atomn原子(诗中暗指人是由相同的物质构成).ppt

AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,AmericanLiterature:,LiteraryErasandAuthorsLecture11WaltWhitman,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,WaltWhitman,IhearAmericasinging,WaltWhitman:TheTrueVoiceofAmericans,assumev.假定；设想atomn.原子(诗中暗指人是由相同的物质构成)loafv.游荡；闲混spearn.(草的)叶片lawofnature天理。天理的存在是近代西方民主思想体系的支柱之一,其主要含义是,天理高于君权,天理的基本原则是人人生而平等。LeavesofGrass草叶集。惠特曼创作的全部诗歌都收集在此诗集中。1855年初版时仅有诗歌l2篇,惠特曼去世那年出版的第九版中有诗歌400多篇。freeverse自由诗体rhymev.押韵SongofMyself“自我之歌”,草叶集中的一首长诗,被认为是惠特曼的最佳诗作。dispositionn.气质；意向rememberancern.纪念品；提醒物transpirev.发生filthn.污秽denouncev.谴责、痛斥whinev.哀诉dementedn.痴呆的；精神错乱的manian.疯狂；狂热arrayofterms大量的言语pismiren.蚂蚁wrenn.鹪鹩,odorlessa.无气味的undisguiseda.不掩饰的；公开的nakeda.裸露的respirationn.呼吸inspirationn.鼓舞；灵感homosexuala.同性恋的abasev.贬低transparenta.透明的；半透明的athwartad.横跨bosom-bonen.胸骨plungev.(使)投入civilwar内战unionn.联邦；工会(be)swornin(总统)宣誓就职inaugurationn.(美国)总统就职WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloomd“当紫丁香最近在庭院中开放的时候”(惠特曼悼念林肯总统的著名诗歌)droopv.低垂；下落mournv.哀悼coffinn.棺材sprign.小枝whitelocks白发bequeathv.遗赠,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,WaltWhitman:TheTrueVoiceofAmericans,QuestionsforComprehensionandDiscussion1.Doyouagreewiththeideathat“WaltWhitmanbecameapoetalmostovernight?”Whyorwhynot?2.Inhispoems.Whitmancelebratesthecommonpeopleandhealsoregardsgrassasasignofeverlastinglife.Arethereanylinksbetweenthetwo-peopleandgrass?3.WhileWhitmanwasseenbytheBritishastheoutstandingvoiceofthenewworld,fewAmericansrecognizedhisgreatness.Whywastheresuchastrikingcontrastthen?Whyweremanygreatwritersnotfullyappreciatedwhiletheywerealive?Writedownyouranswerwithsupportingexamples,andthenairyouropinionintheclass.,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,“Icelebratemyself”,WaltWhitmanwasbornMay31,1819onSouthHuntington,LongIsland,NewYork.Hewasalmostentirelyself-educated,especiallyadmiringtheworkofDante,Shakespeare,andHomer.Hismotherdescribedhimas“verygood,butverystrange”.Hisbrotherdescribedhimasbeing“stubbornersicthanaloadofbricks.”,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,Career,Apprenticedtoaprinter.Taughtschoolat17.EditorofTheBrooklynEagle,arespectednewspaper,butwasfiredforhisoutspokenoppositiontoslavery.CivilWarnurse.,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,WhitmansPoetry,Whitmandeclaredthathispoetrywouldhave:LonglinesthatcapturetherhythmsofnaturalspeechFreeverseVocabularydrawnfromeverydayspeechAbaseinreality,notmorality,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,LeavesofGrass,Thefirstversionofhismasterpiece,LeavesofGrass,appearedin1855.EmersonpraisedWhitmanspoetryas“themostextraordinarypieceofwitandwisdomthatAmericahasyettocontribute”.Whitmanusedthesewords,writtenbyEmersoninalettertoWhitman,inalaterintroductiontoLeavesofGrass.Emersonwasnotamused.JohnGreenleafWhittierthrewhiscopyofthebookintothefireplace.Anothercriticdismisseditas“justabarbaricyawp.”Longfellow,Holmes,andLowellwereequallyunimpressed.EvenThoreauwasappalledbyWhitmanspoetry,andhewascertainlynoconformist!,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,Whatshisdeal?,WhyweresomanywritersshockedbyWhitman?Hislackofregularrhymeandmeter(freeverse)andnontraditionalpoeticstyleandsubjectmattershockedmoretraditionalwriters.Healsowrotepoetrywithunabashedlysexualimageryandthemes,someofthemhomoerotic.ExamplesincludetheCalamuspoemsand“ISingtheBodyElectric”.,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,OCaptain!MyCaptain!,WhitmanwrotepoetryinpraiseofAbrahamLincoln“WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloomd”(anelegywrittenafterLincolnsassassination).“OCaptain!MyCaptain!”memorializesLincolnspassingasthedeathofagreatmanandthedeathoftheerahedominated.ItwasusedtogreateffectinDeadPoetsSociety.,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,WhitmansInfluence,AlongwithEmilyDickinson,WaltWhitmanstandsasoneofthetwogiantsofAmericanpoetryinthenineteenthcentury.WhitmanspoetrywouldinfluencesuchHarlemRenaissancewritersasLangstonHughesandJamesWeldonJohnson.WhitmaninfluencedBeatpoetssuchasAllenGinsburg.ChileanwriterPabloNerudaclaimedtohavebeeninfluencedbyWhitman.WhitmanspoetrywasamodelforFrenchsymbolists,suchasStphaneMallarm,PaulVerlaine,andArthurRimbaud.ModernistpoetssuchasEzraPound,T.S.Eliot,andW.H.AudenwerealsoinfluencedbyWhitman.,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,“OutoftheCradle,endlesslyrocking”,WhitmandiedonMarch26,1892,oneyearafterthefinaleditionofLeavesofGrasswaspublished.Hisautopsyrevealedhiscauseofdeathasemphysema.,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,TheLeastYouNeedtoKnow,WhitmancreatednewpoeticformsandsubjectstofashionadistinctlyAmericantypeofpoeticexpression.Herejectedconventionalthemes,traditionalliteraryreferences,allusions,andrhyme-alltheacceptedformsofpoetryinthe19thcentury.Heuseslonglinestocapturetherhythmsofnaturalspeech,freeverse,andvocabularydrawnfromeverydayspeech.,AmericanLiterature(I)Autumn2008,ReadingAssignments,HistoricalIntroduction:TheLiteratureofRealism(p.1-8,TextbookTwo)BiographicalIntroductionofWaltWhitman(p.9-10,TextbookTwo),