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一句子成分句子一般由两个部分组成:主语部分( subject group)谓语部分( predicate group)句子成分(1)S - subject 主语 :句子的主体,全句述说的对象。一般由名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词或从句担任,常置于句首。I like football.The boy needs a pen. (2)VVerb INO=Indirect Object(间接宾语);DO=Direct Object(直接宾语);谓语动词:说明主语的动作或状态。由动词担任。常置于主语后。The train leaves at 6 oclock.I want a ticket.(3)O - object 宾语:表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。He won the game. On the deskTome lost his life in the big fire.(4)P - predicative 表语1、用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。He is a student.2、除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2) 表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go,等3)表延续的动词remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。(5)Attri.-attribute 定语:对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用的表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前。The black bike is mine.说明1:当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything ,everything , something 等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting . 2:不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。 这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。 The boys in the room are in Class Ten. (6)Adv.- adverb 状语:用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。(7)Oc - object complement 宾语补足语:补充说明宾语的情况 。由n. /adj. /介宾 /分词 /不定式等担任。They made him king.I consider the book too expensive.I am very sorry.We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . (从句作时间状语) 练习一1句子成分判断:A. 指出下列句中主语的中心词1)The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. 2)There is an old man coming here. 3)To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. B. 选出句中谓语的中心词1)I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall 2)The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer 3)Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus 4)There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon 5)Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast C. 挑出下列句中的宾语1)My brother hasnt done his homework. A B C D 2)People all over the world speak English. A B C D 3)You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D 4)Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? A BCD 5)They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. AB C D D. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语1) She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B C D 2) He asked her to take the boy out of school. A B CD 3) She found it difficult to do the work. A B C D 4) They call me Lily sometimes. A BC D 5) Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? A BC D 2. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语1))Please tell us a story. 2)My father bought a new bike for me last week. 3)Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. 4)Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. 5)Did he leave any message for me.二、句子类型(1)简单句的五种基本句型1、S(主) + Vi(不及物动词)(谓语) 主谓结构:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。例如:Time flies. 1)S + V + 副词(状语)例如:Birds sing beautifully.2)S + Vi + 介词短语(状语)例如:He went on holiday. 3)S + Vi + 不定式(状语)例如:We stopped to have a rest. 4)S + Vi + 分词(状语)例如:Ill go swimming. 小练习1). 学生们学习很努力。_2). 她再次向我道歉。 _3). 事故是昨天晚上发生的。 _2、S (主)+ Vt (及物动词)(谓语)+ O(宾语)主谓宾结构:此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。例如:We like English. 1)S + Vt + 名词/代词例如:I like music. 2)S + Vt + 不定式 例如:I want to help him. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有:decide, hope, learn, need, promise, want, 等。 3)S + Vt + 疑问词 + 不定式 例如:I dont know what to do. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有:ask, decide, find out, forget, know等。 4)S + Vt + 动名词例如:I enjoy living here. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有: advise, enjoy, finish, mind, practise等。 5)S + Vt + 宾语从句例如:I dont think (that) he is right. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有: hope, know, notice, think, wonder等。 小练习1、我昨天看了一部电影。_.2、You place me in a difficult situation._。3、They finally managed to get along with us. _。4、They have _ _ _ of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。5、I dont like being treated like this._。【难点】3、S (主)+ V(谓语)( 系动词)+ P(表语)主系表结构:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。例如:We are Chinese. 1)S + V + 名词/代词 例如:He is a boy. 2)S + V + 形容词 例如:She is beautiful. 3)S + V + Adv 副词 例如:Class is over. 4)S + V + 介词短语例如:He is in good health. 5)S + V+ 分词例如:He is excited. 说明 .除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,表感官的动词,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, seem 等。表转变变化的动词,become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 表延续的动词 keep, seem等。表瞬时的动词 come, fall等。.表语也就是主语的补足语。小练习 1、Dont have the food. _.不要吃那种食物,它已经变质了2、The fact _ _. 这个事实证明是正确的。3、We should _ _ any time. 我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚。4、这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_.【难点】4、S (主)+ Vt(谓语)+ In O(间接宾语)+ D O(直接宾语)主谓双宾结构说明 间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。 S + Vt + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 例如:I sent him a book. 小练习1、Yesterday her father _ _ _ _ as a birthday present. 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。2、The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March._ _。间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有: buy, get, make 等。 S + Vt + 直接宾语+ To/for + 间接宾语 例如:He sent a book to me. 小练习1、 Please show me your picture. =Please _ _ _ _ _. 请把你的画给我看一下。2、Ill offer you a good chance as long as you don t lose heart. =Ill offer _ _ _ _ _ as long as you dont lose heart.只要你不失去信心,我会给你提供机会的。5、S (主)+ Vt(谓语)+ O(宾语) + O C(宾语补足语)主谓宾补结构:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。例如:I make you clear. 强调宾语和宾语补足语之间通常具有逻辑主谓关系。1)S + Vt + 宾语 + 名词 例如:We named our baby Tom. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有:call, find, make, name等。 2)S + Vt + 宾语 + 形容词 例如:He painted the wall white. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有:cut, find, keep, leave, make, see, wash等。 3)S + Vt + 宾语 + 介词短语例如:She always keeps everything in good order. 4)S + Vt + 宾语 + 不定式例如:I wish you to stay. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有:不定式带to的词: ask, invite, tell, want, warn, wish等。不定式不带to的词:have, know, let, make, notice, see, watch等。 5)S + Vt + 宾语 + 分词 例如:I heard my name called(表示被动). I feel something moving(表示进行). 说明 常用于这句型的动词有: notice, observe, see, watch等。 6)S + Vt + 宾语 + 疑问词 + 不定式例如:He show me how to do it. 说明 常用于这句型的动词有:ask, show, teach, tell等。小练习1、 Keep _, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。2、 他把墙漆成白色。_.3、 我们发现他是一个诚实的人。_.练习二1、判断下列各句的基本结构。 1)Mr. Black is English. SVC 2)The teacher taught us some new words. _ SVOO 3)The temperature dropped. _SV 4)They turned to the right. _SV 5)I would like to be your pen-friend. _SVO 6)I have short black hair and brown eyes. _SVO 7)I have a brother called Edwin. _SVOC(2)简单句种类一、陈述句:用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。陈述句的肯定式:He is a middle school student.(他是个中学生。)I have a hammer in my hand.(我手上有把锤子。)She teaches us geography.(她教我们地理。)The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢。)陈述句的否定式:1)谓语动词如果是be动词、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如:My brother is not a teacher.(我的弟弟不是教师。)He does not have a cousin.(他没有堂兄弟。)I will not go there tomorrow.(明天我不去那儿。)My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.(我母亲现在不在厨房里做饭。)You must not make such mistakes again.(你不该再犯类似错误了。)We havent discussed the question yet.(我们还没有讨论那个问题呢。)2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(dont)、does not(doesnt)、did not(didnt)。如:I dont know anything about it.(此事我一无所知。)Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.(李明不在农村养猪。)We didnt expect to meet her right here.(我们没指望着在这里见到她。)We didnt have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会。)3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got的否定式相同。如:I havent (got) any brothers or sisters.(我没有兄弟姐妹。)I havent been to China before.(我以前没有去过中国。)注意句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定;如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、notat all等;All of them went there.None of them went there.(他们全都去了那里他们全都没去那里。)句子中含有little、few、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时,则视为否定句。如:Few people live there because life there is very hard.(几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了。)陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如: Thats your boss?(那就是你的老板?)陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即:主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,如:The old man Here you are.(给你。)Laughed the monkey and away he went.(猴子笑着离开了。)所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序。如:The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. (老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家。)Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?(能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗?)2、疑问句:一般疑问句: 用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。1)一般疑问句构成:句中谓语动词是to be、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。如:Is he an engineer?(他是工程师吗?)Have you got todays newspaper? (你有今天的报纸吗?)Shall we go to see a film this evening? (我们今晚去看电影好吗?)Can you explain it ?(你能解释它吗?)Is there any fish for supper?(晚饭有鱼吗?)Would you like to go out for a walk?(你想出去散步吗?)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do / does / did, 原来的谓语动词改为原形。如:Do you get up at six every morning?(你天天早晨六点起身吗?)Does she study hard?(她学习努力吗?)Did you go there yesterday?(昨天你去那儿了吗?)2)一般疑问句的回答:一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如:Will you join us in playing basketball?(你加入我们打篮球好吗?) Yes, we will.(是的我们会。)/ No, we wont.(不我们不会。)Have you got todays newspaper?(你有今天的报纸吗?) Yes, I have .(是的有。)/ No, I havent.(不没有。)回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。3)一般疑问句的否定结构(即否定形式的一般疑问句)表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等,只要将“not”置于主语之后或者将“not”放到主语之前与be, have等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。如:Will he not come?(他难道不来吗?)Isnt your sister a Party member?(你的姐姐不是党员吗?)Havent you any brothers?(你没有哥哥吗?)Dont you like the play?(你难道不喜欢这个话剧吗?)Cant we walk a little farther?(我们不能走远些吗?)Wont you sit down?(你不想坐下吗?)Hasnt she heard of the matter?(她没听说过这事儿?)这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”;如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如:Cant he answer the question? (他不能回答这个问题吗?)Yes,he can.(不,他能回答这个问题。) No,he cant. (是的,他不能回答这个问题。)3特殊疑问句:要求具体回答的问句。1)特殊疑问句结构是:疑问代词 +一般疑问句+?除who以外的疑问代词短语疑问副词如:What do you want?(你要什么?) Who(m) are you looking for ?(你在找谁?) Whose magazine is this?(这是谁的杂志?) Which class are you in?(你在哪班?) When did you get up this morning?(你今早什么时候起身的?) Where have you been?(你到哪儿去了?) Why did he go to bed so early?(他为什么这么早睡觉?) How did you go there?(你是怎么去的那儿?)但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同:如: Who is dancing over there?(谁在那边跳舞?)有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如: What is on the wall?(什么东西在墙上?/墙上有什么?) Which is yours?(哪个是你的?) Whose book is in your bag?(谁的书在你的书包里?)注意从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用!如果只对主语或主语的修饰词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词: 疑问代词: who, whom, whose, which, what, 疑问副词: when, where, why, how, how构成的短语:how many (多少个) (独立用;或跟可数名词复数),how much (多少) (独立用;或跟不可数名词),how old (多大年纪),how far (多远),how often (多久一次,问频率),how long (多长时间),how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如: Why dont you ask Jim instead?(常缩略为Why not?) (你为什么不转请Jim呢?)4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如: When and where were you born? (你是何时何地出生的?)5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如: What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一台电脑呢?)反意疑问句: 反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。1) 构成:由两部分组成:前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构;反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致;反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。陈述句部分附加问句部分注 意 点肯定陈述句否定的简短一般问句当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词;否则就使用do/does/did.否定陈述句肯定的简短一般问句如:He is old, isnt he? (他老了不是吗?) The man went away, didnt he? (那个男人走开了不是吗?) He isnt old, is he? (他不老是吗?) He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里是吗?)2) 反意问句的回答:无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循:“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式” 如:The man went away, didnt he? (那人走开了,不是吗?) Yes, he did. (是的,他走了。) /No, he didnt. (不,他没有走。) The man never went there, did he? (这人从来不去那里,是吗?) Yes, he did. (不是呀,他去的。) / No, he didnt. (是呀,他不去。)选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句。1) 构成:(1) 一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项? (2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项?2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如:Is your friend a boy or a girl? A girl. (-你的朋友是男孩还是女孩?-是女孩。)Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? Tea, please. (-你要哪一样咖啡还是茶?-请来茶吧。)Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? Dancing, of course. (-唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样?-当然是跳舞啦!)4、祈使句:祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。祈使句的肯定式: 动词(原形) + 其他 如: Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) / Shut up! (住嘴!)祈使句的否定式: Dont +动词原形 + 其他 如: Please dont talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) / Dont look back! (不要掉头看。)注意 以“lets”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“lets”后面。如: Lets not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如:Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)5、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“!”对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是: What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如: What a good,kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩!) What bad weather (it is)! (天气真糟糕!)仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是:How + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。如: How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心!) How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃!) How beautiful! (真美呀!)有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。如: He is sitting on a tigers back! (他坐在老虎的背上!) A nice shot! (漂亮一击!) Good goal! (好球!)(2)并列句This is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or they will die. Its not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed. He knocked at the door; there was no answer.Youre alive! And shes dead.(3)复合句
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