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专题15 瞻前顾后阅读理解之词义猜测与细节理解【2018年考纲解读】词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及单词意义理解、短语意义理解、句子意义理解或代词指代对象的确定等。【题型示例】题型一 词义猜测【题型特点】词义猜测题常见设问方式1(1)What does the underlined word mean in the.?(2)The word “.” probably refers to.其中均含有word or underlined word。2(1)The term/sentence in. can be replaced by.(2)What does the underlined phrase/sentence mean in the last paragraph?【方法技巧】“一原则”、“二关注”速解词义猜测题一原则 结合上下文词义猜测题所提问的单词、词组或句子一般都是考生不认识的，即使认识，正确答案也未必是熟悉的含义。这种题目目的就是希望考生能结合上下文，来理解不认识的单词、词组或句子。二关注 关注并列转折部分这是做词义猜测题的一大利器。因为由并列转折连接的两部分会存在语义含义和成分的对应。所以如果有一个单词不认识，就可以在与其并列或转折部分的信息中找对应信息。关注解释说明部分分析试题可以发现，其实出题者在出一些词义猜测题的时候也是动了恻隐之心的。会在晦涩难懂的信息附近存在一个解释说明部分，解释说明部分的标志有逗号、冒号、破折号、双引号等。 Capital City Bike Tour In Washington, D.C.Duration:3 hours Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most ,interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. fortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线）make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour Duration:3 hours(7miles)Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as your bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.21. Which tour do you need to book in advance?A. Cherry Blossom like Tour in Washington, D.C.B. Washington capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D. C.D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.22. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?A. Meet famous people. B. Go to a national park.C. Visit well-known museums. D. Enjoy interesting stories.23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?A. City maps. B. Cameras.C. Meals D. Safety lights【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D【解析】本文是一篇广告应用文。文章介绍了骑自行车到Washington, D.C.旅游的四中路线的相关行程及注意事项。23. 细节理解题。根据文章Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour中的All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.可知，所有骑行者都要装备反光背心和安全手电筒。故选D。BGood Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11.We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant, she explains. I pay 5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. The eight-part series(系列节自), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonights Easter special they e to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the familys long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.24. What do we know about Susanna Reid? 【变式探究】【2018江苏】请认真阅读下列短文, 从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中, 选出最佳选项, 并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AThe Metropolitan Museum of Art1000 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10028211-535-7710 .metmuseum.orgEntrancesFifth Avenue at 82nd StreetHoursOpen 7 days a week.Sunday-Thursday 10:00-17:30Friday and Saturday 10:00-21:00Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,January 1,and the first Monday in May.Admission$25.00 remended for adults, $12.00 remended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters(回廊）on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.Free with AdmissionAll special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, andfamily/childrens programs are free with admission.Ask about todays activities at the Great Hall Information Desk.The Cloisters Museum and GardensThe Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Art devoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages. The extensivecollection consists of masterworks in sculpture, colored glass, and precious objects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15th century.Hours: Open 7 days a week.March-October 10:00-17:15November-February 10:00-16:45Closed Thanksgiving Day, December 25,and January 1.56. How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum?A. $12.B. $37.C. $ 50.D. $ 6257. The attraction of the Cloisters museum and gardens lies in the fact that _.A.it opens all the year round B. its collections date from the Middle AgesC.it has a modern European-style garden D.it sells excellent European glass collections【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了英国艺术博物馆和修道院博物馆的参观指南，包括参观时间、价格、特点等。56.C 细节理解题。根据Admission部分和Free with Admission部分，根据“$25.00 remended for adults”可知，成人25美元每人；根据“All special exhibitions, as well as films, lectures, guided tours, concerts, gallery talks, and family/childrens programs are free with admission”可知，带孩子的家庭中孩子免费，故C父母及他们11岁的女儿总计付50美元，故选C项。BIn the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Takevisual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食）when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places. fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way toencourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）.Whenclassical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longerand spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables, crowding.high prices dont necessarily. Diners at bad tables next to the kitchen door, say spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not be overly concerned about bad tables, given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.58. The underlined phrase none the wiser in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A. not aware of eating more than usual B. not willing to share food with othersC. not conscious of the food quality D. not fond of the food provided59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A. playing classical music.B. Introducing lemon scent.C. Making the light brighter,D. Using plates of larger size.60. What does the last paragraph talk about?A. Tips to attract more customers.B. Problems restaurants are faced with.C. Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D. mon misunderstandings about restaurants.【答案】58. A 59. A 60. D【解析】本文为议论文。本文介绍了现代餐馆刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，以及人们对餐厅的一些错误看法。59. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是流行音乐。Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬香，而D项文章没有提及，所以用排除方法可以选A。60. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables, crowding，high prices dont necessarily.可知，你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如：不好的桌子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选D。 上面临的巨大压力。故B正确。67. 细节理解题。根据文章第九段children pared themselves to others online in a way that was hugely damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves.可知，孩子在网上与其他人比较损害他们的自尊心，自信心以及自我发展的能力。故B正确。68. 推理判断题。根据文章第12段However, the researchinvolving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.可知，随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段By the time they started secondary schoolat age 11children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.可以推断出，他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎、被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。故选D。69. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段Its also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.可以推断出,父母需要了解孩子在使用什么apps，所以应该时刻跟踪了解孩子对于社交app的使用。故选C。70. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Children as young as ten are being dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.可知，本文为新闻报道体，文章主要介绍青少年变得越来越依赖社交媒体。再根据全文内容可知文章主要介绍了社交媒体对孩子的影响，故A正确。【变式探究】(2017天津，C)This month, Germanys transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semiautonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheelto check email, saythe cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say driverless cars， people expect driverless cars，” Merat says. “You knowno driver.”Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where governmentprovided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo.1.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to？ AA place where cars often break down.BA case where passing a law is impossible.CAn area where no driving is permitted. DA situation where drivers role is not clear.2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to_.Astop people from breaking traffic rulesBhelp promote fully automatic drivingCprotect drivers of all ages and racesDprevent serious property damage解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知，选B。3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars？ AIt should get the attention of insurance panies.BIt should be the main concern of law makers.CIt should not cause deadly traffic accidents.DIt should involve no human responsibility.解析：考查推理判断。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应承担无人驾驶车辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的安全问题负责的人，故选D。 BMany of us love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the mon berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.When bined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out es a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream e out below.24. What does the author seem to like about cherries?A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A.C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants.25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?A. A dessert. B. A drink.C. A container. D. A machine.27. From which is the text probably taken?A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D 27. B【解析】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的7月，这时候各种水果营养丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。26. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream e out below可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出a juicer就是一台机器。故选D。CTeens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a mon Sense Media report published Monday.While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many childrens lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.According to the reports key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 28, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.When it es to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it es to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, pared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.28. What is the mon Sense Media report probably about?A. Childrens reading habits.B. Quality of childrens books.C. Childrens after-class activities.D. Parent-child relationships.29. Where can you find the data that best supports children are reading a lot less for fun?A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3.C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?A. E-books are of poor quality.B. It could be a waste of time.C. It may harm childrens health.D. E-readers are expensive.31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?A. Act as role models for them.B. Ask then to write book reports.C. Set up reading groups for them.D. Talk with their reading class teachers.【答案】28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A【解析】据本周一公布的a mon Sense Media report报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告的内容。29. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的the proportion (比例) who say they hardly ever read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.可知，很少为乐趣而阅读的人的比例已经分别从1984年的13岁的8%和17岁的9%上升到现在的22%和27%。也就是说，为乐趣而读书的人越来越少了。故选B。30. 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time可知，许多家长仍然限制电子阅读，主要是由于担心看一些电子屏幕的时间越来越多，也即是担心会伤害孩子们的健康。故选C。31. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it es to reading.可知，有明显的证据表明，父母为孩子们做榜样并为孩子们作重要指导能培养孩子的阅读习惯。也即是说，父母可以通过给孩子们作榜样来鼓励孩子们阅读的。故选A。DWeve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the unfortable silence. Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have promised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social munica
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