2015电大药理学形成性评测题和答案.docx

电大药理学形成性评测题和答案2837-03任务1.强心苷中毒早期最常见的不良反应是()(E)A.心电图出现QT间期缩短B.头痛C.房室传导阻滞D.低血钾E.恶心、呕吐2.强心苷对心肌正性肌力作用机制是()(C)A.增加膜NaKATP酶活性B.促进儿茶酚胺释放C.抑制膜NaKATP酶活性D.缩小心室容积E.减慢房室传导3.口服生物利用度最高的强心苷是()(A)A.洋地黄毒苷B.毒毛花苷KC.毛花苷丙D.地高辛E.铃兰毒苷 4.普鲁卡因胺主要用于()(E)A.心房纤颤B.心房扑动C.窦性心动过缓D.室上性心动过速E.室性早搏5.治疗强心苷中毒引起的窦性心动过缓可选用()(A)A.阿托品B.苯妥英钠C.氯化钾D.利多卡因E.氨茶碱6.下列具有中枢抑制作用的降压药是()(D)A.硝苯地平B.肼屈嗪C.卡托普利D.可乐定E.哌唑嗪7.强心苷对心衰患者的利尿作用主要是由于()(C)A.抑制抗利尿素的分泌B.抑制肾小管膜ATP酶C.增加肾血流量D.增加交感神经活力E.继发性醛固酮增多症8.可用于治疗心衰的磷酸二酯酶抑制剂是()(B)A.维拉帕米B.米力农C.卡托普利D.酚妥拉明E.哌唑嗪9.具有和受体阻断作用的抗高血压药是()(E)A.美加明B.哌唑嗪C.美托洛尔D.普萘洛尔E.拉贝洛尔10.治疗阵发性室上性心动过速的首选药物是()(E)A.奎尼丁B.利多卡因C.普鲁卡因胺D.苯妥英钠E.维拉帕米 11.伴有哮喘的心绞痛患者不宜选用()(D)A.硝酸甘油B.硝苯地平C.地尔硫卓D.普萘洛尔E.戊四硝酯12.伴支气管哮喘的高血压患者，应禁用()(B)A.可乐定B.普萘洛尔C.卡托普利D.硝苯地平E.氢氯噻嗪13.预防心绞痛发作常选用()(E)A.硝酸甘油B.普萘洛尔C.美托洛尔D.硝苯地平E硝酸异山梨酯14.急性心肌梗死所致室性心律失常的首选药物是()(C)A.奎尼丁B.普萘洛尔C.利多卡因D.胺碘酮E.维拉帕米15.伴肾功能不全的高血压患者应选用()(D)A.利血平B.氢氯噻嗪C.胍乙啶D.卡托普利E.普萘洛尔16.伴心动过速的高血压患者应选用()(D)A.可乐定B.肼屈嗪C.硝苯地平D.普萘洛尔E.硝普钠17.洋地黄引起的室性早搏首选()(A)A.利多卡因B.奎尼丁C.普鲁卡因胺D.普萘洛尔E.溴苄铵18.伴溃疡的高血压患者应禁用()(D)A.卡托普利B.硝苯地平C.尼群地平D.利血平E.甲基多巴19.临床口服最常用的强心苷是()(B)A.洋地黄毒苷B.地高辛C.毛花苷丙D.毒毛花苷KE.铃兰毒苷20.伴有外周血管痉挛性疾病的高血压患者宜选用()(E)A.可乐定B.氢氯噻嗪C.硝苯地平D.普萘洛尔E.卡托普利21.钙拮抗剂的抗心绞痛机制是()(ABCE)A.心肌收缩力降低B.心率减慢C.血管平滑肌松弛D.增大心室容积E.增加冠脉血流量22.强心苷的主要不良反应是()(BDE)A.粒细胞减少B.胃肠道反应C.过敏反应D.视觉异常E.心脏毒性23.列降压药的不良反应，正确叙述是()(BCDE)A.利血平可引起鼻塞、腹泻、胃酸分泌过多B.卡托普利长期用药可引起皮疹、味觉障碍、干咳C.哌唑嗪首次给药易引起首剂现象D.氢氯噻嗪长期应用可出现低血钾E.胍乙啶易引起体位性低血压24.伴有心衰的心绞痛患者不宜选用()(BCE)A.硝酸甘油B.普萘洛尔C.美托洛尔D.硝酸异山梨酯E.维拉帕米25.具有抗胆碱作用的抗心律失常药()(ABC)A.奎尼丁B.普鲁卡因胺C.丙吡胺D.苯妥英钠E.利多卡因26.长期治疗突然停药易引起反跳现象的抗心绞痛药是()(BD)A.硝酸甘油B.美托洛尔C.硝苯地平D.普萘洛尔E.地尔硫卓27.普萘洛尔的降压机制是（）(ABCE)A.阻断突触前膜2受体，使NA分泌减少B.阻断中枢受体C.阻断心脏1受体D.内在拟交感活性，兴奋外周受体E.阻断肾脏受体，使肾素分泌减少28.高血压危象，可选用的降压药有()(CD)A.甲基多巴B.普萘洛尔C.硝普钠D.硝苯地平E.肼屈嗪29.急性左心衰可选用()(ABCDE)A.地高辛B.毒毛花苷KC.吗啡D.呋塞米E.氨茶碱30.下列治疗变异型心绞痛的药物有()(ADE)A.硝酸甘油B.美托洛尔C.普萘洛尔D.硝苯地平E.地尔硫卓31.硝苯地平降压作用具有的特点是()(BCDE)A.抑制钙离子外流B.小动脉平滑肌松弛显著C.降压作用快、较强D.降压时伴有反射性心率加快、输出量增加E.对高血压者降压显著32.硝酸甘油降低心肌耗氧的机制是()(ABC)A.扩张小静脉，回心血量减少，减轻前负荷B.扩张小动脉，外周阻力降低，减轻后负荷C.扩张冠脉，改善缺血区供血D.降低心肌收缩力E.心率加快33.下列属于肾上腺素受体阻断药的降压药有()(CDE)A.卡托普利B.利血平C.哌唑嗪D.拉贝洛尔E.普萘洛尔34.利多卡因可用于治疗()(ABC)A.室性早搏B.室性心动过速C.室颤D.室上性心动过速E.心房纤颤35.卡托普利的降压机制是()(BC)A.抑制激肽释放酶B.抑制血管紧张素I转化酶，减少血管紧张素生成C.减少缓激肽降解D.减少肾素分泌E.抑制羟化酶的活性36.禁用于III度房室传导阻滞的药（）(ABCE)A.奎尼丁B.利多卡因C.普鲁卡因胺D.苯妥英钠E.胺碘酮37.受体阻断药的抗心绞痛机制是()(BCE)A.血管平滑肌扩张B.心肌收缩力降低C.减慢心率D.中枢神经系统抑制E.改善心肌缺血区供血38.地高辛的临床应用()(ABCD)A.慢性充血性心衰B.心房纤颤C.阵发性室上性心动过速D.心房扑动E.阵发性室性心动过速39.降压时伴有心率加快和心输出量增加的降压药有()(AD)A.硝苯地平B.卡托普利C.哌唑嗪D.肼屈嗪E.可乐定40.与强心苷合用易引起低血钾的药物是()(AB)A.氢氯噻嗪B.呋噻米C.螺内酯D.氨苯蝶啶E.乙酰唑胺41.钙拮抗剂的不良反应是()(ABE)A.颜面潮红B.头痛C.耐受性D.眼压升高E.低血压42.下列强心苷中毒引起呕吐的影响因素有()(BD)A.刺激胃肠粘膜B.体内失钾C.血钙过高D.兴奋了延髓的催吐化学感受区E.血钠过高43.可引起红斑狼疮样综合征的药物是()(ABC)A.普鲁卡因胺B.普罗帕酮C.肼苯哒嗪D.苯妥英钠E.胺碘酮44.硝酸甘油用于治疗()(ABCDE)A.心功能不全B.急性心肌梗死C.稳定型心绞痛D.变异型心绞痛E.不稳定型心绞痛45.尼可刹米(可拉明)的作用机制是()(AB)A.直接兴奋延髓呼吸中枢B.刺激颈动脉体和主动脉体化学感受器，反射性兴奋呼吸中枢C.阻断腺苷受体D.兴奋大脑皮层E.阻断阿片受体46.强心苷治疗心衰的作用有()(ABCD)A.增加心输出量B.排钠利尿C.缩小心室容积D.降低中心静脉压E.加快心率47.易引起强心苷中毒的因素是()(ABCDE)A.心肌缺血B.心肌缺氧C.高血钙D.低血镁E.合用高效排钾利尿药48.硝酸甘油的不良反应有()(ABCDE)A.升高眼内压B.加快心率C.搏动性头痛D.连续应用耐受性E.体位性低血压及晕厥49.咖啡因的药理作用有()(ACDE)A.小剂量振奋精神B.较大量可间接兴奋延脑呼吸和血管运动中枢C.中毒量兴奋脊髓产生惊厥D.舒张支气管平滑肌和利尿作用E.刺激胃酸分泌50.治疗慢性心衰的非正性肌力作用的药物是()(BE)A.地高辛B.卡托普利C.毛花苷丙D.米力农E.硝普钠51.伴有肾功能不良的高血压者可选用（)(CE)A.利血平B.胍乙啶C.卡托普利D.氢氯噻嗪E.甲基多巴52.目前临床常用的降压药类有()(BCE)A.肾上腺素受体阻断药B.利尿药C.钙拮抗剂D.神经节阻断药E.血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂53.强心苷用于治疗心房扑动的机制()(AB)A.缩短心房的有效不应期B.抑制房室结传导，减慢心室率C.促进房室结传导，加速心室率D.延长心房的有效不应期E.减少迷走神经的功能54.不属于广谱抗心律失常的药物是()(CDE)A.奎尼丁B.普鲁卡因胺C.维拉帕米D.利多卡因E.普萘洛尔55.哌醋甲酯临床可用于治疗下列()(ACDE)A.偏头痛B.小儿遗尿症C.呼吸抑制D.轻度抑郁症E.小儿多动症56.硝普钠用于治疗心功能不全的理论依据主要是()(CD)A.增加心肌供氧B.降低心肌耗氧量C.降低心脏前负荷D.降低心脏后负荷E.改善冠脉血流57.卡托普利长期应用的不良反应有()(ABCE)A.皮疹、药热B.干咳C.味觉障碍D.红斑狼疮样综合征E.粒细胞缺乏58.可用于治疗心房纤颤的药物有()(ABCE)A.地高辛B.奎尼丁C.胺碘酮D.利多卡因E.地尔硫蕈59.久用突然停药可引起血压骤升的抗高血压药有()(E)A.卡托普利B.利血平C.可乐定D.肼屈嗪E.普萘洛尔60.下列用于治疗心绞痛的钙拮抗剂是()(BCE)A.硝酸甘油B.硝苯地平C.维拉帕米D.硝普钠E.地尔硫卓61.抗心绞痛药的治疗作用主要是通过()(D)A.抑制心肌收缩力B.加强心肌收缩力，改善冠脉血流C.增加心肌耗氧D.降低心肌耗氧，增加心肌缺血区血流E.减少心室容积62.吗啡急性中毒引起呼吸抑制，下列解救药物是()(A)A.尼可刹米B.甲氯酚酯C.哌醋甲酯D.乙酰氨基酚E.吲哚美辛63.易引起耐受性的抗心绞痛药是()(D)A.硝苯地平B.维拉帕米C.普萘洛尔D.硝酸甘油E.地尔硫草64.充血性心衰的危急状态应选()(C)A.洋地黄毒苷B.肾上腺素C.毛花苷丙D.氯化钾E.米力农65.尼可刹米(可拉明)临床常用的给药方法是()(D)A.口服B.皮下注射C.单次静脉给药D.间歇静脉注射E.舌下含服66.一氧化碳中毒引起窒息、呼吸抑制，可选用下列药物是()(B)A.甲氯酚酯B.山梗菜碱C.哌醋甲酯D.吲哚美辛E.乙酰氨基酚67.直接扩张血管平滑肌的降压药有()(BD)A.哌唑嗪B.肼屈嗪C.普萘洛尔D.硝普钠E.卡托普利68.长期应用能引起红斑狼疮样症症状的药物是()(D)A.奎尼丁B.利多卡因C.普萘洛尔D.普鲁卡因胺E.苯妥英钠69.强心苷禁用于()(D)A.慢性心功能不全B.心房纤颤C.心房扑动D.室性心动过速E.室上性心动过速70.可引起金鸡纳反应的药物()(A)A.奎尼丁B.普鲁卡因胺C.胺碘酮D.普萘洛尔E.普罗帕酮71.排泄最慢作用最持久的强心苷是()(B)A.地高辛B.洋地黄毒苷C.毛花苷丙D.毒毛花苷KE.铃兰毒2837-04任务1.糖皮质激素对血液成分的影响正确描述是()(D)A.减少血中中性粒细胞数B.减少血中红细胞数C.抑制红细胞在骨髓中生成D.减少血中淋巴细胞数E.血小板数减少2.反复应用可产生成瘾性的镇咳药是()(B)A.溴已新B.可待因C.喷托维林D.氯化铵E.乙酰半胱氨酸3.预防过敏性哮喘可选用()(A)A.色甘酸钠B.异丙托溴胺C.地塞米松D.氨茶碱E.沙丁胺醇4.糖皮质激素诱发和加重感染的主要原因是()(D)A.病人对激素不敏感B.激素用量不足C.激素能直接促进病原微生物繁殖D.激素抑制免疫反应，降低抵抗力E.使用激素时未能应用有效抗菌药物5.用于甲状腺手术前准备，可使腺体缩小变硬、血管减少而有利于手术的药物是()(E)A.甲硫咪唑B.甲基硫氧嘧啶C.131ID.卡比马唑E.碘化物6.对中枢略有兴奋作用的Hl受体阻断药是()(E)A.苯海拉明B.氯苯那敏(扑尔敏)C.赛庚啶D.异丙嗪E.苯茚胺7.常用于抗高血压的利尿药是()(E)A.氨苯蝶啶B.乙酰唑胺C.呋塞米D.螺内酯E.氢氯噻嗪8.肝素过量引起自发性出血可选用的解救药是()(C)A.叶酸B.维生素KC.鱼精蛋白D.氨甲环酸E.双香豆素9.在体内外均有抗凝作用的抗凝血药物是()(E)A.氨甲苯酸B.尿激酶C.双香豆素D.华法林E.肝素10.能显著增加胰岛素降血糖作用的药物是()(D)A.呋塞米B.氢化可的松C.氢氯噻嗪D.普萘洛尔E.地塞米松11.糖皮质激素和抗生素合用治疗严重感染的目的是()(D)A.增加机体的对疾病的防御能力B.增强抗生素的抗菌活性C.增强机体应激性D.抗毒、抗休克、缓解毒血症状E.小量快速静脉注射12.治疗粘液性水肿的药物是()(E)A.丙基硫氧嘧啶B.碘化钾C.甲硫咪唑D.131IE.甲状腺粉13.磺酰脲类降糖药的作用机制是()(B)A.提高胰岛细胞功能B.刺激胰岛细胞释放胰岛素C.加速胰岛素合成D.抑制胰岛素降解E.以上都不是14.用链激酶过量所致出血宜选用的解救药是()(D)A.叶酸B.维生素KC.鱼精蛋白D.氨甲环酸E.华法林15.影响维生素B12吸收的因素是()(B)A.多价金属离子B.内因子缺乏C.四环素D.胃酸过多E.合用叶酸16.糖皮质激素治疗过敏性支气管哮喘的主要作用机制是()(C)A.直接扩张支气管平滑肌B.兴奋2受体C.稳定肥大细胞膜D.使细胞内cAMP增加E.抑制补体参与免疫反应17.下列利尿作用最强的药物是()(A)A.呋塞米B.氨苯蝶啶C.螺内酯D.氢氯噻嗪E.乙酰唑胺18.驾驶员或高空作业者不宜使用的药物是()(B)A.阿斯咪唑B.苯海拉明C.苯茚胺D.阿托品E.特非那定19.长期应用糖皮质激素可引起()(B)A.高血钙B.低血钾C.高血钾D.高血磷E.高血糖20.引起血钾升高的利尿药是()(B)A.氢氯噻嗪B.氨苯蝶啶C.乙酰唑胺D.呋塞米E.依他尼酸21.甘露醇的临床应用是()(BCE)A.肺水肿B.脑水肿C.青光眼D.肝性水肿E.预防急性肾功能衰竭22.呋塞米的主要不良反应是()(BCDE)A.减少K排泄B.耳毒性C.高尿酸血症D.水和电解质紊乱E.胃肠道反应23.下列能增强利尿作用并减少K+丢失的组合用药是()(ABDE)A.呋塞米和螺内酯B.氢氯噻嗪和氨苯蝶啶C.呋塞米和氢氯噻嗪D.氢氯噻嗪和螺内酯E.呋塞米和氨苯蝶啶24.呋塞米治疗急性肺水肿，是因具有()(ABC)A.利尿作用强B.血容量降低，心前负荷降低C.扩张外周小动脉，降低心后负荷D.竞争拮抗醛固酮E.抑制碳酸酐酶25.下列用于降低眼内压的药物是()(CE)A.螺内酯B.氢氯噻嗪C.乙酰唑胺D.呋塞米E.甘露醇26.可用于治疗巨幼红细胞性贫血的药物有()(AB)A.叶酸B.维生素B1C.维生素B6D.硫酸亚铁E.华法林27.氢氯噻嗪主要不良反应是()(ABE)A.高血糖B.高尿酸血症C.高血钾D.耳毒性E.低血钾28.糖皮质激素用于严重感染的目的()(CE)A.提高机体防御能力B.抗感染消炎C.缓解中毒症状D.防止病灶扩散E.使病人渡过危险期29.可用于治疗血栓栓塞性疾病的药物有()(ACE)A.尿激酶B.氨甲苯酸C.双香豆素D.维生素KE.肝素30.在肝内经代谢转化才能发挥作用的糖皮质激素()(AC)A.泼尼松B.氢化可的松C.可的松D.泼尼松龙E.地塞米松31.抑制胰岛细胞释放胰高血糖素的药物是()(AC)A.甲苯磺丁脲B.二甲双胍C.格列本脲D.硫脲类E.低精蛋白锌胰岛素32.氯磺丙脲可用于治疗()(ADE)A.轻度糖尿病B.重度糖尿病C.酮症酸中毒D.尿崩症E.有胰岛素抵抗的中度糖尿病33.下列对过敏性支气管哮喘无效的药物是()(CD)A.色甘酸钠B.肾上腺素C.苯海拉明D.扑尔敏E.地塞米松34.胰岛素所具有的作用是()(AD)A.促进葡萄糖的无氧酵解和氧化B.促进糖原异生C.促进K从细胞内流向细胞外D.促进蛋白质合成E.促进糖原分解35.呋塞米临床用于()(ABDE)A.急性肺水肿B.急性肾功能衰竭、少尿C.青光眼D.脑水肿E.药物中毒36.与磺酰脲类竞争蛋白结合使其作用增强的药物是()(ABE)A.磺胺类B.双香豆素C.普萘洛尔D.糖皮质激素E.保泰松37.长效糖皮质激素是()(DE)A.氢化可的松B.泼尼松龙C.泼尼松D.地塞米松E.倍他米松38.下列具平喘作用的药物是()(ABCE)A.麻黄碱B.氨茶碱C.异丙阿托品D.喷托维林E.沙丁胺醇39.肝素在临床上可用于()(ABCE)A.弥漫性血管内凝血早期B.血栓栓塞性疾病C.血液透析D.巨幼红细胞性贫血E.心血管手术40.麻黄碱的不良反应有()(ADE)A.失眠、不安B.抑郁C.恶心、呕吐D.头痛E.心悸41.对胰岛素内源性分泌有抑制作用的药物是()(BC)A.肾上腺素B.噻嗪类利尿药C.呋塞米D.格列本脲E.甲苯磺丁脲42.糖皮质激素抗毒作用的正确描述是()(CD)A.直接对抗内毒素B.中和内毒素C.抑制下丘脑对致热源的反应D.提高机体对内毒素的耐受力E.提高机体抵抗力43.长期应用糖皮质激素抑制儿童生长发育的原因是()(ACDE)A.抑制成骨细胞活动B.抑制甲状旁腺激素分泌C.使钙磷排泄增加D.抗维生素D作用E.抑制DNA合成44.口服铁剂最常见的不良反应是()(BDE)A.嗜睡B.恶心、呕吐C.过敏反应D.腹痛、腹泻E.便秘45.甲硫咪唑的主要不良反应是()(CD)A.诱发甲状腺功能亢进B.水和电解质紊乱C.过敏反应D.粒细胞缺乏E.心律失常46.有关胰岛素不良反应的正确描述是()(ADE)A.反应性高血糖B.凝血障碍C.乳酸血症D.注射部位脂肪萎缩E.胰岛素抵抗性47.甲状腺素可用于()(ACD)A.T3抑制试验B.甲状腺危象C.单纯性甲状腺肿D.粘液性水肿E.以上都不可48.抗胆碱作用较明显的Hl受体阻断药是()(BD)A.西咪替丁B.苯海拉明C.阿司咪唑D.异丙嗪E.特非那定49.下列能裂解粘痰，使粘滞性降低的药物是()(BD)A.喷托维林B.溴已新C.氨茶碱D.N乙酰半胱氨酸E.氯化铵50.不适于用糖皮质激素治疗的疾病()(BC)A.溃疡性结肠炎B.角膜溃疡C.病毒性肝炎D.肾病综合征E.结核性脑膜炎51.螺内酯的主要不良反应是()(BCE)A.引起低血钾症B.引起高血钾症C.性激素样作用D.引起高血钙症E.性功能障碍52.描述糖皮质激素不良反应不正确的项目是()(BC)A.肌无力、肌萎缩B.抑制破骨细胞活动C.抑制胃蛋白酶分泌D.抑制胃粘液生成E.诱发糖尿病53.糖皮质激素对血液成分影响的正确描述是()(ACE)A.中性粒细胞增多B.嗜酸性粒细胞增多C.淋巴细胞减少D.血小板减少E.红细胞增多54.茶碱静脉注射过快可引起()(BCDE)A.呼吸抑制B.血压骤降C.心律失常D.心悸E.惊厥55.糖皮质激素的禁忌证为()(ABC)A.重症高血压B.角膜溃疡C.病毒感染D.结核性胸膜炎E.再生障碍性贫血56.可造成粒细胞减少的药物是()(BDE)A.人三碘甲状腺原氨酸B.卡比马唑C.碘化钾D.甲基硫氧嘧啶E.甲硫咪唑57.大剂量碘剂的药理作用机制是()(ACE)A.拮抗TSH的作用B.损伤甲状腺组织C.抑制酪氨酸碘化D.促进MIT和DIT缩合E.抑制甲状腺素合成58.下列易产生过敏反应的药物是()(BC)A.甲状腺素钠B.甲硫咪唑C.碘剂D.普萘洛尔E.三碘甲状腺原氨酸59.脱水药具有的特点是()(ABD)A.不易被肾小管再吸收B.体内不易代谢C.易从血管透入组织D.易被肾小球过滤E.不易被肾小球过滤60.糖皮质激素的药理作用有()(CDE)A.中和内毒素作用B.抗感染消炎作用C.抑制体温调节中枢对致热源的反应D.抑制各种炎症反应E.抗休克作用61.长期应用肝素出现的不良反应是()(A)A.骨质疏松B.心动过速C.便秘D.恶心、呕吐E.面部潮红62.下列最易引起水电解质紊乱的药物是()(B)A.氢氯噻嗪B.呋塞米C.螺内酯D.氨苯蝶啶E.乙酰唑胺63.双香豆素过量引起出血可选用的解救药是()(B)A.叶酸B.维生素KC.鱼精蛋白D.氨甲环酸E.尿激酶64.糖皮质激素用于严重感染的目的是()(C)A.加强抗生素的抗菌作用B.提高机体抗病能力C.抗炎、抗毒素、抗过敏、抗休克D.加强心肌收缩力，改善微循环E.以上都不是65.可发生乳酸血症的降血糖药是()(D)A.氯磺丙脲B.胰岛素C.甲苯磺丁脲D.二甲双胍E.格列本脲66.下列属于渗透性利尿药物是()(BD)A.呋塞米B.甘露醇C.依他尼酸D.山梨醇E.乙酰唑胺67.可引起低血钾的利尿药有()(CDE)A.氨苯蝶啶B.螺内酯C.呋塞米D.氢氯噻嗪E.乙酰唑胺68.甲状腺机能亢进用丙基硫氧嘧啶进行辅助治疗的药理依据()(CE)A.拮抗TSHB.抑制甲状腺素的释放C.抑制甲状腺素的合成D.拮抗甲状腺素的作用E.抑制5脱碘酶，使T4向T3转变减少请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a China-EU investment platform to back European Commission President Jean-Claude Junckers plan to revive the European economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the European Investment Bank, EU leaders should be clear that China wants to see the EU maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. Such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as China which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. It will be a tragedy to allow inaction over the Greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting Sino-EU cooperation. Like a shining pearl, West Lake is the symbol of Hangzhou city. From ancient times, many poems have praised the amazing scenery of the lake. At the very beginning, the West Lake was a part of the Qiantang River. In the year 822, Bai Juyi, a famous poet and an officer of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), suggested to build a stronger causeway to store water so that the lake was doubled in size. And during the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), many temples and pagodas were built due to a Buddhist revival, and the look of West Lake was formed at that time.The West Lake is quite big and features different classic views from different locations. Technically, there are ten scenes which were marked by Emperor Qianlong with four-character inscriptions 200 years ago, such as the Melting Snow on the Broken Bridge and Sunset Glow over Leifeng Pagoda.