聪明)3. 属于数量形容词的不定量形容词（1） 表示“数”的形容词用来修饰可数名词 many(很多的) There are many dogs in the park. a few (几个，一些) I have a few tickets. few(几乎没有的) I have few friends.（2） 表示“量”的形容词用来修饰不可数名词 much(很多的) There is much milk in the bottle. a little(一点的) There is a little soup in the bowl. Little(几乎没有的) There is little soup in the bowl.（3） 可数与不可数名词均可修饰 some, any, a lot of (=lots of), no She has some friends. She has some money.4. 属于数量形容词的数词（1） 基数词：1，2，3.这些表示基本数字的词 one, two, three, four, five.基数词：表示数目多少。基数词变序数词记忆口诀：一、二、三，需要记，八去t，九省e，ve结尾时，f来代替，ty结尾时，y变ie，再加th，若是几十几，前基后序别忘记。1one11eleven21twenty-one2two12twelve22twenty-two3three13thirteen30thirty4four14fourteen40forty5five15fifteen50fifty6six16sixteen60sixty7seven17seventeen70seventy8eight18eighteen80eighty9nine19nineteen90ninety10ten20twenty100hundred注意：数字“0”可以读作“zero”，也可以读作字母“o”。（2）序数词：第一、第二、第三.这些表示顺序的词 first(1st), second(2nd), third(3rd), fourth(4th).序数词：表示顺序先后。1stfirst11theleventh21sttwenty-first2ndsecond12thtwelfth22ndtwenty-second3rdthird13ththirteenth30ththirtieth4thfourth14thfourteenth40thfortieth5thfifth15thfifteenth50thfiftieth6thsixth16thsixteenth60thsixtieth7thseventh17thseventeenth70thseventieth8theighth18theighteenth80theightieth9thninth19thnineteenth90thninetieth10thtenth20thtwentieth100thhundredth（2） 倍数词：一倍，两倍，三倍等表示倍数的词在英语中，形容词有三个等级，即原级、比较级和最高级。1、表示两者“等同”时用原级，结构为：as原级as，表示“xx和xx一样”e.g. Are you as tall as your twin sister? 其否定形式结构为：notas原级as，表示“xx和xxx不一样”e.g. Im not as tall as you. 2、表示两者“比较”时用比较级，结构为：比较级than，表示“xx比xxx更” e.g. Hes one year younger than me. 形容词比较级的构成规则： 一般在词尾加er e.g. taller，longer，stronger，younger 以字母e结尾，只加r e.g. latelater，nicenicer 以辅音字母y结尾，变y为i，再加er e.g. heavyheavier 双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er e.g. fatfatter，thinthinner，bigbigger 双音节和多音节词的比较级，在原级前加moree.g. more beautiful，more careful 不规则变化 e.g. good-better，many / much-more，far-farther，bad / ill-worse3、 三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较，用形容词最高级。结构为：the + 形容词最高级 in/of等表示范围的短语，表示“最”。e.g. Autumn is the best season in New York.She is the tallest girl of our three.练习：1. Shanghai is _than Beijing. It is _ city in our country. (large) 2. Bill isnt as _ as Mike. Tom is _ than Mike. Who is _ of the three boys? (old) 3. Mary draws as _ as Bill, and she is much _ than him at singing. (well, good) 4. Spring is coming. The weather is getting _ and _.(warm) 5. Tom, Jon and I bought a computer each last week. Johns computer is much _ than Toms and mine. It is _ of the three. (expensive)1. Mari has _.A. few friends B. a few friends C. little friend D. a little friends2. Does Mari have _?A. many book B. many books C. much book D. much books 3. There _ in the parking lot.A. was a lot of car B. was a lot of cars C. were a lot of car D. were a lot of cars4. How _ there in the bottle?A. many wine is B. many wines are C. much wine is D. much wines are5. There _ in this lake.A. isnt many water B. isnt much water C. arent many waters D. arent much water第六讲：副词定义：副词是一种用来修饰动词或形容词的词，说明时间、程度、方式等概念。大多数副词都可以放在动词后面。e.g. dance beautifully，listen carefully，sit quietly，speak loudly，very happy副词的分类：大部分副词的形态都是：“形容词ly” 部分副词的形态与其形容词一致1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, why翻译句子1. This is a hard work.2. He works very hard.3. I had an breakfast.4. Snow fell early this winter.5. I havent seen him lately.6. He studied very hard.7. He could hardly speak French.第七讲：介词定义：介词又叫前置词，是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词，它一般放在名词、代词（宾格）或动词（动词ing形式）前面。1、in 在里面。如：in the classroom in颜色，穿着颜色的衣服。如：Whos the man in white? in语言，用某种语言说。如：Whats this in English? 在上午、下午、晚上。如：in the morning，in the afternoon，in the evening 在年、月、季节前。如：in 2008，in August，in summer 在国家、城市和较大的地方前。如：in China，in Wuxi，in the playground 固定搭配。 如：in the middle of（在中间），do well in（擅长），in the day（在白天），take part in（参加），stay in bed（躺在床上），in the street（在街上）2、on在上面。 如：on the desk用在某一天（上、下午）前。如：on the 5th of May，on Sunday，on Monday morning以Day结尾的节日前。如： on Childrens Day，on New Years Day 固定搭配。如：on foot（步行），on duty（值日），put on（穿上），get on（上车）turn on（打开），on the right / left（在右边/左边），on the wall (在墙上)，on Zhongshan Road（在中山路上）注 意：树上长的水果用on the tree；不是树上长的外来物用in the tree。如：I can see a lot of apples on the tree. There is a boy in the tree. 3、at在某个时刻前。如：at seven oclock在传统节日前。如：at Spring Festival，at Mid-Autumn Festival，at Christmas在较小的地点。如：at the bus stop固定搭配。如：at once（立刻，马上），be good at（擅长），look at（看），at home（在家），at school（在学校）, at weekends（在周末）, at the back of（在后部）, at night（在夜晚）4、under 在下面 如：There is a cat under the table.5、behind 在后面 如：There is an umbrella behind the door.6、near 靠近 如：There is a park near my house.7、beside 在旁边 如：The students are standing beside the teacher.8、next to 紧靠旁边 如：The teachers office is next to our classroom.9、before （时间上）在之前 如： before class（上课前）10、after （时间上）在之后；依照固定搭配： after class（课后），after school（放学后），look after（照看），run after（追赶），read after me（跟我读）11、between 在两者之间 如：There are some trees between Building A and Building B.12、by 乘某种交通工具 如：by bus，by plane，by the way（顺便说一下）13、from be from = come from（来自） 如：Mr Smiths is/comes from Australia.fromto（从到）We go to school from Monday to
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