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Exercise 4It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusion 核聚变 power is free of radioactivity 放射性; in fact, the deuterium- tritium 氘和氚 reaction that nuclear scientists are currently exploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles and neutrons. (The neutrons are used to produce tritium from a lithium blanket surrounding the reactor.) D 和 T 都会发出射线，阿尔法粒子和中子，中子来自于锂变成的 T Another common misconception is that nuclear fusion power is a virtually unlimited source of energy because of the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea. Actually, its limits are set by the amount of available lithium, which is about as plentiful as uranium 铀 in the Earths crust. Research should certainly continue on controlled nuclear fusion, but no energy program should be premised on its existence until it has proven practical. (122 words)1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about thecurrent state of public awareness concerning nuclear fusion power?(A) The public has been deliberately misinformed about the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion power.(B) The public is unaware of the principal advantage of nuclear fusion over nuclear fission as an energy source.(C) The publics awareness of the scientific facts concerning nuclear fusion power is somewhat distorted and incomplete.(D) The public is not interested in increasing its awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion power.(E) The public is aware of the disadvantages of nuclear fusion power but not of its advantages.For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply2. The passage provides information that would answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?A How much incidental radiation is produced in the deuterium tritium fusion reaction?【how much，没说具体的量，自己为啥没选呢？可能看着看着就忘记是 EXCEPT 了】B What is likely to be the principal source of deuterium for nuclear fusion power?C Why are scientists exploring the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction with such zeal?Roger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. 【rather than 表明是用 literary，successfully 表明作者支持】As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext 借口 for expounding 阐述 on Black history. Addison Gayles recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly 明显地，公开地 political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds 提出，建议 . Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatts literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes 假定以。 。 。为条件 giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous 同时代的，同时期的? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring 循环的 concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic 主题的, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various worksyet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise 评价，鉴定 might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse 弥漫的. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane, verges on 趋近，接近 expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions 疏忽【提示上文描写了这个 critism 的缺点】, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute 机敏的 and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its 55 argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.3. The author of the passage objects to 反对 criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it(A) emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction(B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction(C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction(D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction 【Addison Gayles recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly 明显地，公开地 political standards】(E) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction4. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with(A) evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism(B) comparing various critical approaches to a subject(C) discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism(D) summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism【是讲了 RR 评论的优缺点，不是major points】(E) explaining the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism5. The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt(A) evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction(B) attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors(C) explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history(D) established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition(E) assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically 【Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various worksyet his reluctance seems misplaced 放错的，不合适的, especially since an attempt to appraise 评价，鉴定 might have led to interesting results.】定位没问题，这句理解有问题，留下了审美方面的遗憾，R 的评价分析很客观，他甚至特别说明了他不评论文章是故意的，但是！他的这个不愿意是不好的！因为一些评价会有很好的结果 misplaced 理解有误 】6. The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to(A) point out affinities between Rosenblatts method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism(B) clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage(C) qualify the assessment of Rosenblatts book made in the first paragraph of the passage(D) illustrate the affinities among Black novels disclosed by Rosenblatts literary analysis(E) give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatts workThe transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air above it depends on a disequilibrium 不平衡 at the interface of the water and the air. Within about a millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated饱和 with water vapor. But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably相当地，可察觉地 cooler and lower in water-vapor content. The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends on the wind for its energy. As wind speed increases, so does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer. Detailed understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study. (127 words)For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply7. According to the passage, wind over the ocean generally does which of the following?A Causes relatively cool, dry air to come into proximity 接近 with the ocean surface.B Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.C Causes frequent changes in the temperature of the water at the oceans surface.8. The passage suggests that if on a certain day the wind were to decrease until there was no wind at all which of the following would occur?(A) The air closest to the ocean surface would become saturated with water vapor.【Within about a millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated 饱和 with water vapor.。 。 。As wind speed increases, so does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer. 取非】(B) The air closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.(C) The amount of moisture in the air closest to the ocean surface would decrease.(D) The rate of heat and moisture transfer would increase.(E) The air closest to the ocean would be at the same temperature as air higher up.I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense 最大程度的. Virginia Woolfs provocative 挑衅的，煽动的 statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie 幻想 and vision and with following the intricate 复杂的 pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics cavalier 漫不经心的 dismissal 打发 of Woolfs social vision will not withstand scrutiny.详细审查In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on peoples lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine peoples fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered 已渲染的 social setting and in a precise historical time. (163 words)9. In the first paragraph of the passage, the authors attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as(A) disparaging 蔑视的【Virginia Woolfs provocative 挑衅的，煽动的 statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics。 。 。 ignore 是个负面的词汇，该动作由 critics 发出，表明作者对他们的态度 】(B) ironic(C) facetious 诙谐的(D) skeptical but resigned(E) disappointed but hopefulIt can be inferred from the passage that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she(A) was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres(B) was interested in the effect of a persons social milieu on his or her character and actions 【Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered 已渲染的 social setting and in a precise historical time.】(C) needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them(D) wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not inany way hamper the artist (E) wished to prevent critics from charging that her novels were written in an ambiguousand inexact style11. In the context of the passage, poetic is closest in meaning toA socioeconomicB realisticC politicalD visionaryE literary
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