《新托福测试题》word版.doc

阅读1.What is the main reason that people developed methods of refrigeration? They wanted to improve the flavor and nutritional value of food.They needed to slow the natural processes that cause food to spoil.They needed a use for the ice that formed on lakes and rivers.They wanted to expand the production of certain industries.2.The word perishable in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to capable of spoilinguncookedof animal originhighly nutritious3.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about cold storage before the invention of artificial refrigeration? It kept food cold for only about a week.It was dependent on a source of ice or snow.It required a container made of metal or wood.It was not a safe method of preserving meat.4.Artificial refrigeration involves all of the following processes EXCEPT the pumping of water vapor through a pipethe rapid expansion of certain gasesthe evaporation of a volatile liquidthe transfer of heat from one place to another5.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. It takes a lot of energy to transform a liquid into a vapor, especially when the vapor loses heat.Some gases expand rapidly and give off energy when they encounter a very cold THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATIONCold storage, or refrigeration, is keeping food at temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth of microorganismsbacteria, molds, and veastthat cause food to spoil. Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Before artificial refrigeration was invented, people stored perishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time. Preserving food by keeping it in an icefilled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Cold storage areas were built in basements, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed with ice. The ice was transported from mountains, or harvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and businesses.Artificial refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance, container, or enclosed area, to lower its temperature. The heat is moved from the inside of the container to the outside. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compressed, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder because the molecules of vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind have less energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air inside the refrigerator is chilled.Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in l748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In l805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. In l842, physician John Gorrie used Evanss design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellowfever patients in a Florida hospital. Gorrie later left his medical practice andliquid.When kinetic energy is changed to heat energy, liquid molecules turn into vapor molecules.During evaporation, the vapor molecules use energy, and the liquid becomes colder.6.According to the passage, who was the first person to use artificial refrigeration for a practical purpose? William CullenOliver EvansJohn GorrieAdolphus Busch7.The word it in paragraph 3 refers to printerrefrigeratortypeether8.Why does the author discuss the brewing industry in paragraph 4? To compare cave storage with mechanical refrigerationTo describe the unique problems that brewers facedTo praise the accomplishments of a prominent brewerTo show how refrigeration changed a whole industry9.The word constrained in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to restrictedspoiledimprovedalternated10.According to the passage, the first refrigerated railcar used what material as a cooling agent? EtherIceAmmoniaCFCs11.The word toxic in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toexperimented with ice making, and in l85l he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.Brewing was the first industry in the United States to use mechanical refrigeration extensively, and in the 1 870s, commercial refrigeration was primarily directed at breweries. German-born Adolphus Busch was the first to use artificial refrigeration at his brewery in St. Louis. Before refrigeration, brewers stored their beer in caves, and production was constrained by the amount of available cave space. Brewing was strictly a local business, since beer was highly perishable and shipping it any distance would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storage problem with the commercial vapor-compression refrigerator. He solved he shipping problem with the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which was insulated with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity. In solving Buschs spoilage and storage problems, refrigeration also revolutionized an entire industry. By 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with mechanical refrigerating machines.The refrigerators of today rely on the same basic principle of cooling caused by the rapid evaporation and expansion of gases. Until l929, refrigerators used toxic gasesammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxideas refrigerants. After those gases accidentally killed several people, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became the standard refrigerant. However, they were found to be harmful to the earths ozone layer, so refrigerators now use a refrigerant called HF134a, which is less harmful to the ozone. densepoisonousrareexpensive 12. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Gorries basic principle of compressing a gas, and then sending it through radiating coils to cool it, is the one most often used in refrigerators today. Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in 1748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In 1805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. B In 1842, physician John Gorrie used Evanss design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow-fever patients in a Florida hospital. C Gorrie later left his medical practice and experimented with ice making, and in 1851 he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. D In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vaporcompression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.1314. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Methods of refrigeration have changed throughout history.Answer ChoieesA refrigerator has an evaporator that makes the inside of the refrigerator cold.People used to preserve food by packing it with ice or snow in cold storage areas.Artificial refrigeration Was made possible by the compression and evaporation of a volatile substance.William Cullen developed a method of artificial refrigeration in 1748.Practical uses of vapor-compression refrigeration were introduced in the nineteenth century.CFCs have not been used as refrigerants since they were found to damage the earths ozone layer.15.According to the passage, how did Canadian English become a distinct variety of North American English? Linguists noticed that Canadians spoke a unique dialect.A large group of Loyalists settled in one region at the same time.Growth of the middle class led to a standard school curriculum.Canadians declared their language to be different from U.S. English.16.The word norms in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to patternshistorywordsideas17.The phrase a great deal in common with in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to different words forthe same problems asmany similarities toeasier pronunciation than18.In paragraph 2, what point does the author make about Canadian English? Canadian English is more similar to American than to British English.American and British visitors define Canadian English by their own norms.Canadian English has many words that are not in other varieties of English.Canadians speak English with an accent that Americans cannot understand.19.The phrase the two varieties in paragraph 3 refers to People who live outside North AmericanCanadian English and American EnglishGeneral Canadian and North AmericanBritish English and Canadian English20.The word spot in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to describeignorepreferCANADIAN ENGLISHCanadian English is a regional variety of North American English that spans almost the entire continent. Canadian English became a separate variety of North American English after the American Revolution, when thousands of Loyalists, people who had supported the British, left the United States and fled north to Canada. Many Loyalists settled in southern Ontario in the l780s, and their speech became the basis for what is called General Canadian, a definition based on the norms of urban middle-class speech.Modern Canadian English is usually defined by the ways in which it resembles and differs from American or British English. Canadian English has a great deal in common with the English spoken in the United States, yet many Americans identify a Canadian accent as British. Many American visitors to Canada think the Canadian vocabulary sounds Britishfor example, they notice the British “tap” and “braces” instead of the American “faucet” and “suspenders.” On the other hand, many British people identify a Canadian accent as American, and British visitors think the Canadians have become Americanized, saying “gas” and “truck” for “petrol” and “lorry.”People who live outside North America often find it difficult to hear the differences between Canadian and American English. There are many similarities between the two varieties, yet they are far from identical. Canadian English is instantly recognizable to other Canadians, and one Canadian in a crowded room will easily spot the other Canadian among the North Americans. There is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idioms. Canadian pronunciation reflects the experience of a people struggling for national identity against two strong influcaces. About 75 percent of Canadians use the British “zed” rather than the American “zee” for the name of the last letter of the alphabet. On the other hand, 75 percent of Canadians use the American pronunciation of “schedule,” find21.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Canadian English has been strongly influenced by both British and American English.Canada is the only nation where people can deliberately choose which pronunciation they prefer.Canadians have tried to distinguish themselves as a nation, and this effort is shown in their pronunciation.Many newcomers to Canada must work hard to master the national style of pronouncing English.22.All of the following words originated in North American Indian languages EXCEPT keroseneparkaCanadakayak23.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about vocabulary? Vocabulary is the most distinctive feature of Canadian English.World Standard English has a very large vocabulary.Canadians use more Noth American Indian words than Americans do.Much of the vocabulary for ice hockey originated in Canada.24.The author discusses the expression “eh” in paragraph 6 as an example of an idiom that uniquely characterizes Canadian speechan expression that few people outside Canada have hearda style of Canadian drama and literaturea word that cannot be translated into other languages“tomato,” and “missile.” The most obvious and distinctive feature of Canadian speech is probably its vowel sound, the diphthong “ou.” In Canada, “out” is pronounced like “oat” in nearby U.S. accents. There are other identifying features of Canadian vowels；for example, “cot” is pronounced the same as “caught” and “collar”, the same as “caller.”An important characteristic of the vocabulary of Canadian English is the use of many words and phrases originating in Canada itself, such as “kerosene” and “chesterfield” (“sofa”). Several words are borrowed from North American Indian languages, for example, “kayak,” “caribou,” “parka,” and “skookum” (“strong”). The name of the country itself has an Indian origin；the Iroquois word “kanata” originally meant “village.” A number of terms for ice hockey “face-off,” “blue-line,” and “puck”have become part of World Standard English.Some features of Canadian English seem to be unique and are often deliberately identified with Canadian speakers in such contexts as dramatic and literary characterizations. Among the original Canadian idioms, perhaps the most famous is the almost universal use of “eh?” as a tag question, as in “Thats a good movie, eh?” “Eh” is also used as a filler during a narrative, as in “Im walking home from work, eh, and Im thinking about dinner. I finally get home, eh, and the refrigerator is empty.”The traditional view holds that there are no dialects in Canadian English and that Canadians cannot tell where other Canadians are from just by listening to them. The linguists of today disagree with this view. While there is a greater degree of homogeneity in Canadian English compared with American English, several dialect areas do exist across Canada. Linguists have identified distinct dialects for the Maritime Provinces, Newfoundland, the Ottawa Valley,southern Ontario, the Prairie Provinces, the Arctic North, and the West.Glossary：diphthong：a speech sound that begins with one vowel and changes to another vowel25.The word homogeneity in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to accentchangecreativitysameness26. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, andD, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus, “out” rhymes with “boat,” so the phrase “out and about in a boat” sounds like “oat and aboat in a boat” to American ears. There is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idioms. Canadian pronunciation reflects the experience of a people struggling for national identity against two strong influences. About 75 percent of Canadians use the British “zed” rather than the American “zee” for the name of the last letter of the alphabet. On the other hand,75 percent of Canadians use the American pronunciation of “schedule,” “tomato,” and “missile.” A The most obvious and distinctive feature of Canadian speech is probably its vowel sound, the diphthong ou. B In Canada, “out” is pronounced like “oat” in nearby U.S. accents. C There are other identifying features of Canadian vowels; for example, “cot” is pronounced the same as “caught” and “collar” the same as “caller.” D27-28. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Canadian English is a variety of North American English that contains several distinguishing features.Answer ChoicesCanadian English contains elements of both British and American English.Several unique varieties of English have evolved in North America.Canadians pronounce most words the same way as Americans do.Canadian English asserts its distinctiveness through pronunciation.Words and idioms originating in Canada also help to define Canadian English.Most Canadians cannot identify where other Canadians are from.29.The phrase branch out in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to separatehurrylookoriginate30.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Physical anthropologists investigate how intelligent human beings evolved from creatures that lived in trees.There are unanswered questions about why some treedwelling animals have evolved only two legs.People want to know more about the behavior of animals and how some animals acquire the ability to learn.Some animal populations have the power to ask questions and to learn from the events of the past.31.The word speculate in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to worryforgetdisagreethink32.Why does the author discuss the Leakey family in paragraph 3? To argue for an increase in the amount of research in AfricaTo contradict earlier theories of human evolutionTo give examples of fieldwork done by physical anthropologistsTo compare hominid evidence from Tanzania with that from Kenya33.Which of the following is of major interest to both physical and cultural anthropologists? Methods of physiology and geneticsReligious beliefs and practicesTHE SCIENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGYThrough various methods of research, anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of the human puzzleto discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in different directions, and why separate societies behave similarly in some ways but quite differently in other ways. Anthropology, which emerged as an independent science in the late eighteenth century, has two main divisions: physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology focuses on human evolution and variation and uses methods of physiology, genetics, and ecology. Cultural anthropology