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英语的时态,一、一般现在时,一般现在时,一直以来的习惯动作；目前状态；规律,动词第三人称单数的变化规则1、直接在动词后+slike-likesplay-plays2、以s,x,sh,ch,接尾的动词：+eswash-washes3、以辅音+o接尾的动词：+esgo-goes4、以辅音+y接尾的动词：变y为i+esfly-flies,一、一般现在时的用法,1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语everyday,often,always,onceaweek,seldom,usually等连用。Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.Hecyclestoworkeveryday.2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.Waterboilsat100centigradedegrees.,3)表示格言或警句中。Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败是成功之母。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Idontwantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.,写出下列动词在句中的适当形式：,1）We_(love)sports.2）She_(sing)well.3）TomandJohn_(watch)TVeveryevening.4）Myson_(go)toschoolbybike.5）Theirteacherusually_(walk)toschool.6）Fiveplustwo_(make)seven.7）Theyall_(like)him.8）Thesun_(fall)inthewest.,Practice,love,sings,watch,goes,walks,makes,like,falls,二、一般过去时,一般过去时,过去动作、过去习惯、过去状态,动词过去式的变化（规则动词）,一般在词尾加edaskasked;helphelpede.g.Theyaskedmethetimejustnow.以e结尾直接加darrivearrivede.g.Iarrivedlatethismorning.,动词过去式的变化（规则动词）,以重读闭音节结尾的，则双写planplannede.g.Weplannedtogototheparty.以辅音字母y结尾，去y变i加ed。如trytried;studystudiede.g.Hetriedtoclimbthetree,buthecouldnot.,动词过去式的变化（不规则动词）,例：gowentdrinkdrankeatateseesaw,不规则动词表,goam/isarebeginmeetwritebuildbuycanhave/has,takecatchcomedoswimdrinkdriveeatgetsee,was,were,began,met,wrote,built,bought,could,caught,came,did,swam,drank,drove,ate,got,went,had,took,spend,spent,leave,left,saw,二、一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。IsawTominthestreetyesterday.IboughtthisTVsetinBeijinglastyear.2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.Healwayswenttoworkbybus.,一、单项选择：()1Myfather_ill(生病的)yesterdayAisntBarentCwasntDwerent()2_yourparentsathomelastweekAIsBWasCAreDWere()3.Thetwins(双胞胎)_inDalianlastyear.They_herenowAare;wereBwere;areCwas;areDwere;was,C,D,B,()4._yourfatheratworktheday_yesterdayAWas;beforeBIs;beforeCWas;afterDIs;after()5Whowasonduty(值日)lastFriday_AIamBIwasCYes,IwasDNo,Iwasnt,A,B,三、一般将来时,一般将来时,willdo将要发生、意志决心、临时决定、总是发生,am/is/aregoingtodo事前做出的安排或打算；迹象表明要发生,三、一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.c.有迹象要发生的事Lookatthedarkclouds;thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.,4)beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。,begoingto/will的用法之比较：用于条件句时，begoingto表将来，will表意愿。例如：Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,youdbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.beto和begoingto的用法之比较：beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而begoingto则表示主观的打算或计划。例如：Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)Imgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排),练一练：,A、根据中文，完成句子，每空一词。1）我打算明天和我的朋友去旅行。Igoonatripwithmyfriendstomorrow.或者：Igoonatripwithmyfriendstomorrow.2）下个星期一你打算去干嘛?我想去打篮球。-WhatnextMonday?-Iplaybasketball.或者：-WhatyoudonextMonday?-Iplaybasketball.3）你妈妈这个周末去购物吗？是，她要去买一些水果。-yourmothergoshoppingthis?-Yes,she.Shebuysomefruit.,Practice,amgoingto,will,areyougoingtodo,amgoingto,will,will,Is,goingto,weekend,Is,isgoingto,时间,现在,过去,那时所预见的情况,四、一般过去将来时,一、基本概念：过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。1)Hesaidhismotherwouldbuyabikeforhim2)MybrothertoldmehewouldntbelieveJackanymore.3)Woulditbeallrightifheknewhisillness?,二、基本形式：wouldshould动词原形（其中would用于各种人称，should常用于第一人称）。例如：Theyweresuretheywouldwinthefinalvictory他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。Hedidntexpectthatweshould（would）allbethere他没想到我们都在那里。上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语wouldwin和should（would）be分别与其主句谓语weresure和didntexpect相对应。,三、过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：1wasweregoingto动词原形Hesaidhewasgoingtotry他说他准备试试。2waswereto动词原形TheysaidtherailwaywastobeopenedtotrafficonMayDay他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。3waswereabout动词原形Wewereabouttogooutwhenitbegantorain我们正要出去天（突然）下起雨来。4过去进行时（一般多为动作概念较强的动词，如go，come，leave，start，open，begin等）也可用于表示将来。Ididntknowwhentheywerecomingagain我不知道他们什么时候再来。,I.选择填空1.Jennysaidshe_herholidayinChina.A.spentB.wouldspentC.wasgoingtospentD.wouldspend2.Whatdidyoursonsayintheletter?Hetoldmethathe_theDisneyWorldthenextday.A.willvisitB.hasvisitedC.isgoingtovisitD.wouldvisit3.Fathersaidthathe_metoBeijingthenextyear.A.tookB.wouldtakeC.takesD.willtake4.Wewerenotsurewhetherthey_morevegetables.A.aregoingtogrowB.weregoingtogrowC.willgrowD.havegrown,D,D,B,B,5.She_toworkwhenthetelephonerang.A.isgoingB.willgoC.wasabouttogoD.istogoII.用所给动词的适当形式填空1.MissZhangsaidshe_(visit)theGreatWallnextsummer.2.Shetoldhimthatshe_(notstay)hereforlong.3.IwasntsurewhetherLucy_(come)thenextyear.4.Shesaidthebus_(leave)atfivethenextmorning.5.Hewasfifty-six.Intwoyearshe_(be)fifty-eight.,wouldvisited,wouldnotstayed,wouldcome,wouldleft,wouldbe,C,五、现在进行时,现在进行时am/is/aredoing（V-ing现在分词),目前或现阶段正在发生、一直或断续发生、将要发生,25,现在分词的变化规律,read,listen,drink,have,make,write,swim,run,reading,listening,drinking,having,making,writing,swimming,running,直接+ing,以不发音e结尾的动词，去e+ing：,以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母+ing：,现在分词的变化规律,27,直接+ing：,readinglisteningcleaningdrinking,write-writingmake-makinggive-givinghavehavingcome-coming,以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母+ing：,gettinglettingrunningputtingswimming,以不发音e结尾的动词，去e+ing：,现在分词的变化规律,即学即练,do_watch_clean_read_eat_play_hav_writ_run_swim_,ing,ing,ing,ing,ing,ing,ning,ming,ing,e,e,ing,五、现在进行时1.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.2.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)SheislearningpianounderMr.Smith.3.表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。Theleavesareturningred.Itsgettingwarmerandwarmer.4.与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Youarealwayschangingyourmind.,知识扩展：不用进行时的动词1)事实状态的动词。如：have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continueIhavetwobrothers.Thishousebelongstomysister.2)心理状态的动词。如：know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hateIneedyourhelp.Helovesherverymuch.3)瞬间动词。如：accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.Iacceptyouradvice.4)系动词。如：seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turnYouseemalittletired.,六、过去进行时,过去进行时was/weredoing过去时刻或阶段正在发生、一直或断续发生、将要发生,六、过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有：thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while例句：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.,典型例题1)Mary_adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.madeB.ismakingC.wasmakingD.makes答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2)Asshe_thenewspaper,Granny_asleep.A.read;wasfallingB.wasreading;fellC.wasreading;wasfallingD.read;fell答案B.句中的as=when,while，意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。句中的fell(fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fallsick。,1.Look!Howwonderfulmycaris!Oh,Jack.Whatareyouthinkingabout?Dontyoulikeit?ImsorryI_anyremarkaboutitintime.Icertainlythinkitssmart.A.wasntmakingB.dontmakeC.wontmakeD.didntmake2.TofindthestreetwhereIlivedinmychildhoodisnoeasytaskbecausethecity_sorapidlyalltheseyears.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchange3.He_quitewell,buthehasnthadtimetoswimsincethissummer.A.willswimB.haveswumC.swamD.swims4.Jimmysaidthathewouldcometopickmeup,buthe_bynow.A.hasntturnedupB.doesntturnupC.wontturnupD.hadntturnedup,5.Imterriblysorryforbeinglate,butI_thewrongbus.A.catchB.hadcaughtC.caughtD.catching7.Thetruth,sir,isthattheoldman_acrosstheroadwhenmycarhithim.A.wastowalkB.hadbeenwalkingC.walkedD.waswalking8.IreallydontthinkRosewillbeupset,butIwillgoandseeherincaseshe_.A.isB.doesC.willbeD.hasbeen9.Thecomputersmadebyourcompanysellbest,butseveralyearsagonoonecouldhaveimaginedtheroleinthemarketsthatthey_.A.wereplayingB.weretoplayC.hadplayedD.played,10.Kateisinhospital.Oh,really?I_._visither.A.didntknow;IllgoandB.dontknow;IllgoandC.dontknow;ImgoingtoD.didntknow;Imgoingto11.Where_theguidebook?Icantseeitanywhere.I_itrighthere,butnowitsgone.A.didyouput;haveputB.hadyouput;haveputC.haveyouput;putD.wereyouputting;put14.Doyouliveinthiscity?No,we_itforholidays.A.justvisitB.justvisitedC.arejustvisitingD.havevisited15.Howistheoldmannow?Sorry,he_thoughtheydidalltheycouldtosavehim.A.wasdeadB.haddiedC.hasbeendeadD.died,16.Thelakewillbefurtherpollutedunlesssomemeasures_.A.willbetakenB.aretakenC.weretakenD.hadbeentaken17.Imafraiditwillbetwomonths_.A.whenIcomebackB.whenIllcomebackC.beforeIcomebackD.beforeIllcomeback18.Theworkers_busilywhenthebosscametolookforsomethinghe_intheoffice.A.hadworked,hadleftB.wereworking;hadleftC.working;hadleftD.hadworked;left21.Thenotice_“Nosmoking”.A.istoldB.readsC.tellsD.isread,七、现在完成时,现在完成时：have/hasdone（过去分词）关注“过去事件”对现在的影响或结果；对经历经验的总结,七、现在完成时,1现在完成时的构成：助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词注：has用于第三人称单数，have用于其他所有人称。,2现在完成时的用法：（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just，already,before,yet,never,ever等状语连用。例如：Ihaveneverheardofthatbefore.Haveyoueverriddenahorse?Shehasalreadyfinishedthework.Haveyoumilkedthecowyet?Yes,Ihavedonethatalready.Ivejustlostmysciencebook.有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。,（2）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。如：for和since，以及sofar,now,today,thisweek(month,year)等。Ihaventseenherthesedays.ShehaslearntEnglishfor3years.Theyhavelivedheresince1990.WhathashappenedtotheUSAinthelast350years?注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的短语连用。,（3）现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作，例如：IllgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning,wellgotothepark.,（4）havebeen(to)和havegone(to)的区别：have/hasbeen(to)表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。have/hasgone(to)表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。试比较：HehasbeentoBeijing.他曾去过北京。（人已回来，可能在这儿）HehasgonetoBeijing.他已经去了北京。（人已走，不在这儿）。,一般过去时与现在完成时之比较1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek，ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow,具体的时间状语。共同的时间状语有：thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,once，before,already,recently，lately等。现在完成时的时间状语有：for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always,等不确定的时间状语。,请大家认真分析比较下列各例句：Isawthisfilmyesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）Ihaveseenthisfilm.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）ShehasreturnedfromParis.（她已从巴黎回来了。）Shereturnedyesterday.（她是昨天回来了。）HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)注意：句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday,lastweek,in1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如：（错）Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.（对）Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.,延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别：延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)Iveknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till/until从句的差异：延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做直到”；瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到，才”。Hedidntcomebackuntiltenoclock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntiltenoclock.他一直睡到10点。,(一)当句中有never,ever,just,already,yet,before等时，常用现在完成时。,1.-Mum,mayIgooutandplaybasketball?-_you_yourhomeworkyet?A.Do;finishB.Are;finishingC.Did;finishD.Have;finished2.-_you_anywherebefore?-Yes,butIcantrememberwhereI_A.Did;surf;surfedB.Have;surfed;surfedC.Did;surf;havesurfedD.Have;surfed;havesurfed,当句中有for+段时间或since+点时间等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语动词必须是延续性动词,1.HisbrotherhasbeentoStoneForesttwice_hecametoYunnan.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.for2.Tom_theCDplayerfortwoweeks.A.haslentB.hasborrowedC.hasboughtD.hashad,3.I_aletterfromhimsinceheleft.A.didntreceiveB.haventgotC.didnthaveD.haventheard,典型例题：,1.Youdontneedtodescribeher.I_herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet,答案B；首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。,2.-Imsorrytokeepyouwaiting.-Oh,notatall.I_hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe,答案A；等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。,八、过去完成时,过去完成时：haddone过去的时间或事件之前所发生的事情，即“过去的过去”,七、过去完成时的用法1、概念：表示过去的过去。,-|-|-|-那时以前那时现在其结构是：had+过去分词,2、过去完成时的用法：（1）过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。Bytheendoflastyearwehadbuiltfivenewhouses.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.（2）过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。Beforeheslept,hehadworkedfor12hours.,（3）在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.（4）在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.（5）表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidnt.（6）过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.,九、现在完成进行时,主语+have（has）been+动词-ing,（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去,TheChinesehavebeenmakingpaperfortwothousandyears.中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）IhavebeenlearningEnglishsincethreeyearsago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）IstudyforEngilshsince10yearsago.,（二）表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。,Wehavebeenwaitingforyouforhalfanhour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等),（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。Theyhavebeenlivinginthiscityfortenyears.Theyhavelivedinthiscityfortenyears.Ihavebeenworkinghereforfiveyears.Ihaveworkedhereforfiveyears.,（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。,Ihavebeenwritingabook.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。Ihavewrittenabook.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。Theyhavebeenbuildingabridge.他们一直在造一座桥。Theyhavebuiltabridge.他们造了一座桥。,（五）表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihaveknownhimforyears.我认识他已经好几年了。*Ihavebeenknowing.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，等。,1.ImsureAndrewwillwinthefirstprizeinthefinal.Ithinkso.He_foritformonths.(2008江苏)A.ispreparingB.waspreparingC.hadbeenpreparingD.hasbeenpreparing,2.Bythetimeherealizeshe_intoatrap,itllbetoolateforhimtodoanythingaboutit.(2008山东)A.walksB.walkedC.haswalkedD.hadwalked,3.Sofarthisyearwe_afallinhousepricesbybetween5and10percent.(2008福建)A.sawB.seeC.hadseenD.haveseen,4.CathyistakingnotesofthegrammaticalrulesinclassatSunshineSchool,whereshe_Englishforayear.(2007湖南)A.studiesB.studiedC.isstudyingD.hasbeenstudying,5.Danny_hardforlongtorealizehisdreamandnowheispopular.(2007福建)worksB.isworkingC.hasworkedD.hadworked,6.Ihavegotaheadache.Nowonder.You_infrontofthatcomputertoolong.(2007江西)A.workB.areworkingC.havebeenworkingD.worked,8.Nowthatsheisoutofjob,Lucy_goingbacktoschool，butshehasntdecidedyet.(北京)hadconsideredB.hasbeenconsideringC.consideredD.isgoingtoconsider,10.Hi,Tracy，youlookpale.Iamtired.I_thelivingroomallday.painted.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted,Byebye,
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