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（12）阅读理解 词义猜测四1、What is it that makes people laugh? More than two thousand years ago the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle defined (定义) jokes as the pleasure that results from a feeling of triumph(胜利) by showing were better than someone else in a certain way. According to Aristotle and many other philosophers,all jokes depend mainly on showing inferiority in another person or group of personsthat is,putting it clearly,on showing that they are worse off than ourselves. Jokes raise our good opinion of ourselves at someone elses expense. Showing how much better than other people we are is only one reason we like jokes. Someone may also use a joke to express their anger or their cruelty or any other kind of action that is not acceptable to us. We feel free to laugh when we hear about someone sliding on a banana skin. The joke lets us express those attitudes which are usually unacceptable to society. This is probably the reason why some of the jokes,especially those involving cruelty,are so popular with certain people.Besides,all jokes depend on our enjoyment of laughing at something that is strange and out of place because its different from things which are happening around it. The same situation can be either sad or pleasant,depending entirely on how strange and out of place it is. If a girl in a bathing suit falls into a swimming pool,we dont laugh because nothing unusual has happened. But if a man in a smart suit falls in,the situation is at once unusual in a pleasant way and we laugh. A good joke-teller will always try to build up a situation in which one thing is expected until something unexpected suddenly happens,and so we laugh.1.According to Aristotle,all jokes depend mainly on _.A.showing inferiority in another person or groupB.resulting in a sense of successC.having a good opinion of other peopleD.making people laugh unexpectedly2.The underlined word “inferiority”(in Paragraph 1) means _.A.something that is not as good as something elseB.something that is better than something elseC.someone that is not as good as someone elseD.someone that is better than someone else3.Whats the main idea of Paragraph 2?A.Showing we are better than other people is the only one reason we like jokes.B.When people are angry,they would like to hear jokes.C.People who like jokes are usually cruel.D.To express those attitudes usually unacceptable to society is one of the reasons we like jokes.4.What will a good joke teller always try to do?2、 An elephant in a South Korean zoo is using his trunk to pick up not only food, but also human vocabulary. An international team of scientists confirmed on Friday what Everland Zoo has been saying for years: Their 5.5-ton tusker Koshik has an unusual and possibly unprecedented talent. The 22-year-old Asian elephant can reproduce five Korean words by tucking his trunk inside his mouth to modulate sound, the scientists said in a joint paperpublished online in Current Biology. They said he may have started imitating human speech because he was lonely. Koshik can reproduce “annyeong”(hello),“anja” (sit down),“ aniya ( no),“ nuwo (lie down) and joa(good) , the paper says. One of the researchers said there is no conclusive evidence that Koshik understands the sounds he makes, although the elephant does respond to words like anja. Researchers said the clearest scientific evidence that Koshik is deliberately imitating human speech is that the sound frequency of his words matches that of his trainers. Vocal imitation of other species has been found in mockingbirds, parrots and mynahs. But the paper says Koshiks case represents “ a wholly novel method of vocal production because he uses his trunk to reproduce human speech. Researchers believe Koshiklearned to reproduce words out of adesire to bond with his trainers afterhe was separated from two otherelephants at age 5. Koshik emerged as a staramong animal enthusiasts and children in South Korea after Everland Zoo claimed in 2006 that he could imitate words, two years after his trainers noticed the phenomenon. His growing reputation prompted Austrian biologist Angela Stoeger- Horwath and German biophysicist Daniel Mietchen to study him in 2010, zoo officials said. Kim Jong-gab, Koshiks chief trainer, said the elephant was timid for a male when he first came to Everland Zoo, so trainers often slept in the same area with him. Kim thinks that contact helped Koshik feel closer to humans. Kim said he has another expression he wants to teach Koshik: “Saranghae” or “I love you.1.According to the passage, what is the possible reason why Koshik imitates human speech?A.He feels very lonely.B.He earns money for his zoo.C.He has a gift for speech.D.He wants to make his trainer happy.2.Koshik can reproduce the following words EXCEPT_.A.annyeongB.nuwoC.SaranghaeD.joa3.From the passage, we can know that_.A.Koshik began to imitate human speech in 2006B.Koshik is a 22-year-old Asian female elephantC.Kim Jong-gab is the manager of Everland ZooD.Koshik is a star in animal enthusiasts and kids in South Korea4.The underlined word “prompted in the passage probably means_.A.causedB.expandedC.developedD.changed3、Dear Alcohol, Youve been around forever. I can remember all the pain youve caused for me. Do you remember the night when you almost took my fathers life? I do. He loves you. Sometimes I think he loves you more than he loves me. Hes addicted to you, to the way you promise to rid him of his problems only to cause more of them. You just sat back and laughed as his car went spinning through the street, crashing into two other cars. He wasnt the only one hurt by you that night. Do you remember the night of my first high school party? You were there. My friends were intrigued by you. They treated you as if they were never going to see you again, drinking all of you that they could. I spent two hours that night helping my friends who had fallen pletely. “Im so embarrassed,” they said as I patted them on the back so that they could vomit(呕吐). “Im sorry,” they said when I called taxies for them, walking them out and paying the drivers in advance. “This wont happen again,” they said as they were sent to the hospital to have their stomachs pumped. Two 15-year-old girls slept in hospital beds that night thanks to you. Do you remember the night when you took advantage of my 17-year-old neighbor who had to drive to pick up his sister from her dance lessons? Do you know how we all felt when he hit another car and killed the two people in the other car? He died the next morning too. His sister walked home from her dance lesson, and passed police cars and a crowd of people gathering on the sidewalk just two blocks away from the dance studio. She didnt realize her brother was in the midst of it at all. She never saw him again. And its all your fault. I wish youd walk out of my life forever. I dont want anything to do with you. Look at all the pain youve caused. Sure, youve made people happy too from time to time. But the damage youve caused in the lives of millions is inexcusable. Stop luring(引诱) the people I love. Stop hurting me, please!Sincerely,Anonymous1.What is authors purpose in writing to alcohol?A.To introduce Mr. Alcohol to the readers.B.To describe the harm alcohol did to his family.C.To show how much alcohol can hurt people.D.To tell people three sad stories about alcohol.2.What did alcohol do to the authors father that night?A.It made him drunk and took his life away.B.It got him into trouble and got his stomach pumped.C.It made him kill two other people when driving.D.It got him into a car accident and badly injured.3.The underlined phrase “were intrigued by” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “_”.A.were familiar withB.were interested inC.were disappointed byD.were satisfied with4.What is the tone of the article?A.Critical.B.Doubtful.C.Unconcerned.D.Humorous.4、 These days, drugs can be found everywhere, and it may seem like everyones doing them. Lots of people are tempted(引诱) by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer. But learning the facts about drugs can help you see the risks of chasing this excitement or escape. Heres what you need to know. How do drugs work? Drugs are chemicals or substances that change the way our bodies work. When you put them into your body (often by swallowing, breathing in. or injecting them), drugs find their way into your bloodstream and are transported(运输)to parts of your body,such as your brain. In the brain, drugs may either strengthen or dull (使迟钝) your senses, change your sense of alertness(机敏),and sometimes decrease physical pain. A drug may be helpful or harmful. The effects of drugs can vary depending upon the kind of drug taken, how much is taken, how often it is used, how quickly it gets to the brain, and what other drugs, food, or substances are taken at the same time. Effects can also vary based on the differences in body size, shape, and chemistry. Although substances can feel good at first, they can eventually do a lot of harm to the body and brain. Drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, taking illegal drugs, and sniffing glue can all cause serious damage to the human body. Some drugs seriously weaken a person s ability to make healthy choices and decisions. Teens who drink, for example,are more likely to get involved in(卷入,陷入) dangerous situations,such as driving at top speed under the influence or having unprotected sex.1.The underlined word “chasing” in the first paragraph most probably means _.A.removingB.seekingC.keepingD.holding2.Drugs get into ones body through the following ways EXCEPT_.A.eatingB.breathingC.feelingD.injecting3.Effects that drugs have on the body depend on_.A.the amount of themB.the frequency of themC.the kind of themD.all of the above4.According to the passage,the author_.A.supports the idea of taking drugsB.offers the idea of taking drugsC.opposes the idea of taking drugsD.refuses the idea of taking drugs5、 Good for your health? Socialising with your friends could bum more calories than running on a treadmill (跑步机). Socialising keeps you slim. Keeping a busy social life among lots of friends may keep people slimmer than spending hours on a treadmill, according to scientists. They say that socialising and meeting with friends help high levels of “brown fat” in the body bum calories to generate heat. Living in a stimulating social environment was found to reduce abdominal fat in mice by half over four weeks, even if they ate more. U. S. researchers say that social stimulation aids weight loss by converting white fat into brown. White stores calories andmakes us fatter, while brown bums energy to generate heat. Converting white fat into brown is notoriously difficult, normally requiring long term exposure to cold conditions or activating part of the bodys nervous system. However, scientists from Ohio State University now think that having a busy social life is an even more effective way of changing white fat into brown. The team came up with their theory by studying the effects of various living environments on mice. Those who lived alongside a greater number of mice, had more space and toys to stimulate them to lose far more weight over the course of the study than their couch potato counterparts. Study author Dr. Matthew During, whose teams findings appear in journalCell Metabolismsaid,“Im still amazed at the degree of fat loss that occurs. ” Explaining how new technology had threatened face-to-face socialising,he added,“Its not just a sedentary (久坐的) lifestyle and high calorie foods,but an increasing lack of social engagement. Co-author Dr. Lei Cao said, “ Loneliness is a profound factor for cancer and death; its on par with cigarette smoking. Social engagement is very important.1.In order to keep a charming feature, its better to_.A.live sociallyB.run on a treadmillC.eat lessD.expose to coldness2.Couch potato counterparts refer to _.A.a greater number of miceB.more space and toysC.those with more weightD.changing white fat to brown3.What do the underlined words “on par with in Paragraph 6 mean?A.More than.B.Less than.C.At the same level as.D.At higher level than.4.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Socialising keeps you slim.B.Running on a treadmill keeps you slim.C.Turning white fat into brown.D.Living often with mice.6、 Integrity is the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right. The concept of integrity has played a key role in moral philosophy throughout history and is promoted in all societies because of its importance to social relations. Individual integrity is vital to society, one that enables people to make use of their capacity for critical reflection, does not force people to take up particular roles and does not encourage individuals to betray each other. Besides, societies can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Individual integrity can lift up the spirits of the entire society. It can shape the lives of people living in a particular society, the lives of all fellow people and, in its broadest sense, even the destiny(命运) of a nation. By contrast, if those living in the society are corrupt(道德败坏的), it could have bad effects, jeopardizing the healthy morality of the society. On the other hand, a society can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Society expects and requires integrity. A society consisting of people of integrity, and people who never promise on their principles, could have a positive mark on the personal development of its members. Being a part of such a morally lively munity could serve as a basis for absorbing traits of good character. This could be of a distinct advantage to any individuals in the society. However, some social structures are of the wrong sort for some individuals to pursue integrity. If that is the case, we have to ask questions about the moral nature of society first before raising questions about individual integrity. Questions about integrity may turn out to be about what kind of society it is, rather than about the relationship between individual interests and characteristics of a society. The pursuit of adequate individual integrity often depends, not so much on understanding who one is and what one believes and is mitted to, but rather understanding what ones society is and imagining what it could be. Under no circumstances can we underestimate the importance of human integrity in a society. People, who are honest, trustworthy, passionate and caring, are the decisive factors in the growth of individuals as well as the development of a society.1.Individual integrity has been valued in society because _.A.it helps develop philosophyB.it is the basis of critical thinkingC.it is important to social relationsD.it ensures peoples particular roles2.The underlined word “jeopardizing” in Paragraph 2 probably means_.A.destroyingB.strengtheningC.assessingD.influencing3.The writer believes that _.A.social structures guide the formation of individual integrityB.the nature of society is decided by economic developmentC.the pursuit of individual integrity changes with timeD.individual integrity depends on what one believes4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?CP:Central Point P:Point Sp:Sub-point C:ConclusionA.B.C.D.A.Make a sad situation into a pleasant one.B.Make different things happen at the same time.C.Make an unexpected thing happen in an expected situation.D.Make people laugh at something unusual and out of place. 答案以及解析1答案及解析：答案： 1.A; 2.A; 3.D; 4.C解析：本文探讨了笑话。1. A细节理解题。根据第一段第三句According to Aristotle and many other philosophers, all jokes depend mainly on showing inferiority in another person or group of persons.可知,笑话是依赖于展示出另外一个人或群体的自卑。2.A词义猜测题。根据破折号后的“that is,putting it clearly,on showing that they are worse off than ourselves.”可知,inferiority与worse off是同义词,故答案为A项。3.D段落大意题。利用笑话表达别人不喜欢接受的态度是较好的方式,因此这也是我们喜欢笑话的原因之一。4.C 细节理解题。根据短文的最后一句“A good joke-teller will always try to build up a situation in which one thing is expected until something unexpected suddenly happens,and so we laugh.”可知,C项正确。考点:考查说明文阅读2答案及解析：答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.D; 4.A解析：1.细节理解题。根据第三段的“They said he may have started imitating human speech because he was lonely.”可知,大象开始模仿人的语言,因为他是孤独的。故选A项。2.细节理解题。根据第四段以及最后一段的内容可知,Koshik不会说“ Saranghae”。故选C项。3.细节理解题。根据倒数第三段的“Koshik emerged as a star among animal enthusiasts and children in South Korea.可知, Koshik是动物爱好者以及韩国孩子们的明星。故选D项。4.词义猜测题。根据该词前后的内容可以推断出,该词意为“引起”。故选A项。3答案及解析：答案：1.C; 2.D; 3.B; 4.A解析：1.写作意图题。从全文和最后一段的句子: Look at all the pain youve caused. Sure, youve made people happy too from time to time. But the damage youve caused in the lives of millions is inexcusable.可知作者写这封信是为了说明酒精给人们造成多么大的伤害,选C。2.细节题。从第二段的句子:You just sat back and laughed as his car went spinning through the street, crashing into two other cars. He wasnt the only one hurt by you that night.可知酒精让作者的爸爸和另外的车相撞,严重受伤,选D。3.猜词题。从第三段的句子:They treated you as if they were never going to see you again, drinking all of you that they could.可以推断出作者的朋友对酒很感兴趣,选B。4.推理题。从最后一段的句子:I wish youd walk out of my life forever. I dont want anything to do with you. Look at all the pain youve caused. Sure, youve made people happy too from time to time. But the damage youve caused in the lives of millions is inexcusable. Stop luring(引诱) the people I love. Stop hurting me, please!可知作者的态度是批评的,选A。4答案及解析：答案：1.B; 2.C; 3.D; 4.C解析：1.同义猜测题。从原文第一段可以看出,许多人由于追求刺激,或者由于吸毒之后能够逃避现实而去吸毒,那么了解一些有关毒品的资料会有助于你看到“追求”这种刺激或逃避所导致的危险。2.细节理解题。根据原文第二段第三句话可知.毒品可以通过吞咽、鼻吸或注射进入体内,只有C项未被提及。3.细节理解题.根据原文第三段笫二句话可知,毒品所导致的后果出于其吸食的种类、数量、频率、其到达大脑的速度以及在吸毒的同时,还吃了哪些其他的毒品、食物或物质而有所不同,A、B和C三项均被提及,故选D项。4.推理判断题。根据原文最后一段可知,作者认为虽然有些东西起初令人感觉很棒,但它们最终会对身体和大脑造成伤害,然后举例说明毒品严重削弱一个人作出正确选择和判断的能力,由此推断,作者是反对吸毒的做法的。5答案及解析：答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.C; 4.A解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Socialising keeps you slim. ”可知应选A项。2.推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“在研究期间,那些和大量老鼠生活在一起的老鼠,有更多的空间和玩具刺激它们减去更多的脂肪,减肥的程度远超过那些孤独的同类”可知,counterpart意为“同类的人或事,故C项符合题意。3.词义猜测题。根据画线词前面一句话“Loneliness is a profound factor for cancer and death” 可推知,on par with 是“不相上下”的意思,故C项符合题意。4.主旨大意题。根据第一段及全文内容可知,本文主要讲了社交活动有助减肥,故A项正确。6答案及解析：答案：1.C; 2.A; 3.A; 4.A解析：1.细节理解题. 由首段中的 The concept ofintegrity has played a key role in moral philosophy throughout history and is promoted in all societies because of its importance to social relations.和 Individual integrity is vital to society.可知选C。2.词义猜测题. 由画线词所在句中的By contrast, if those living in the society are corrupt,it could have bad effects.中的 bad effects 就可以判断出这是不好的影响,故选A。3.主旨大意题:由倒数第二段和第三段可知,作者认为社会结构塑造了个性的正直,故选A。4.文章结构题。第一段抛出总观点;第二段抛出观点后,利用by contrast引出另一观点;第三段on the other hand抛出r另一观点;第四段出现转折词however,抛出观点;尾段总结概括。抓住转折词就可以判断文章结构,故选A。
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