Schooling-and-Education

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Schooling and Education上学与受教育,It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless,it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.,在美国，人们通常认为上学是为了受教育。而现在却有人认为孩子们上学打断了他们受教育的过程。这种观念中的上学与受教育之间的区分特殊重要。,Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere,whether in the shower or in the job,whether in a kitchen or on a tractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.,与上学相比,教育更具开放性，内容更广泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何场合下进展，在淋浴时，在工作时，在厨房里或拖拉机上。它既包括在学校所受的正规教育，也包括一切非正规教育。,The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio,from a child to a distinguished scientist.,Whereas schooling has a certain predictability,education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person,to discover how little is known of other religions.,传 授学问的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音机里进展政治辩论的人们，可以是小孩子，也可以是知名的科学家。上学读书多少有点可预见性，而教育往往能带来意外的觉察。与 生疏人的一次任凭谈话可能会使人生疏到自己对其它宗教其实所知甚少。,People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education,then,is a very broad,inclusive term.It is a lifelong process,a process that starts long before the start of school,and one that should be an integral part of one”s entire life.Schooling,on the other hand,is a specific,formalized process,whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.,人们从幼时起就 开头受教育。因此，教育是一个内涵很丰富的词，它自始至终伴随人的一生，早在人们上 学之前就开头了。教育应成为人生命中不行缺少的一局部。然而，上学却是一个特定的形 式化了的过程。在不同场合下，它的根本形式大同小异。,Throughout a country,children arrive at school at approximately the same time,take assigned seats,are taught by an adult,use similar textbooks,do homework,take exams,and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned,whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government,have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught.,在全国各地，孩子们几乎在同一 时刻到达学校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人传授学问，使用大致一样的教材，做作业，考试等等。他们所学的现实生活中的一些片断，如字母表或政府的运作，往往受到科目范 围的限制。,For example,high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.,例如，高中生们知道，在课堂上他们没法弄清晰他们社区里政治问题的真情，也不会了解到最新潮的电影制片人在做哪些尝试。学校教育这一形式化的过程是有特定的 限制的。,Electricity电,The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights,radio,televisions,and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.,当今时代是电气时代。人们对电灯、收音机、电视和 早已司空见惯,以致很难想象没有它们生活会变成什么样。,When there is a power failure,people grope暗中摸,摸索 about in flickering candlelight,cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them,and food spoils in silent refrigerators.,当停电时，人们在摇曳不定的烛光下暗中摸索；因没有红 绿灯的指示，汽车在道路上迟疑不前；冰箱也停顿工作，导致食物变质。,Yet,people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years.,人们只是在两个世纪前一点才开头了解电的使用原理，自然界却明显在这方面经受过了数百万年。,Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity.,科学家不断觉察很多生物世界里可能有益于人类的关于电的好玩隐秘。全部生物细胞都会发出微小的电脉冲。,As the heart beats,it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram心电图,which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain,too,sends out brain waves of electricity,which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram lektrenseflgrm.,留神脏跳动时，把它发出的脉冲记录下来就成了心电图，这可让医生了解心脏的 工作状况。大脑也发出脑电波，这可在脑电图上记录下来。,The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small-often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals,certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as,muscle cells at all.,很多生物细胞发出的电流都是极微小的，小到要用灵敏仪器才能记录和测量。但一些动物的某些肌肉细胞能转化成一个 个发电机，以致完全失去肌肉细胞的功能。,When large numbers of these cells are linked,together,the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives.(An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.),这种细胞大量地连接在一起时产生的效果将是 特殊令人惊异的。电鳗就是一种令人惊异的蓄电池。它可以在水中发出相当于 800 伏特电,压电流(家庭用户的电压只有 120 伏特)。,As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel”s body are specialized for generating electricity,and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.,在电鳗的身体里，多至五分之四的细胞都特地用 来发电，而且发出的电流的强度大约和它身体的长度成正比。,Television,Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era,an era