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Skopos TheoryFor Vermeer, translation is a type of human action, an intentional, purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation. It is a form of translation action based on a source text. He holds that any action has an aim, a purpose, so does translation activity. The Greek word “skopos”, which was introduced into translation theory by Vermeer in the 1970s, is a technique term for the goal or purpose of a translation, that is what a translator is aiming at in the translation process. Theessenceofthetheory: Theprimeprincipledetermininganytranslationprocessisthe purpose(skopos)oftheoveralltranslationaction,whichisregardedasthecentraltheorybytheGermanFunctionalism.TheadvantageofskopostheoryisthatitallowsthepossibilityofthesametextbeingtranslatedindifferentwaysaccordingtothepurposeoftheTTandthecommissionwhichisgiventothetranslator.Itincludesthreeprinciples:skoposrule,coherencerule,andfidelityrule.Skoposruleexplainsthattranslationisdeterminedbypurpose.Coherencerulemainlyfocusonthecoherenceofformandmeaning.Fidelityruleisfaithfultotheoriginalwriting.Ifthereiscontradictionamongthreeprinciples,skoposruleshouldbeputinthefirstplace.skoposrule：According to skopos theory, principle of all translation activities follow the objective principle, namely the translation should be in language context and culture, according to the target text receivers expected function types. The purpose of translation is to determine the whole process of translation, that is to say, the method of determining the outcome. But the translation activities can have multiple purposes, which further divided into three categories: (1) the basic purpose of the translator ; (2) the communicative purpose of the translation (such as enlightening); (3) to use some special means of translation purpose (such as to illustrate the special grammatical structure a language in the literal way) according to its structure. However, under normal circumstances, the objective refers to the communicative purpose of the translation, namely translation of the target readers in the target language in the social cultural context of communicative function. (Venuti:2001) therefore, the translator should make clear its specific purpose in a given translation context, and in accordance with the objective to determine the - between literal translation and free translation or between what the translation method.Coherence rule：It refers to the translation must conform to inter-textual coherence standard, namely with readability and acceptability, can make the recipient understand and have significance in the target culture and the communicative context. Fidelity rule means that there should be interlingual coherence between the original and the translation (inter - textual coherence). This is equivalent to what other translation theories call fidelity to the original text, but the degree and form of faithfulness with the source text depends on the purpose of the translation and the translators understanding of the original text.Loyalty rule:The principle of loyalty was put forward by Nord. She found that Skopostheorie has two drawbacks: first, because of the differences of cultural patterns, people with different cultural backgrounds have different views on good translation; in addition, if the intention principle required by the communicative purpose of the translation and the original author of the opposite, then we will abide by the objective principle and principle of faithfulness. Therefore, Nord put forward the principle of loyalty to solve the relationship between cultural differences and the participants in the translation process. Nord believes that the translator has a moral obligation to the receiver and must explain to them what he has done and why. This is part of the principle of loyalty. On the other hand, the translator is required to be loyal to the original author. The translator should respect the original author and coordinate the target text and the authors intention. Therefore, the principle of loyalty focuses on the relationship between the translator and the author, the customer, the receiver and the participants in the translation process. Nord proposed that the translator should follow the guiding principle of function plus loyalty, that let the theory become perfecting.Skopostheorie has a wide range of applications, not only for translation, but also for interpretation, especially for interpreting studies. The translation process is a complicated process involving multiple choice, skopos theory highlights the subjectivity of the translator, the translator to get rid of the shackles of the traditional equivalence theory, the translation purpose as the starting point and fundamental task of translation, has greatly changed our original concept of translation. From the translation strategy, the translation method, to the choice of the form and content of the original text, to the production of the target text, the translation purpose is used as the reference.
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