英语作文专项revised.ppt

大学英语四级写作1.要求,大学英语四级新题型考试第一部分是写作四级写作的体裁包括说明文、议论文和应用文。写作的素材或要求可以是中文、英文和图表。写作字数在120字以上，写作的时间为30分钟，但你应留少量时间作最后的检查。应对一些校园、社会新闻和常识有一定的认识和见解，并能够有层次地、结构完整地在文章中清楚表达你的观点。,四级作文评分标准,1本题满分为15分。2阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。3阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一份数（如8分）相似，即定为该数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。4评分标准：2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。（句子基本全错）严重错误：句子驾驭能力的错误，e.g.KickboxingisatraditionalsportcamefromKorea.非严重错误：拼写、短语没记牢等5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。(隔三差五有对的句子)8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。（隔三差五有错的句子，且为严重错误）11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。（无严重错误，通顺但亮点较少）14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。（无严重错误，通顺且亮点较多）注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。注1.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数2.只写作文中的一个要得者：04分；只写两个要点者：08分,文章的基本结构,三段论模式，即：开头段(introduction)、主体段(bodyparagraph)和结尾段(conclusion)。段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成,开头,开头段:一两句话表达的是整篇文章的主题思想开头常用句型1)Manynationshavebeenfacedwiththeproblemof.2)Recentlytheproblemofhasbeenbroughtintofocus.3)Recentlythephenomenonofhasbecomeaheatedtopic.4)Recentlytheissueofhasarousedgreatconcernamong.5)Nowadaysthereisagrowingconcernover.6)Neverinourhistoryhastheideathat.beensopopular.7)Facedwith.,quiteafewpeoplearguethat.8)Accordingtoarecentsurvey,.9)Withtherapiddevelopmentof.,.,开头万能公式,1开头万能公式一：名人名言(切忌乱用自己翻译的中国名言)经典句型：Aproverbsays,“Youareonlyyoungonce.”（适用于已记住的名言）Aseveryoneknows,NoonecandenythatAstheoldsayinggoes,2开头万能公式二：数字统计经典句型：Accordingto/Basedonarecentsurvey,about78.9%ofthecollegestudentswantedtofurthertheirstudyaftertheirgraduation.Recentstatisticsshowthat下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样创造：Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。TravelbyBike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具(vehicle)是自行车。Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐(amusement)。Five-dayWorkWeekBetterthanSix-dayWork?：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。,主体段,段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成,常用句型,表原因：1.Anumberoffactorsareaccountableforthissituation.Anumberoffactorsmightcontributeto(leadto)(accountfor)thephenomenon(problem).2.Theanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactors.3.Thephenomenonmainlystemsfrom(源于，基于)thefactthat.4.Thefactorsthatcontributetothissituationinclude.5.Thechangein.largelyresultsfromthefactthat.6.Wemayblame.,buttherealcausesare.7.Partoftheexplanationsforitisthat.Oneofthemostcommonfactors(causes)isthat.Anothercontributingfactor(cause)is.PerhapstheprimaryfactoristhatButthefundamentalcauseisthat.,表证明：1)Noonecandenythefactthat.2)Theideaissupportedbythefactthat3)Theavailabledatashows.4)Recentstudiesindicatethat.5)Thereissufficientevidencetoshowthat.6)Accordingtostatisticsprovedby.,itcanbeseenthat.,文章主体段落三大杀手锏,一、举实例思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！实例是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，尽管举例子！Inordertoattractmorecustomers,advertisershaveadoptedeverypossiblestimulativefactorinmakingads,suchassound,light,colors,cartoonfilmsandhumanperformance.Forinstance,toadvertiseacertainfood,advertiserswillaskanactororactresstositatatableandenjoytheseeminglydeliciousfoodwhiletheyfilmhimorher.,举例:1)Agoodcaseinpointis.2)Asanillustration,wemaytake.3)Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily.4).isoftencitedasanexample.5)Totakeasanexample,6)Oneexampleis,7)Anotherexampleis,8)forexample/instance,文章主体段落三大杀手锏,二、做比较方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的；短语：相似的比较：incomparison,likewise,similarly,inthesamemanner相反的比较：ontheotherhand,conversely,whereas,while,instead,nevertheless,incontrast,onthecontrary,comparedwith,表比较句型：1.Theadvantagefaroutweighthedisadvantages.2.TheadvantagesofAaremuchgreaterthanthoseofB.3.AmaybepreferabletoB,butAsuffersfromthedisadvantagesthat.4.Itisreasonabletomaintainthat.butitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthat.5.Forallthedisadvantages,ithasitscompensatingadvantages.6.Likeanythingelse,ithasitsfaults.7.AandBhasseveralpointsincommon.8.Abearssomeresemblances/similaritiestoB.9.However,thesameisnotapplicabletoB.10.AandBdifferinseveralways.11.Evidently,ithasbothnegativeandpositiveeffects.12.Peopleusedtothink.,butthingsaredifferentnow.13.ThesameistrueofB.14.ItistruethatA.,butthechieffaults(obviousdefects)are.,文章主体段落三大杀手锏,三、换言之没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。短语：thatistosay,inmoredifficultlanguage,insimplerwords,putitmoresimply,结尾段,1结尾万能公式一：归纳总结E.g.:Obviously（此为过渡短语）,wecandrawtheconclusionthatgoodmannersarisefrompolitenessandrespectforothers.更多短语：tosumup,inconclusion,inbrief,onaccountofthis,thus句型：1)From/basedonwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthat.2)Inconclusion,itisimperativethat.3)Insummary,ifwecontinuetoignoretheabove-mentionedissue,moreproblemswillcropup.4)Takingalltheseintoaccount,wemayconcludethat.5)Whetheritisgoodornot/positiveornegative,onethingiscertain/clear.6)Thus,itcanbeconcludedthat,7)Therefore,wecanfindthat,结尾段,2结尾万能公式二：建议措施句型：1）Obviously,itishightimethatweshouldtakesomemeasurestosolvetheproblem.2）Accordingly,Irecommendthatsomemeasuresbetaken.3）Consequently,tosolvetheproblem,somemeasuresshouldbetaken.4)Itishightimethatstrictmeasuresweretakentostop.3)Itisnecessarythatstepsshouldbetakento.5)Thereisnoeasymethod,but.mightbeofsomehelp.6)Tosolvetheabove-mentionedproblem,wemust.7)Withtheeffortsofallpartsconcerned,theproblemwillbesolvedthoroughly.8)Wemightdomorethanidentifythecause;itisimportanttotakeactionsto.,写作原则,1.主题句原则主题句放在文章或段落的开头，结构清晰，一目了然2.一二三原则1）first,second,third,last（不推荐，原因：俗）2）firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally（不推荐，原因：俗）3）thefirst,thesecond,thethird,thelast（不推荐，原因：俗）4）inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace,lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）5）tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally（强烈推荐）6）tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally（强烈推荐）7）firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast（推荐）8）mostimportantofall,moreover,finally9）ontheonehand,ontheotherhand（适用于两点的情况）10）foronething,foranotherthing（适用于两点的情况）,3.短语优先原则E.g.Icannotbearit.可以用短语表达：Icannotputupwithit.Iwantit.可以用短语表达：Iamlookingforwardtoit.4.多变句式原则1）加法（串联）都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and,但前后的句子必须是先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：Ienjoymusicandheisfondofplayingguitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Notonlythefurcoatissoft,butitisalsowarm.其它的短语可以用：besides,furthermore,likewise,moreover,2）转折（拐弯抹角）Thecarwasquiteold,yetitwasinexcellentcondition.Thecoatwasthin,butitwaswarm.更多的短语：despitethat,still,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,despite,3）因果（so,so,so）Thesnowbegantofall,sowewenthome.更多短语：then,therefore,consequently,accordingly,hence,asaresult,forthisreason,sothat,应用文,应用文是大学英语四级写作考试的一个重要组成部分，形式包括书信、启事、通知、演讲等。应用文较之一般说明文和议论文，与生活、社会联系更紧密，格式、行文习惯更有规矩。无论使用哪种应用文，都必须按其各自规范化的约定俗成的格式来写，不能随意杜撰。以往四级写作考过的应用文有抱怨信、建议信、问候信、见证书、导游介绍、竞选学生会主席演讲稿和招募志愿者启事等。书信格式：英语书信，在形式上可分为下面六个部分：1.信头(TheHeading)：包括发信人地址和写信日期。2.收信人(InsideAddress)：包括收信人姓名、地址。3.称谓(TheSalutationorGreeting)：如DearSir/Madam。称呼后一般加逗号。4.正文(TheBody)：信的主要部分，包括写信人所要表达叙述的事情。5.结束语(TheComplimentaryClose)如Yourssincerely/truly/faithfully等。6.签名(TheSignature)。,Businessletter,PersonalLetter,FrequentlyUsedSentencesinLetters书信常用语,A.开头a.很久没有给你写信了，抱歉。ImsorryIvenotwrittenforsolong.Imustapologizefornotwritingforsolong.b.很久没有与你通信了，你近况如何?ItisalmosttwomonthssinceIlastheardfromyou.Howareyougettingon?Ihaventheardfromyouforalongtime.Ihopeyouarewell.c.收到你的信很高兴.Iwasverypleasedtolearnthatyouarewell.Iamverygladtohavereceivedaletterfromyouyesterday.Nothingcouldhavemademehappierthangettingnewsofyou.d.没有及时给你回信,请原谅.ImterriblysorryIvebeensoslowinansweringyourletter.Forgivemefornotwritingearlier,but,B.结尾a.盼你来信Hopingtohearfromyousoon.Imlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.b.祝好withbestregards.Withbestwishesforyoursuccessandhappiness.Withwarmestregards.c.请代我向问候WithkindregardstoPleasegivemybestwishestoPleaseremembermeto,C.信的种类,a.感谢信：感谢具体写出所受到的恩惠表示回报再次感谢“非常感谢；请接受我真诚的感谢。”ThankyouverymuchforPleaseacceptmysincereappreciationforIamverysincerelygratefultoyouforWordsarebeyondmetoexpressmythankstoyoufor,b.道歉信:道歉说明理由说明补救办法请求原谅Iamsorryindeedtohavetorefuseyourrequestasthethingisquitebeyondmypowertodo.IamsorryindeedthatIhadtocancelourappointmentyesterday.Iamveryashamedofmyself,andhopeyouwillforgiveme.Iamsorryforcausingyouinconvenience.Ihopeyoucanpardonmeforthismatteragain.,c.邀请信:邀请（时间、地点、目的）尽力说服对方接受邀请告诉对方交通路线表示期待IfyouhavenootherplansforWednesday,April8th,willyoucometoalittleinformaldinnerhereatmyhome?IhopethatyouhavenopreviousengagementandcanjoinusfortheEnglishEveningat7onFebruary1st.Weshouldbeverypleasedifyoucouldhonoruswithyourcompany.(希届时光临),d.慰问信:“惊悉”IamverysorrytohearofIregrettohearIamshockedtohearItiswithgreatconcernthatIhearofyourillness.“如有用我之处,请别犹豫”Ifyouwantmetodoanything,donthesitatetoletmeknow.IfIcanbeofanyassistancetoyou,Ihopeyouwillletmeknowatonce.“祝你早日康复”Wishyouspeedyrecovery.,e.祝贺信:祝贺；说明对方当之无愧的理由；祝对方进一步成功.“欣闻佳音,谨表祝贺”Permitmetopresentmycongratulationstoyouuponyourrecentofficialpromotion.ItiswithpleasurethatIhearofyoursuccess.Pleaseacceptmywarmestcongratulations.,f.请求信:“非常抱歉，我想麻烦你”Imextremelytotrouble.Wouldyouplease?IamsorrytocauseyousometroubleasI“若你出手相助,你将帮我一个大忙，谨致谢忱”IshallbemuchobligedifyouwillkindlyIshallconsideritagreatfavourifyouwillkindlyThankyouinadvance.,g.抱怨信:提出抱怨并表示遗憾说明不满的原因以及由此造成的不便提出纠正建议或敦促对方采取措施“很抱歉，我不得不抱怨”“我是你们的老客户,对你们的服务一直很满意，可这次你们令我失望了。”Ireallyhatetocomplain,butonethingreallydisturbsrecently.IamsorrytotroubleyoubutIamafraidthatIhavetomakeaseriouscomplaint.IhavebeenyourcustomerforyearsandIalwaysappreciateyourgoodservice.ButIhavetosayyoudisappointedmethistime.“我建议”IhighlysuggestthatyoutakesomestepstoAsalong-termcustomer,Isuggest“我希望”Ihopeyoucouldsolvetheproblemintwodays.Ihopeyouwilllookintothisunsatisfactorystateofaffairsandtakestepstopreventsuchakindofthingfromhappeningagain.,i.申请信应聘;自我介绍(学历、工作经历等);希望对方早日回复并提供面试机会;说明联系方式.常用语:“据悉（或据报载）贵方需聘用人员,我欲来应聘”InanswertoyouradvertisementinyesterdaysChinaDailyforthepositionofsecretary,Itakethelibertytooffermyservices.Havinglearntthatyoudesiretheserviceofanofficeclerk,Irespectfullyoffermyservicesasanapplicantfortheposition.Beinginformedthatyourequiretheservicesofanaccountant,Ibegtoapplyforthesituation.“本人曾在任职，具有。方面的经验，相信自己必能胜任此职.”AsIhavealreadyhadsomeexperienceasaclerk,ItrustthatIshallsucceedingivingyousatisfaction.Frommyresume,youcanlearnthatIhavesomeexperienceinthisline.Ihavehadsufficientexperienceintheworkyouhaveadvertised.,“如果贵方认为本人符合录用条件，本人恳请面谈”IfyouthinkIamfitforthequalificationsyouhaveinmind,willyoukindlygivemeaninterview?ItrustthatmyqualificationswillmeetyourrequirementsandthatImayhavethepleasureofapersonalinterview.IfIamqualifiedtomeetyourrequirements,Ishallbegladofaninterviewatyourconvenience.“电话联系”Icanbereachedbytelephoneat62652750.Atyourearliestconvenience,pleasecontactmeifyouwouldliketohearandseemore.Duringthedayyoucanreachmeatorintheeveningat.“等候赐复;静候佳音”Hopingtohearfromyouatanearlydate.Hopingthatthiswillmeetwithyourfavorableconsideration.Hopingyouwillgivemyapplicationyourkindconsideration.Ifyoucouldgivemeafavorablereplyatyourearliestconvenience,Iwouldbegrateful.,四级真题,ALetterofApplication1.我是大二学生(sophomore)，现申请从自动化系转到商务管理系2.申请的主要原因3.对转系带来的麻烦表示歉意，并希望有关领导能同意我的申请DearSir/Madam,(试卷上如果此称谓已有，考生不用再写)IamasophomorewithmajorinAutomation.ThoughIhavemadeagreatprogressduringmyfirstyearacademictraining,IfindthatIammoreinterestedinBusinessAdministration.NowIamwritingtoyoutoformallyrequesttoswitchtothisareaofstudy.(写信目的)ThemainreasonformydecisionisthatthemajorIamstudyinginismyparentschoice.TheyinsistedthatIshouldstudywhattheyhadlearnedbeforebutafterayearsstudyIhavecometorealizethisisnotthecareerIwanttopursueinmyfuturelife.Besides,Ihaveattendedbusinessclassesasmyoptionalcourseandachievedagoodsuccess,whichfurtherconfirmsmydecision.(理由)Iamsorryforanyinconvenienceortroublethatmighthavebeencausedbythischange.Thedecisionisnotmadelightly.Idoappreciateyourkindconsiderationandsincerelyhopeyouwillgrantmetheshifttothenewdepartment.(结尾)YourssincerelyZhangMing(此部分若试卷上已有，考生也不用写),英语的基本句子结构,句子,简单句(simplesentence):,多重句(multiplesentence):,一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子,并列句(compoundsentence):,复杂句(complexsentence):,两个或者两个以上的简单分句形成并列关系,两个或两个以上的简单分句构成主从关系,如何避免严重错误？只要牢记一点：一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词（有连词连接除外）,1.简单句的五种基本句型,简单句(simplesentence)：只有五种基本句型，所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型.1.主语（S）+谓语动词（V）:Shesmiles.2.主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+宾语（O）：Shehitsme.Shesaidthatshewasastudent.(复杂句：含有宾语从句)3.主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+宾语（O）+宾语补足语（C）：Shemakesmehappy/laugh.(Shefindsitinteresting.)Sheasksmetodoit./Sheheardhimsinging./Shehadherbicyclerepaired.4.主语（S）+谓语动词（V）+间接宾语（OI）+直接宾语（OD）Shegavemeabook.Shegavemeaninterestingbook.Shegavemeabookwhich/thatisveryinteresting.Hetoldmeastory.Hetoldmethatshehadreadthestory.Shegavemeabookandhetoldmeastory.5.主语（S）+系动词（V）+表语（C）Sheisagirl./Sheispretty.Thetruthisthatsheispretty.Thetruthiswhatshetoldyou.Whatshetoldyouisthetruth.,2、并列句（compoundsentence）,并列句是用连词将两个或多个简单句连接起来。英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。表并列的连词：and,notonlybut(also),neither(nor)Shegavemeabookandhetoldmeastory.Notonlyishehimselfinterestedinthesubjectbutallhisstudentsarebeginningtoshowaninterestinit.表选择的连词包括or,eitheror；Thechildrencangowithus,ortheycanstayathome.Youcaneithergoitbyyourself,oryoucanasksomeoneelsetodoit.表转折的连词包括but,while,whereas等。Theyoungmanhasoftenbeenpraised,butheisneverconceited.Whileourcountryhasplentyofoil,theirshasnone.Theywanttoliveintown,whereaswewouldratherliveinthecountry.表原因的连词只有一个for。对此我们分别举一个例句说明问题Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthereiswatereverywhere.,作文中的问题（改错）,1.基本句法错误1.Weoftenheartheringofmobilephone,wefeelitisverytroublesome.2.Withthedevelopmentofinformationtechnology.Ourlivesbecamemoreandmoreconvenience.3.Thatalsoembarrassmentothersalsocontainus.注意：1.逗号不能连接两个完整的句子，可以用连词或从句；2.介词短语作状语，并不是一个句子；3.主语和谓语是句子的主干，缺一不可；4.谓语必须是动词，且要和主语的形式保持一致（单、复数），还要注意谓语动词正确的时态和语态；5.一个句子中不能有两个谓语动词，除非有连词或一个在从句中。,2.一致性问题,1.主谓不一致1.Themobilephonesalsobringsembarrassmenttous.2.Everythinghaveitstwosides.3.Talkingtooloudalsomakepeopleannoying.4.Ittakemoreconvenienttous.5.WhatIwanttopointoutare2.并列结构前后不一致1.Wecangetintouchwithourfriendsconvenientandquickly.2.Wewonteffectothersandhavemoreconvinience.3.介宾短语搭配不一致(介词名词，代词，动名词)1.Inthewakeofdevelopofscience,2.Withthedevelopof4.系表结构搭配不一致（动词原型不能作表语）Mobilephoneisveryspread.5.形容词与所修饰的名词形式不一致Therearealotofdisadvantageinmobilephone.,3.固定搭配,Itinterruptspeoplewhofellinsleep.Wecanuseitsendmessagestoothers.Mobilephonedobadonus.Mobilephonehasbeenpopularinteenagers.,4.近义词辨析,joiningaparty(聚会)Studentsmaybeplayit.,形近词辨析,Thephonewilleffectothersinpublic.,effect(名词)影响,affect(动词)影响,affection(名词)感情,effection(无此词),Efficient(形容词)有效率的Efficiency(名词)效率sufficient(形容词)足够的,一词多义,Inaword,wemustusethemobilephoneinsuitabletimesandproperplaces.time,时间（不可数）,次数（可数）,