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专题01 Cultural relics【考纲解读】1. 了解世界文化遗产，进而激发学生的文化遗产保护意识。2. 在已有知识的基础上阐述自己对文化遗产和保护文化遗产的观点，从而可以进一步提高学生听、说、读、写综合素质能力。【高频单词】1rare (adj.) 稀罕的；稀有的；珍贵的rarely (adv.) 罕有；很少；不常2amaze (vt.) 使吃惊；惊讶amazing (adj.) 令人吃惊的amazed (adj.) 吃惊的amazement (n.) 惊奇3select (vt.) 挑选；选择selection (n.) 选择；选拔4design (n.) 设计；图案；构思 (vt.) 设计；计划；构思designer (n.)设计者；构思者5survive (v.) 幸免(于)；幸存；比活得长；生还survival (n.) 生存；幸存survivor (n.) 幸存者6fancy (adj.) 奇特的；异样的 (vt.) 想象；设想；爱好7decorate (v.) 装饰；装修decoration (n.) 装饰品；装饰8reception (n.)接待；招待会；接收receive (vt.)接受；接待；招待receiver (n.)(电话)听筒/受话器9remove (vt.) 移动；搬开removal(n.)移动；搬进10wooden (adj.) 木制的wood (n.) 木头11doubt (n.) 怀疑；疑惑 (vt.) 怀疑；不信doubtful (adj.)怀疑的12former (adj.) 以前的；从前的(反义词)latter (adj.) 后者的；后面的13worth (adj.) 值得的；相当于的价值 (n.) 价值；作用14local (adj.) 本地的；当地的15evidence (n.) 根据；证据evident (adj.) 明显的；清楚的16explode (vi.) 爆炸explosion (n.) 爆炸17sailor (n.) 水手；海员；船员sail (v.) (船)航行；(人)乘船航行 (n.) 航行；航海18sink (vi.) 下沉；沉下sank/sunk (过去式)sunk/sunken (过去分词)19valuable (adj.) 贵重的；有价值的value (n. & vt.) 价值；重视invaluable (adj.) 极有用的；极宝贵的20informal (adj.) 非正式的formal (反义词) 正式的21debate (n.) 争论；辩论 (vi.) 争论；辩论【重点短语】1belong_to 属于2in_return 作为报答；回报3at_war 处于交战状态4take_apart 拆开 5rather_than 而不是6in_search_of 寻找7serve_as 充当；起作用8less_than 少于9think/speak_highly_of 看重；器重 10develop_an_interest_in. 培养对的兴趣 【热点句型】 1could not/never have done“(过去)不可能做”Frederick William ， the King of Prussia, could_never_have_imagined (绝不可能想到) that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. 2This is/was a time when.“这是一个的时期/时候”This_was_a_time_when (这是一个的时期) the two countries were at war. 3There is no doubt that.“毫无疑问”There_is_no_doubt_that (毫无疑问)the boxes were then put on a train for Knigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea. 4what引导名词性从句After that, what_happened (所发生的一切)to the Amber Room remains a mystery. 5疑问词不定式In a trial, a judge must decide which_eyewitnesses_to_believe and_which_not_to_believe (哪些证人可信，哪些不可信). (教材P5)6nor位于句首引起的部分倒装句型Nor_do_I_think (我也不认为)they should give it to any government. 高频考点一、单词例1、survivevt.比活得长；幸免于；从(困境等中)挺过来vi.幸免；幸存；生还Is it enough to have survived for a long time？(P1)只是存在的时间长就足够了吗？【归纳拓展】 (1)A survives B (by.)A比B多活survive sth. 幸免于；从中挺过来/活过来survive on 依靠生存下来survive from 从存活下来；流传下来(2)survivor n幸存者survival nU幸存；C残存物【名师点睛】【语境助记】There are concerns that the refugees may not survive_the_winter.有人担心这些难民活不过冬天。He died in 1940, but his wife survived_him_by another 20 years.他在1940年去世，但他的妻子比他多活了20年。I dont know how you all manage to survive_on your small salary.我不知道你们只靠微薄的薪金是怎样过活的。His only chance of survival was a heart transport.他唯一活下去的可能性是心脏移植。The plane crashed in an area of dense jungle. There were no survivors.飞机坠落在一个丛林茂密的地区，无人生还。例2、designn& vt.设计；图案；构思；计划The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days.(P1)琥珀屋的设计采用了当时很流行的奇特建筑式样。【归纳拓展】 (1)design sb./sth. to_do sth.打算让从事design sth. for sb./sth.为设计be designed for sth./sb.为而设计be designed to_do sth.目的在于；为了be designed as打算做用(2)by designon purpose有意地；故意地(3)designer n设计者；构思者【语境助记】This fund is_designed_to_help worthy students.这笔资金旨在帮助优秀的学生。The method is specifically designed_for use in small groups.这方法是专为小组活动设计的。She arrived just as we were leaving, but whether this was by accident or by_design Im not sure.她刚好在我们正要离开时到达，但我不能肯定这是出于偶然还是有意安排。He wants to bee a fashion designer when he grows up.长大后他想成为一个时装设计师。【联想】表示“故意与偶然”的词语小结。(1)故意地by designon purposedeliberately(2)偶然地by chanceby accidentaccidentally例3、fancyadj.奇特的；异样的vt.想象；设想；爱好n空想；幻想；爱好The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days.(P1)琥珀屋的设计采用了当时很流行的奇特建筑式样。【归纳拓展】fancy.to be/as. 认为是fancy (sb.) doing sth. 想象(某人)做某事have a fancy for sth. 喜欢某事物catch/take sb.s fancy 合某人的心意；吸引某人take a fancy to sb./sth. 喜欢上/爱上某人/物【语境助记】Do you fancy going_out this evening?今晚你想不想外出？Can you fancy a 8yearold boy swimming_across the river?你能想象一个8岁的男孩游过这条河吗？She looked through the hotel advertisements until one of them caught_her_fancy.她仔细查看旅馆广告，直到有一家符合她的心意。I think Sam really took_a_fancy_to you.我想萨姆真地爱上了你。2016全国卷Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy_new_hotels.成都有许多新的百万富翁，亚洲最大的建筑和漂亮的新宾馆。例4、removevt.移动；搬开.the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room.(P2)俄罗斯人只能把琥珀屋里的一些家具和小件艺术品搬走。【归纳拓展】remove sth. from sp. 把某物从某地搬走(移开)remove sb. from sth. 把某人从职位免职remove from. to.从搬到remove sb. from school开除某人；勒令某人退学remove ones doubt/trouble消除某人的疑虑/烦恼【语境助记】Three children were removed_from the school for persistent bad behaviour.三个孩子因一再行为不检被学校开除。She removed_her_glasses and rubbed her eyes.她摘下眼镜，揉了揉眼睛。The news removed_any/all_doubts about the panys future.这个消息消除了一切有关公司前景的疑虑。写出下列句子中remove的含义aIf a nest has four eggs and you remove one, the bird will not notice.拿走bHe removed his jacket when he arrived home.脱掉cHe was severely criticized and removed from his post. 撤职dThe agreement removes the last serious obstacle to the signing of the treaty.消除eCongress could remove the President from office.把免职；撤去例5、worthadj.值得的；相当于的价值n价值；作用Is it worth rebuilding lost cultural relics such as the Amber Room or Yuanmingyuan in Beijing？(P2)重建失去的文化遗产，如琥珀屋或北京的圆明园，是否值得？【归纳拓展】 (1)be (well) worth doing.(非常)值得做be worth the money/an effort/a_try值得花钱/努力/一试be worth it 值得一干；值得花精力(或时间)(2)be worthy(3)It is worthwhile to_do/doing sth.值得做某事【名师点睛】worth一般只作表语，可用程度副词well修饰；而worthy和worthwhile既可作表语又可作定语。【语境助记】2016北京高考.when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth_taking.我们权衡利弊，觉得值得冒一下风险。They are truly good birds that are worth_every_effort we put into recovering them.他们是真正的益鸟，值得我们为使它们康复而付出的每一份努力。You may not succeed, but it is worth a_try.你可能不会成功，但值得一试。Guilin is a beautiful place. Its worthwhile_going/to_go there.桂林是个美丽的地方，值得去看看。This article is well worth reading, but it is not worthy of being_translated.这篇文章很值得一读，但不值得翻译。高频考点二、短语例1、in search of 寻找；搜寻；寻求IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM(P1)寻找琥珀屋【归纳拓展】(1)in ones search for 寻找(2)search sth./sb.搜查某物/搜身search forlook for寻找search.for.为找到而搜查(3)常见的“in名词of”短语有：in_memory_of为了纪念in_favour_of支持；赞同in_honour_of为了纪念；为向表示敬意in_need_of需要in_charge_of掌管；负责in_possession_of拥有【名师点睛】in search of “寻找，搜寻”，在句中常作表语或目的状语。名词search前不加限定词；若search前加a/the/ones等限定词时，of一般换成for。search作动词用时，search的宾语是指搜查的范围，可以是人、物或地点；而搜寻要找的人或物时，要加介词for。【语境助记】I went off in_search_of a gas station where I could buy some petrol.我离开去寻找加油站买汽油。The police searched_the_suspect but found no weapons on him.警方搜查了嫌疑犯，但在他身上没找到武器。I searched the whole room for_the_lost_key,_but in vain.我搜遍了整个房间来寻找丢失的钥匙，但是徒劳。一言辨异Some policemen were_searching one robber for more evidence; others were searching_for another robber and the local people were in_search_of the things they had lost.有些警察为了找到更多的证据正在搜查其中一个抢劫犯；另外一些警察正在寻找另外一个抢劫犯；当地人正在寻找他们丢失的东西。例2、belong to 属于；为的一员However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it.(P2)然而，下一位普鲁士国王，腓特烈威廉一世，这个琥珀屋的主人却决定不要它了。【归纳拓展】(1)belong to表示“属于”，不能用于进行时态和被动语态，作后置定语时，常用现在分词，有类似用法的短语还包括：date back to/date from(追溯到)，consist of(由组成)等(2)belong vi.适合待在某处，放在某处，没有含被动意味的过去分词的用法(3)belongings n财产；所有物；相关事物【语境助记】As we all know, tigers and cats belong_to the same family of beasts.众所周知，老虎和猫属于同一科的野兽。All the workers belonging_to the factory must obey the rule.这个工厂的所有员工必须遵守这个规定。2016浙江高考We had to keep track of our_belongings,_and if something was lost, it was not replaced.我们必须要密切关注我们的财物，如果有东西丢失的话，无法替换。例3、in return 作为报答；回报In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers.(P2)作为回报，沙皇送给他一队自己最好的士兵。【归纳拓展】(1)in return (for sth.)作为(对的)回报return.for.以回报return like for like以牙还牙(2)in turn依次；反过来by turns 轮流；时而时而【语境助记】He wanted to do something in_return_for the kindness that she offered him.他想做点什么事来酬谢她的好意。He spends too much time on maths, and this in_turn affects the progress of his other subjects.他花费大量时间学数学，这反过来影响了其它学科的进步。Theory is based on practice and in_turn serves practice.理论以实践为基础，反过来又为实践服务。The book is, by_turns,_funny and very sad.这部书时而妙趣横生，时而悲悲戚戚。高频考点三、句型例1、Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, _could_never_ ave_imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history.(P1)普鲁士国王威廉一世绝不可能想到他送给俄罗斯人民的厚礼会有这样一段令人惊讶的历史。【归纳拓展】在句中could have done sth.表示对过去情况的推测，意为“可能做过某事”。该结构还表示与过去事实相反的假设，意为“本来能够去做某事却没有做”。有类似用法的结构还有：must have done sth. 一定做过某事might have done sth. 过去可能做过某事；本可能做某事should have done sth. 过去应该做过某事；本应该做某事neednt have done sth. 本没必要做某事ought to have done sth. 本该做某事would have done 本来要做某事【语境助记】He cant_have_slept well through all that noise.他不可能在那种闹哄哄的环境里睡好觉。You could_have_done_better,_but you were too careless.你本能够做得更好，但你太粗心了。I stayed at a hotel while in New York.Oh, did you? You could_have_stayed with Barbara.在纽约时我住在一家旅馆里。噢，是吗？你本来能够和芭芭拉住在一起的。I spent two weeks in London last summer.Then you must_have_visited the British Museum during your stay, didnt you?去年夏天我在伦敦待了两周。那么在此期间你一定参观过大英博物馆了，是吗？I neednt_have_worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me.在来新学校前我本没有必要担心，因为这儿的同学对我很友好。例2、There_is_no_doubt_that the boxes were then put on a train for Knigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea.(P2)毫无疑问，这些箱子后来被装上火车运往哥尼斯堡，当时德国在波罗的海边的一个城市。【归纳拓展】(1)There is no doubt that.为固定句型，意为“毫无疑问”，that后面的从句为同位语从句，说明doubt的内容。doubt常见搭配：There is no doubt 毫无疑问There is some doubt whether.有疑问I dont/never doubt that. 我确信I doubt whether/if.我怀疑without/beyond doubt无疑地；必定(2)类似的句型结构有：There isIt is no use/no good/no need doing sth.做某事没有用处/好处/必要It is no wonder that.(No wonder that.)难怪；怪不得【名师点睛】(1)当名词doubt用在否定句中时，后面接that引导的同位语从句；用在肯定句中时，后面接whether引导的同位语从句。注意此时不可以用if替换whether。(2)及物动词doubt后接名词、代词或宾语从句。在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后面接that引导的宾语从句；在肯定句中，doubt后面一般接whether或if引导的宾语从句。【语境助记】There_is_no_doubt that Michael Jordan deserves the title “outstanding player of his generation”毫无疑问，迈克尔乔丹无愧于“一代杰出球员”的称号。There_is_some_doubt whether he is suitable for the job.他是否胜任这项工作还有一些疑问。I have no_doubt_that youll succeed.我相信你肯定能成功。You can plain, but I doubt_if/whether it will make any difference.你可以抱怨，但我怀疑抱怨是否会有任何影响。I never_doubted_that she would e.我从未怀疑过她会来。There_is_a_possibility_that the pany will suffer a great loss this month.这家公司本月很可能遭受巨大损失。There_is_no_point_(in) arguing with him about it.与他争论这事没有任何意义。There is no_need_to_put the meeting ahead because we still have three weeks before the end of the term.离这学期结束还有三周时间，因此我们没有必要提前开会。例3、In a trial, a judge must decide which_eyewitnesses_to_ elieve and which_not_to_believe. (P5)在审判中，法官必须断定哪些证人可信，哪些不可信。【归纳拓展】“疑问词不定式”结构可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。(1)在“疑问词不定式”结构中，不定式必须用主动式而不能用被动式。(2)why后加不定式时，不定式省略符号to。(3)whether后可接不定式，而if不可。【名师点睛】疑问代词(who, which除外)后面须跟及物动词；若是不及物动词，后面须跟相应的介词。疑问副词后可以接不及物动词；若接及物动词，动词不定式须有自己的宾语。【语境助记】From the teachers point of view, children should be left to decide what_to_read_and_how_to_read.从教师的观点来看，应该由孩子来决定读什么和怎么读。When_and_where_to_go_on_an_outing hasnt been decided.何时何地去郊游还没有决定。I dont know how_to_do it next.我不知道下一步该怎么办。Todays English learners have a wide choice of dictionaries from_which_to_choose.当今，英语学习者有各种各样的词典可供选择。Why_not_discover what you enjoy and do that?为什么不去发现你喜欢做的然后去做呢？高频考点四 语法限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句（1）定语从句的种类定语从句根据其与主句关系的密切程度可以分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句两种。（2）定语从句的定义1限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与主句分开。This is the MP4 that/which I bought for my daughter yesterday.这是我昨天为女儿买的MP4。The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.这座古老的城镇街道狭窄，小房子挨得很近。2非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，它只是对先行词或主句作附加或补充性的说明，不起限制作用，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。在这类定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不可省略。He passed the exam, which surprised his parents.他通过了考试，这使他的父母很吃惊。【2018北京卷】阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AMy First Marathon（马拉松）A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didnt do either well. He later informed me that I was not athletic.The idea that I was not athletic stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about petition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldnt even find the finish line. I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a marathon winner.36.Amonthbeforethemarathon,theauthor _.A.waswelltrainedB.feltscared C.madeuphismindtorunD.losthope37.WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?A.Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.B.Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.C.Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.D.Toshareapreciousmemory.38.Howwastheauthorsfirstmarathon?A.Hemadeit.B.Hequithalfway.C.Hegotthefirstprize.D.Hewalkedtotheend.39.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.B.Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.C.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.D.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn. 【答案】36. C 37. C 38. A 39. B【解析】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了自己第一次跑马拉松，凭借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的励志故事。38. 细节理解题。根据文章第10段I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽然不是第一名，由此可见他成功地跑完了马拉松。故选A。39. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a marathon winner.可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的意志。故选B。BFind Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) CenterIf youre looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They e to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what theyre studying in the classroom.For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of downed pilot.With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp programs for families with children as young as 7.Stay an hour or stay a week there is something here for everyone!For more details, please visit us online at .oursac.40. Why do people e to SAC?A. To experience adventures.B. To look for jobs in aviation.C. To get a degree in engineering.D. To learn more about medicine.41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .A. fly to spaceB. get an Aviation badge firstC. study the principles of flightD. build and fire model rockets42. What is the most important for trainees?A. Leadership.B. Team spirit.C. Task planning.D. Survival skills. 【答案】40. A 41. D 42. B【解析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目的相关信息，包括训练内容、受训者参加的条件和益处等。42. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，故选B。CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a mercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic. Wax is a plex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, she explains, The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But pared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D.
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