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Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars一、课前基础自查(一)分类记单词省时高效.阅读单词(知其意)1.fundamental adj.基本的；基础的2.chain n. 链子；连锁；锁链3.dissolve vt.& vi. 溶解；解散4.acid n. 酸5.multiply vi.& vt. 乘；增加6.gravity n. 万有引力；重力7.extinct adj. 灭绝的；绝种的8.exhaust vt. 用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽9.satellite n. 卫星；人造卫星10.spaceship n. 宇宙飞船.重点单词(写其形)1.atmosphere n大气层；气氛2.solar adj. 太阳的；日光的3.thus adv. 因此；于是4.gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的5.climate n. 气候6.crash vi.& vt. 碰撞；坠落7.pull n& vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力8.float vi.& vt. (使)浮动；(使)漂浮n. 漂浮物9.system n. 系统；体系；制度10.theory n. 学说；理论11.physicist n. 物理学家 .拓展单词(通其变)1.globe n球体；地球仪；地球global adj.全球性的；全世界的2.violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的violence n暴力violently adv.暴力地；猛烈地3.unlike prep.与不同；不像like vt.喜欢prep.像n.爱好dislike vt.不喜欢；讨厌n.不喜欢的事物likely adj.可能的4.harmful adj.有害的harm n& vt.伤害harmless adj.无害的5.exist vi.存在；生存existence n存在；生存6.puzzle vt.& vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难n.谜；难题puzzled adj.感到困惑的puzzling adj.令人困惑的7.religion n宗教；宗教信仰religious adj.宗教上的；信奉宗教的；虔诚的8.biology n生物学biologist n生物学家biological adj.生物的9.reaction n反应；回应react v反应语境活用1.Some believe in the existence (exist) of life on Mars, while others consider it as a myth.2.Last night we had a discussion, which became more and more violent.Finally we reached an agreement that we will never use violence whatever happens.(violent)3.Playing puter games will not only do harm to your physical health, but it is also harmful to your mental health.So there is no harm in advising you to give it up.(harm)4.He often says that he doesnt believe in any religion but meanwhile he respects others religious freedom.(religion)5.Since my younger brother is fond of biology,_he is determined to bee a biologist when he grows up.(biology)6.As is known to us, everyone has his likes and dislikes.My little sister is fond of pop music.She is likely to bee a famous pop singer in the future.(like) (二)练中记短语记牢用活写准记牢语境活用(选用左栏短语填空)1.in_time及时；终于2.lay_eggs 下蛋3.give_birth_to 产生；分娩4.in_ones_turn 轮到某人5.watch_out_for 密切注意；当心；提防6.cheer_up 感到高兴；感到振奋7.depend_on 依靠；取决于8.break_out 突发；爆发9.prevent_.from 阻止；制止10.block_out 挡住(光线)11.get_the_hang_of 熟悉；掌握；理解12.now_that 既然1.Once he has made up his mind, no one can prevent him from carrying out the plan.2.At last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket, which broke_out at ten this morning.3.She married at 17 and gave_birth_to her first baby shortly after.4.Mr.Brown intended to catch the early train, but he didnt get up in_time.5.Do remember to watch_out_for cars while crossing the street.6.Youve made me suffer in the past, so now you, in_your_turn,_suffer again！7.Only by practising time and time again can you get_the_hang_of the grammar rules.8.She bought a heavy curtain to block_out the light.(三)仿写明句式以用为本教材原句句式解读句式仿写1.This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. 这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。动词itadj./n.(宾补)to do。(2018全国卷书面表达)我认为参加晚宴时带点小礼物是个好主意。I think it_a_good_idea_to_bring a small gift when we attend a dinner party.2.But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. 但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍远，因而我摔倒了。倍数表达法：倍数as .as .杰茜卡付出的是以前三倍的时间和精力，所以我相信她这次能成功。Jessica devoted three_times_as_much_time_and_energy_as she did before, so I believe she will succeed this time.3.“Oh, dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.” “天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”now that 引导原因状语从句。既然你精通英语，你就可以申请这份工作。Now_that_you_have_a_good_mand_of_English,_you can apply for the job.4.We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased. 我们惊奇地看着，随着地球的引力增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。形容词作伴随状语。他在风雪中度过了七天，又冷又饿。He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold_and_hungry.二、课堂重点深化1harmful adj.有害的自主体验单句语法填空As we all know, a bad eating habit is harmful (harm) to ones health.As far as Im concerned, there is no harm in making an apology to him first.补全句子These days, breaking traffic rules and littering are mon, causing/doing_serious_harm_to life and the environment.这些天，违反交通规则和乱扔垃圾的现象很常见，对生活和环境造成了严重的破坏。系统归纳(1)be harmful to sb./sth.对某人/某物有害 对某人/某物有害 做某事没有坏处重点强化易错对对碰(to/for)As we all know, the polluted water and air are harmful to peoples health.Anyway, the news seems to be good for you.佳句时时写(一句多译)众所周知，过量饮酒对我们的健康有害。What is known to us is that drinking too much is_harmful_to_our_health.(harmful)It is known to us that drinking too much does_harm_to_our_health.(harm n)2exist vi.存在；生存自主体验单句语法填空Even though he is a little boy, strange ideas always exist in his mind.Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence (exist)The parking place for bikes was an existing (exist) problem for a long time in our school.系统归纳(1)exist in存在于之中exist on 靠为生There exists . 某地有；存在(2)existence n. 存在；生存e into existence 产生；成立；开始存在(3)existing adj. 现存的；现行的重点强化佳句时时写众所周知，老人和年轻人之间存在代沟。As is known to us, there_exists_a_generation_gap between the young and the old.3puzzle vt.(使)迷惑；(使)为难；(使)窘困n.(游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜自主体验单句语法填空The police are still puzzling about/over how the accident could have happened.She lost heart since she failed the exam, because her future was puzzling (puzzle)Hearing the managers explanation, he had a puzzled (puzzle) expression on his face.系统归纳(1)puzzle about/over冥思苦想；苦苦思索(2)a puzzle to sb. 一件让某人感到困惑的事情(3)puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的；困惑的be puzzled about 对迷惑不解重点强化易错对对碰There was a puzzled look on her face because a puzzling problem puzzled her.(puzzle)佳句时时写事实上，困扰你的事情对于中国的许多父母来说也是一个难题。What_puzzles_you_is_actually_a_puzzle_to many parents in China.1in time及时；终于；迟早自主体验单句语法填空As a proverb goes, “Where theres a will, theres a way.” Our efforts will pay off in time.We reached on the top of Mount Tai, just in time to_enjoy (enjoy) the rising sun.Luckily, I adapted to the new surroundings and everything returned to normal in no time.系统归纳(1)in time for .刚好赶上in time to do sth. 及时做某事(2)in no time 立刻；马上at no time决不(放在句首时，句子用部分倒装)at a time 每次；一次at one time 曾经；一度at the same time 同时at times 有时；偶尔from time to time 有时；偶尔(3)take ones time 别着急；慢慢来重点强化易错对对碰(at a time/at one time)Youd better do one thing at_a_time so that you can concentrate on it.At_one_time,_people thought the sun travelled around the earth.佳句时时写In my view, you should at no time lose heart whenever you are in trouble.(用倒装句升级句子)In my view, at_no_time_should_you_lose_heart whenever you are in trouble.2in ones turn轮到某人；接着自主体验单句语法填空Now that we have finished the design, it is in their turn to construct.It turned out that the young man was none other than the old mans son.系统归纳in turn依次；轮流；反之；相应地by turns 轮流；交替地take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事It is ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事It turns/turned out that . 结果重点强化易错对对碰(by turns/take turns)I think wed better take_turns to drive the kids to school this week.I think wed drive the kids to school by_turns this week.佳句时时写人们使用自己的小汽车避免公共交通延误，反过来，这将造成更多的问题。People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, which in_turn_creates_more_problems.3cheer up (使)高兴；(使)振奋；感到高兴；感到振奋自主体验单句语法填空Upon arriving at the classroom, the author was cheered up by a warm wele.Cathy didnt expect any award but was still there to cheer on her friends and praise their acplishments.系统归纳(1)cheer sb.up使某人振作起来cheer sb.on (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励；为某人加油(2)Cheers! 口语(用于祝酒)干杯！重点强化佳句时时写(词汇升级)When Im feeling depressed, my mother tells me funny stories to make me happy.When Im feeling depressed, my mother tells me funny stories to cheer_me_up.4make itadj./n.for sb.to do教材原句This produced a chain reaction, which made_it_possible_for_life_to_develop.自主体验She made it clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.People in the west make it a rule to_buy (buy) Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.He is so stubborn, which makes it no use persuading (persuade) him to change his mind.归纳点拨用法规则“makeit”常用句型：(1)makeitadj./n.that从句(2)makeitadj./n.to do 不定式(3)makeitno good/no use/no value .doing sth.注意事项常用于这种句型的动词还有：think, consider, find, feel等。佳句背诵(增分要点句)I have a good mand of English, which makes it easier for me to find a good job.(增分要点句)You have much experience in voluntary work so that I find it a good idea for you to apply for the position.5倍数表达法教材原句But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice_as_far_as on the earth and fell over.自主体验There are five_times_as_many_books in our library as in yours.我们图书馆里的书是你们图书馆里的书的五倍。据我所知，这个城市是那个城市的三倍大。(一句多译)As far as I know, the city is three times as_large_as that one.As far as I know, the city is three times larger_than that one.As far as I know, the city is three times the_size_of that one.归纳点拨用法规则常见的倍数表达法：(1)倍数asmany/muchn.as(2)倍数as形容词/副词原级as(3)倍数形容词/副词比较级than(4)倍数the size/length/height/depth/width/amountof注意事项(1)表示“两倍”时用twice或double，三倍或三倍以上用“基数词times”表达。(2)此句型中倍数也可以用分数、百分数，half等其他程度状语来表达。佳句背诵(精彩开头句)My school has expanded into a big one, which is three times as big as the previous one.(增分要点句)The area received three times the amount of rain it got last year.本单元语篇话题与新课程主题语境“人与自然”中的“太空探索”子话题相对应一、话题语素积累多一点子话题太空探索(一)浅易词汇温一温spaceshipfreshexploreadvancedrocketprevent satellite earth sun moonMars planet exist(二)生疏词汇记一记launch vt.发射astronaut n宇航员astronomer n天文学家 telescope n望远镜universe n宇宙 orbit n(天体等的)运行轨道astronomy n天文学 monitor vt.监测；监控data n资料 shuttle n飞机foresee v预测 statistics n统计数字(三)常用词块忆一忆space station 太空站；空间站solar system 太阳系space exploration 太空探索the outer space 外太空manned spaceship/spacecraft 载人飞船e true 实现conduct research 进行实验in the long run 从长远来看have access to space travel 能到太空旅行return to the earth 返回地球escape the pull of the earths gravity 逃离地球的引力get close to the moon 靠近月球a waste of 浪费be crazy about 对痴迷(四)写作佳句背一背I have always dreamed of making a trip into the Mars ever since I heard that Mars is most like the Earth and there could have been life on this planet.I want to do research on whether the Mars is a planet we humans can live on.The space travellers made a successful landing on the moon.二、“分步写作”表达准一点话题应用文分步写作假定你是中学生李华，你爱好太空探险但是却得不到父母的理解，于是你给英国朋友Stephen发电子邮件进行交流并请求帮助。要点如下：1你的观点；2父母的意见。注意：1.词数80左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点本写作是一封求助信，时态为一般现在时，人称为第一人称。此书面表达开放性较大，题干给出的信息非常有限，因此准确审题并准确表达要点至关重要。文章可分三个层次：首先点明写信目的(寻求帮助)；主体部分陈述你对太空探险的热爱程度，并说明你的观点(健康的爱好有利于全面发展)及父母的观点(爱好影响学习)；最后表达希望(希望对方提供帮助)。要点1：我写信向你求助。Im_writing_to_seek_your_help.要点2：我对太空探索痴迷。Im_crazy_about_space_exploration.要点2：我认为健康的爱好有利于我们的全面发展。(overall)I_think_healthy_hobbies_are_beneficial_to_our_overall_development.要点2：我的父母认为我的爱好迟早会对我的学习有不好的影响。My_parents_think_my_hobby_will_have_a_bad_effect_on_my_study_in_time.要点3：我希望你能给我提供一些宝贵的建议。期待你的早日答复。I_hope_you_can_offer_me_some_valuable_suggestions._Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼为了使内容更充实，我们需要对要点进行添枝加叶，让要点在内容上和形式上更丰满。要点2增加痴迷于太空探索经常做的事情，并用so .that .倒装句型提升作文档次；要点2后增加细节句“父母为此所采取的行动”；要点3使用高级句式Id appreciate it if .表达殷切盼望。拓展要点2：我对太空探索如此痴迷以至于我常去图书馆阅读有关太空探索的东西。(so . that .倒装句型)So_crazy_am_I_about_space_exploration_that_I_often_go_to_the_library_to_read_something_about_space_exploration.补充要点2：他们试图阻止我去图书馆。 (prevent .from)They_try_to_prevent_me_from_going_to_the_library.升级要点3：如果你能给我提供一些宝贵的建议我将感激不尽。期待你的早日答复。(Id appreciate it if .)Id_appreciate_it_if_you_could_offer_me_some_valuable_suggestions.Looking_forward_to_your_early_reply.第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡结合要点，文章可分两段来成文，介绍你及父母对太空探索的观点时可添加连接词but， as a consequence把基本要点和拓展要点巧妙衔接，以使行文连贯。Dear_Stephen，Im writing to seek your help. So crazy am I about space exploration that I often go to the library to read something about space exploration.I think healthy hobbies are beneficial to our overall development. But my parents think my hobby will have a bad effect on my study in time.As a consequence, they try to prevent me from going to the library.Id appreciate it if you could offer me some valuable suggestions.Looking forward to your early reply.Yours，Li_Hua一、复现单元考点增强备考信心.高考中的语法填空1(2018全国卷)I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle.He was shaking violently (violent)2(2018天津高考)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily in the passenger seat.3(2017浙江高考)Her friends came to help her when the war broke out.4(2016浙江高考)If we know that gossip can be harmful (harm), then why do so many of us do it?5(2016天津高考)I began to learn this when I had my car crashed (crash)6(2016江苏高考)Internet voting is quite popular nowadays.Many people are somewhat puzzled (puzzle) at the negative side of the voting, although some are quite happy with it, and active in doing it.7(2015浙江高考)If steel is heavier than water, why are ships able to_float (float) on the sea?8(2015四川高考)So one day, just to see what she would do, I gently (gentle) placed one on top of the groundhogs head.高考中的完形填空(选用puzzled, in time填空)1(2018全国卷完形填空)I still cant believe what a coincidence it was.Im just so glad I was there _60_ to help my son.in_time2(2012福建高考完形填空)I often read of incidents of misunderstanding or conflict.Im left _36_.Why do these people create mistrust and problems, especially with those from other races？puzzled二、复现话题词汇提高阅读准度新高考下的命题新视角：探索太空奥秘，优化和改善人类生存环境，预防及减少人类自然灾害，探索和开发国民经济建设中急需的能源和资源是国家发展的方针政策，更是高考的热点，建议同学们多多关注太空探索的相关材料。话题感悟学习目标 语篇复现词汇，活学活用记忆更深(加蓝词汇为本单元话题词汇，读文时请揣摩其用法)1 On February 6, SpaceX, a private US aerospace pany owned by Elon Musk, has successfully launched its new Falcon Heavy spacecraft, making it the worlds most powerful rocket.2 Falcon Heavy is the largest rocket since the retirement of NASAs Saturn ， which was used for the Moon missions in the 1970s.“Falcon Heavy can launch about 64 tonnes into low Earth orbit thats almost three times more than the current running biggest launch vehicle, Delta Heavy，” Imperial College London astrophysicist David Clements told Al Jazeera.According to SpaceX, Falcon Heavy can lift into orbit a mass greater than a 737 jet loaded with passengers, crew, luggage and fuel.3 The rocket was designed with the idea of carrying humans into space and opening the possibility of flying missions with people to the Moon and even Mars.For its first voyage, it carried Musks $100,000 cherryred Tesla sports car and a fake spacesuited human model fixed in the drivers seat.Musk joked that “it may be discovered by some future alien race”4 Falcon Heavy went into space on its test flight on February 6.The launch took place at NASAs Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Kennedy Space Center in the US state of Florida, the spot also used for the Apollo 11 Moon mission and several space shuttle launches.It was delayed by several hours because of high winds in the upper atmosphere.Minutes after takeoff, the two outer boosters (助推器) landed at the nearby Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.5 SpaceX announced plans to eventually use Falcon Heavy to launch two paying space tourists on a trip around the Moon.However, Musk said he will probably reserve that mission for another launch system, the BFR.Recently, SpaceX planned to launch a Falcon 9 rocket for NASAs TESS mission on March 20.It is reported that SpaceX planned to plete 30 independent launch missions, at least half of which will use Falcon 9.语篇解读：2月6日，SpaceX公司的宇宙飞船Falcon Heavy成功发射，它是当前最大的运载火箭。1Which of the following can function as a rocket?AA 737 jet.BTesla.CSaturn . DSpaceX.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，自20世纪70年代用于月球任务的美国航空航天局的Saturn 退役以来，Falcon Heavy是当前最大的运载火箭；据此可知，美国航空航天局的Saturn 是运载火箭，故C项正确。2What do we know about Falcon Heavy from the text?AIt is the largest rocket in the world.BIt is of the same load as a 737 jet.CIt is to be found by the creatures in the outer space.DIt was launched at the same place for the Apollo 11 mission.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“The launch took place at NASAs Cape Canaveral Air Force .”可知，发射地是在美国航空航天局的Cape Canaveral Air Force Station和美国佛罗里达州Kennedy Space Center，该地也用于阿波罗11号登月任务。故D项正确。3What delayed the launch of Falcon Heavy?AWeather conditions. BProgram error.CEquipment failure. DDeliberate damage.解析：选A细节理解题。根据第四段第三句“It was delayed by several hours because of high winds in the upper atmosphere.”可知，由于高层大气的强风，发射被推迟了几个小时。据此可知，由于气候条件的原因导致发射推迟，故A项正确。4What can we infer from the last paragraph?AThe BFR will be pleted in 2019.BThe mission to launch space tourists is unknown.CTourists will be sent into space by Falcon 9.DFalcon 9 will take 15 launch missions.解析：选B推理判断题。根据第五段第一、二句可知，SpaceX宣布计划最终使用Falcon Heavy搭载两名旅客，围绕月球进行太空旅行。不过，Musk表示，这一计划他很可能会保留给另一个发射系统BFR。据此可以判断，围绕月球进行太空旅行还未知，故B项正确。学习目标 题后把脉规律，练后得法理解更透推理判断技法(5)利用关键段推断推理判断题的选项有时集中于文章某一段，这时要仔细阅读该段所包含的有效信息，合理进行推理判断。以上文第4题为例：
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