语言与文化的关系.ppt

1 LanguageandCultureMajorresearchesonlanguageandcultureInteractionoflanguageandculture 2 Majorresearches Theconnectionbetweencultureandlanguagehasbeennotedasfarbackastheclassicalperiodandprobablylongbefore TheancientGreeks forexample distinguishedbetweencivilizedpeoplesandb rbaros thosewhobabble TheGermanromanticistsofthe19thcenturysuchasHerder WundtandHumbolt oftensawlanguagenotjustasoneculturaltraitamongmanybutratherasthedirectexpressionofapeople snationalcharacter andassuchascultureinakindofcondensedform Herderforexamplesuggests Sinceeverypeopleisapeople ithasitsownnationalcultureexpressedthroughitsownlanguage 3 Languageinculture Boasiantradition FranzBoas1858 1942EstablishedmodernAmericananthropologyHandbookofAmericanIndianLanguages 1911Anthropologicalorientation 4 FranzBoas likehisGermanforerunners maintainedthatthesharedlanguageofacommunityisthemostessentialcarrieroftheircommonculture Boaswasthefirstanthropologistwhoconsidereditunimaginabletostudythecultureofaforeignpeoplewithoutalsobecomingacquaintedwiththeirlanguage thefactthattheintellectualcultureofapeoplewaslargelyconstructed sharedandmaintainedthroughtheuseoflanguage meantthatunderstandingthelanguageofaculturalgroupwasthekeytounderstandingitsculture 5 6 Wecanlearnfromthecitation Languageisthemostimportantbranchofethnology Ethnologyisthescientificstudyandcomparisonofculturesofdifferentracesofpeople NewcollegiateDictionary Languageisacomponentpartofculture 7 Culturalrelativism Whiletranscribingnativetextsandtranslatingthem Boasbecamefascinatedbythedifferentwaysinwhichdifferentlanguageclassifytheworldandthehumanexperience Heproposedculturalrelativism theviewthateachcultureshouldbeunderstoodinitsowntermsratherthanaspartofanintellectuallyormorallyscaledmasterplan inwhichtheEuropeansorthoseofEuropeandescenttendedtobeatthetop Duranti 195255 8 Culturalrelativism BoasusedhisknowledgeofAmericanIndianlanguagestoshowthatthewaylanguagesclassifytheworldisarbitrary Eachlanguagehasitsownwayofbuildingupavocabularythatdividesuptheworldandestablishescategoriesofexperience ItwaslatermodifiedbySapirandWhorfwhoarguedthatifalanguageencodesaparticularexperienceoftheworld itsusemightpredisposeitsspeakerstoseetheworldaccordingtotheexperienceencodedinit 9 Sapir WhorfHypothesis萨丕尔 沃尔夫假说EdwardSapir 1884 1939 andBenjaminLeeWhorf 1897 1941 Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand consequently differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld Sapir WhorfHypothesis 10 4 2Sapir WhorfHypothesis Humanbeingsdonotliveintheobjectiveworldalone noraloneintheworldofsocialactivityasordinarilyunderstood butareverymuchatthemercyoftheparticularlanguagewhichhasbecomethemediumofexpressionfortheirsociety Therealworldistoalargeextentunconsciouslybuiltuponthelanguagehabitsofthegroup Notwolanguagesareeversufficientlysimilartobeconsideredasrepresentingthesamesocialreality Sapir 1931 11 4 2Sapir WhorfHypothesis thatthelinguisticsystem inotherwords thegrammar ofeachlanguageisnotmerelyareproducinginstrumentforvoicingideasbutratherisitselftheshaperofideas theprogramandguidefortheindividual smentalactivity forhisanalysisofimpression forhissynthesisofhismentalstockintrade Whorf 1952 12 Sapir WhorfHypothesis Theprincipleoflinguisticrelativityholdsthatthestructureofalanguageaffectsthewaysinwhichitsspeakersareabletoconceptualizetheirworld i e theirworldview Sapir Whorfhypothesis orWhorfianism isgenerallyunderstoodashavingtwodifferentversions i thestrongversionthatlanguagedeterminesthoughtandthatlinguisticcategorieslimitanddeterminecognitivecategories ii theweakversionthatlinguisticcategoriesandusageinfluencethoughtandcertainkindsofnon linguisticbehavior 13 AnthropologicalstudyoflinguisticsinEngland Malinowski BronislawKaspar 1884 1942 Englishanthropologist pioneerofFunctionalSchoolIn1920s hedidhisfieldworkontheTrobriandIslands Heobservedthatintheprimitiveculturethemeaningofawordgreatlydependeduponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext 14 initsprimitiveuses languagefunctionsasalinkinconcertedhumanactivity itisamodeofactionandnotaninstrumentofreflection 1932 312 TheworkbyMalinowskipavedthewayforacultural rather acontextualstudyoflanguageuseinBritain whichinspiredFirth evenHalliday 15 Interactionbetweenlanguageandculture 16 1 Languageisacomponentpartofculture AccordingtomanydefinitionsofculturesuchasthatgivenbyMicrosoftEncartaEncyclopedia apeople scultureincludestheirbeliefs rulesofbehavior language ritual art technology styleofdress waysofproducingandcookingfood religion andpoliticalandeconomicsystems Wecandrawaconclusionthatlanguageisacomponentofculture 17 2 languageisthecarrierofcultureandlanguagereflectsculture Languageisthebaseofentireculture anditisonlyinlanguagethatculturecanbewellpresentedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration Fromlanguage wecanknowthenaturalenvironment habits religion andhistoryofthepeople 18 3 cultureinfluenceslanguageandshapeslanguage E g TheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow InArabic thecamelplayssignificantrolesinpeople slife sotherearemorethan40wordsfor camel 19 Accordingly wecanconcludethatlanguageandcultureareintricatelyinterwovenandtheyrelyoneachother Tounderstandalanguage onemustknowwellaboutitscultureandviseversa Soitisquitereasonabletosaythatlearningalanguageis inaway learningthecultureandhabitofacountrywherethelanguageisspoken