虚拟语气语法总结.doc

虚拟语气在英语文法中有三种语气，即直述式语气(Indicative Mood)、祈使语气 (Imperative Mood)和虚拟语气(Subjective Mood)，其中前两种我们早已熟悉了，这里则不多谈了，如： How beautiful she is! 则是直述式语气，而Hurry up! Dont hurry up 则是祈使语气。我们主要来看看虚拟语气的主要用法。虚拟语气主要是用来表达一种无法实现的愿望，一种与事实相反的情况，或者将不可能实现的，或可能性很小的事实，假想为事实予以表述。这样的动词结构称为虚拟语气。它主要有三种形式，即与现在事实相反的假设，与过去事实相反的假设，与将来事实相反的假设。它们具体结构如表。虚拟语气的构成种类条 件 句 结构主 句 结 构与现在事实相反动词用过去式be 动词用 wereShould/could动词原形would/might动词原形与过去事实相反的用had过去分词Should/couldhave过去分词would/mighthave过去分词与将来事实相反动词用过去式were to 加动词原形should 加动词原形should动词原形would动词原形虚拟语气其他习惯用法简表种类功用句型例句虚拟语气表示主观愿望主句谓语宾语从句谓语动词I wish we could go to the seaside today.wish现在过去式过去had+过去分词I wish I had gone to the basketball match.将来should+动词原形would+动词原形could+动词原形might+动词原形I wished I could fly to the moon.I wish you would stay here a little longer.would rather现在过去式I would rather you came to my party tomorrow.表示虚拟比较或方式状语从句从句动词形式She looked after the orphan as if he were here own child.as if, as though, even if 从句与现实相反过去式与过去相反had+过去分词Theyre talking as if they had been friends for many years.与将来相反should+动词原形would+动词原形could+动词原形might+动词原形The man looked worried, as though something would happen to him.that, so that, in order that从句may+动词原形might+动词原形can+动词原形could+动词原形Turn on the light so that I could see it clearly. I warned him in order that he might keep away from the danger.表示间接的命令、建议或请求宾语从句用于suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等之后(should)+动词原形They required that I (should) go at once. He suggested that the meeting (should) start earlier.表语从句主句中的主语常是：suggestion, idea, proposal, order, request等My suggestion is that we should tell him. Our only request is that this problem(should) be settled as soon as possible.同位语从句They received an order that the work be stopped.在主语从句中表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等It is necessary (important, natural, strange 等) that主语从句中的动词形式：It is necessary that every member remember these rules.It is a great pity that he should be so careless.It is suggested that we should get everything ready by tonight.It is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) thatshould+动词原形It is suggested (requested, proposed 等) that表示祝愿或愿望may+动词原形May you succeed!动词原形+宾语Long live the Peoples Republic of China!其他It is time that+主语+should+动词原形It is time that+主语+动词过去式Its time that you should go home now.It is high time that we left.1 语法辨析Incorrect: If I was a girl， I would marry youCorrect: If I were a girl， I would marry you表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，if条件句中的be动词一律用were，这句话应译为我要是个女孩，我就嫁给你。实际上不可能是个女孩。Incorrect: If I were you I will not worryCorrect: If I were you I shouldnt worry现在时的虚拟语气主句要用should 或would 加动词原形，这句话应译为我要是你的话，就没有必要烦恼。要注意这种语态用在这里实际上是想把要讲出的观点表达得婉转些，有礼貌些。Incorrect: God forgives you!Correct: God forgive you!这里的主语 God 是第三人称单数，之所以动词不加 s 是因为要表达一种祝愿，即人力所不能及的事情，实际上是 forgive前有一助动词should， May 等，但在口语中将其省略了。如： May you be happy 祝你幸福。Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday,we would have gone to the zooCorrect: If the weather had been nice yesterday， we would have gone to the zoo因句中有 yesterday 一词即表示的是与过去相反的事实，即昨天天气很不好，我们也未去动物园，所以 if 条件句应用 had过去分词。Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walkCorrect: If it was (were) not snowing right now， I would go for a walk虚拟语态 be 动词作助动词时，则可用was来取代were， 如 was to。虚拟语态中的动词如果是表示正在进行之中也要用进行时态。Incorrect: If you had taken my advice,you would have been better nowCorrect: If you had taken my advice,you would be better now这句话的意思是如果你以前要是能听我的忠告的话，你现在就会好多了。其条件句是与过去事实相反的虚拟句，而主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟句，这在语法书中叫做混合虚拟条件句。例如： If I had caught that plane， I would be dead now 即： The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killedIncorrect: He were you， he would go home at onceCorrect: Were he you， he would go home at onceCorrect: If he were you， he would go home at once在虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，但if省略后其句子的结构要采用倒装语序。Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think?Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me， what might she think?这句话中没有if条件句，但仍要用作虚拟语态。这里因为有些分词或介词短语，起到了从句的作用。这些短语有： without， providing, supposing， but for(you)Incorrect: To see the girl， you will like herCorrect: To see the girl， you would like her这里的条件句是用不定式取代了。Incorrect: Im sorry I did have come here by carCorrect: Im sorry I should have come here bycar这里的条件句被省略了，其意为我真应该坐小车来。同样在句意不会混淆的情况下，主句也有时可以被省略，如：What if we should fail! (我们万一失败了如何)。 If he could do it, why not? (如果他能做，他怎么会不干呢?)Incorrect: If the earth were (was) to turn from east to west， I willgive you this car as a giftCorrect: If the earth were(was) to turn from east to west I would give you this car as a gift条件句中也常用were to 来表示说话者认为可能性极小或根本不可能的事。Incorrect: If youd have told him early， he would have passed the examCorrect: If you had told him early， he would have passed the exam非正式口语中往往听见外国人讲：d havepp (过去分词)但仍没有人认为它是正确的句子，不易为我们效仿。Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghostCorrect: The little girl looked as if she had seen a ghost要注意的是 as if 从句中如果用虚拟语气，它的用法要与 if条件句的动词结构相同，即与现在事实相反动词用过去式，be 动词用were，而与过去事实相反的动词用hadpp (过去分词)。另外更要注意的是，并非所有 as if 从句都要用虚拟语气。如： Itlooks as if it is going to snow (看天好像要下雪)即是真实条件句。Incorrect: I should have come here early， but I had beenbusyCorrect: I should have come here early but I wasbusybut 是转折连词，其后的句子是真实句，而不是虚拟句。Incorrect: To tell the truth， I wish I know her address nowCorrect: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress nowwish的宾语从句中要用虚拟结构，与现在事实相反的条件动词要用过去式，be动词用were，与过去事实相反的条件动词要用had过去分词。如： I wished I had passed that examIncorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he will do it better tomorrowCorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he would do it better tomorrowwish要用来表示对现状不满，希望将来有所改进，则要用would加动词原形。并非wish不能表达真正的祝愿，但是不能接从句，而要用双宾语，或不定式，如：I wish you luck (双宾语)I wish you to be a good studentI wish to see her at onceIncorrect: I wish it will not be another failureCorrect: I hope it will not be another failureCorrect: I wish it would not be another failure要注意 hope 与 wish 的不同用法。2 例题解析例1If he on tourists for his business， he would have to close his shopA dependsB will dependC dependedDhas depended答案C这是与现在事实相反的假设。应译为：如果他仅靠旅游来做生意的话，他早就要关门了。例2Had she been younger， shemore beautifulA had beenB might have beenC might beD would be答案B因其条件句是省去if的与过去事实相反的假设。例3If you thatTV play last night， you wouldnt be sleepyA havent watchedB didnt watchC hadnt watchedD wouldnt have watched答案C因是与过去事实相反的假设。应译为：昨晚你要是不看那个电视剧，你现在也不会这么困倦了。这是混合虚拟句，主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟。例4If it tomorrow， we will not go for the picnicA will rainB had rainedC rainedD rains答案D因其主句是将来时，所以条件句应用一般现在时表示将来。所以要注意的是有些真实条件句并没有虚拟的含意，不要乱用虚拟语态。例5We had hoped that wego home at onceA didB willC /D would答案D had hoped 用来表达对过去未能实现的愿望，其宾语从句要用would加动词原形。例6I want to see her todayId rather you A didntB do notC dontD do答案A d rather 其后如直接接动词则用动词原形。如加宾语从句则从句中谓语动词要用过去式。例7It is very late， Its timeA we have leftB we will leaveC we leftD we leave答案C要注意It is (high/about) time 其后可接 for something, 如：It is time for supper. 或 for somebody to do something 也可接从句，但从句中的谓语动词要用过去式，有时也可用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例8These typewritten papers are very neatI wish I type too， but I dont know howA canB mayC couldD will答案C因wish在从句中表示与现在相反的虚拟，所以要用would或could。例9It is important that hethis work at onceA doB doesC didD will do答案A虚拟语气可以用来表示要求、建议、提议、命令、意愿等。在Itis 形容词(过去分词) 从句的结构中，从句中的谓语动词要用should加动词原形，其should在美语中经常省略。这样的形容词有： important， necessary， strange， natural。这样的过去分词有： demanded, requested, suggested， required， recommended。例10The teacher ordered that the students herA obeysB obeyedC obeyingD obey答案D因带有命令要求口气的动词其宾语从句中的谓语动词也要用should加动词原形。其should在美语中则被省略。这样的动词有：ask， advise， demand， desire， insist， order， recommend, require， request， suggest例11She rejected my suggestion that sheher son the next weekA metB will meetC meetD would meet答案C因同位语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形。这是因为其前面的名词是由例10中的那些表示愿望、命令、建议的动词转化而来的。例12Whats the matter with her?I dont know but she looks shed lost her boy friendA thatB so thatC asD as if答案D其意为她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一样脸色不好看。例13You finally passed the examYes， your help. I would have not succeededA but thatB but forC but ifD thanks to答案B由but for， without， supposing 等短语或连接词也可以引出虚拟语态。例14 today， hewould get there by the weekendA Would he leaveB Was he leavingC Were he to leaveD If he leaves答案C如果条件句中if被省去，则要用倒装语序。be to在虚拟条件句中应用 were to 或 was to取代。例15I wish I totalk this over with him when he was here last nightA was ableB were ableC had been ableD should be able答案C在wish从句中要表达对过去事实的一种不可能实现的愿望时，要用 had 加过去分词。例16Jane appears as though shethe secretA knowsB has knownC is knowingD had known答案D这是对过去事实的假设，as though as if例17Her pale face suggested that sheill， and the teacher wanted to send her to the doctorsA beB should beC wereD was答案D因 suggest 作建议讲时其宾语从句要用虚拟语气，但是作暗示则不要用虚拟语态。例18Without electricity， human lifequite different todayA isB beC will beD would be答案D由 without 介词短语引出的虚拟条件句，其主句如表示与现在事实相反，则用should， would加动词原形。例19He insisted that hedo it aloneA wanted toB want toC should want toD wants to答案A如果主句的主语与宾语从句的主语是同一个人时，insist从句中则不宜用虚拟语态。例20If it so hard， wed go homeA isnt rainingB doesnt rainC werent rainingD isnt going to rain答案C因is raining的过去时应为was raining，但在虚拟条件句中最好用were raining。