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GreatScientists,Therearesomegreatscientificachievementsthathavechangedtheworld.Canyounamesomeofthem?Whatkindofroledotheyplayinthefieldofscience?Dotheseachievementshaveanythingincommon?Matchtheinventionswiththeirinventorsbelowbeforeyouanswerallthesequestions.,Warmingup,AlexanderBellelectricityThomasEdisontheFirsttelephoneLaiteBrotherstheelectricLampMadameCurieblackholesinUniverseFranklinTheoryofGravityStevenHawkingtheFirstPlaneElbertEinsteinRadiumIsaacNewtontheTheoryofRelativity,QuizQuestions(P1)1.Archimedes,AncientGreek(287-212BC),amathematician.Hefoundthatifyouputanobjectintowaterthewaterpushestheobjectup.Itrisesandpartlyfloats.Theforceofthewaterpushingitupisthesameastheweightoftheobject.,阿基米德(Archimedes),2.CharlesDarwin,Britain(1808-1882)TheOriginofSpecieswaspublishedin1859.Itexplainedhowplantsandanimalshadchangedovertimetofitinwithachangingenvironment.ManypeoplebelievedtheBiblewhenitsaidthatGodmadethefirsttwopeople(AdamandEve)andthatallotherpeoplecamefromthesetwo.Darwinsbookshowedthatpeoplehaddevelopedfromapesinstead.Sothiscausedalotofargumentbetweenreligiousandscientificpeople.HoweverDarwinsideabecameveryinfluentialandisstillacceptedtoday.,CharlesDarwin,3.ThomasNewcomen,British(1663-1729)HeimprovedthefirststeampumpbuiltbyThomasSaveryin1698andturneditintoasteamenginefortakingwateroutofminesin1712.JamesWattimproveditstillfurtherinthe1770sturningitintothefirstmodernsteamengineusedontherailways.,4.GregorMendel,Czech(1822-1884)Between1856-1863hegrew28,000peaplants.Heexaminedsevenkindsofseedandplantcharacteristicsanddevelopedsomelawsofinheritance.Thefirstisthatinheritancefactorsdonotcombinebutarepassedtothenextgenerationintact.Second,hefoundthateachpartnergiveshalftheinheritedfactorstotheyoung.Third,someofthesefactorsshowupintheoffspring.Theotherfactorsaremaskedbythedominantones.,GregorMendel,5.MarieCurie,PolishandFrench(1867-1934)ShewasborninPolandandcametostudyinFrancein1891andshelivedtherefortherestofherlife.In1898shediscoveredradium.ShereceivedtwoNobelprizes,one(withPierreCurie)forphysics(1903)andoneforchemistry(1911).,MarieCurie,6.ThomasEdison,American(1847-1931)Hewasalreadyaninventorofotherelectricaldevices(phonograph电唱机,electriclightbulb)whenin1882hedesignedasystemforprovidingNewYorkwithelectricityfromacentralpowerstation.Thiswasatremendousachievement,whichhadpreviouslybeenthoughimpossible.,ThomasEdison,7.LeonardodaVinci,Italian(1452-1519)Hewasafamousartistwhoseskillforshowinghumanskintonesmadehispaintingsseemtocomealive.SomeofhisfamouspaintingsincludeTheAdorationoftheMagiandtheTheLastSupper.LaterinhislifehelivedinFrancewherehedesignedasubmarineandaflyingmachine.,LeonardodaVinci,8.SirHumphryDavy,British(1778-1829)Hedidresearchintodifferentgasesanddiscoveredthemedicinalvalueofnitrous(麻醉)oxide(氧化物)(orlaughinggas)asananaesthetic(麻醉剂).In1815hedevelopedasafetylampforminers.Previouslytherehadbeenmanyhelmetshadexplodedwhenitcameintocontactwithundergroundgasfromthecoaltheminersweredigging.Thesafetyhelmetmadeworkingundergroundverymuchsafer.,HumphryDavy,9.ZhangHeng,Chinese(78-139)Heinventedthefirstseismograph(测震仪、地震仪)toindicateinthedirectionofanearthquake.Itwasintheshapeofacylinder(圆筒形)witheightdragonheadsroundthetop,eachwithaballinitsmouth.,张衡,10.StephenHawking,British(1942-)Hehasworkedinastronomyandstudiedblackholesinspace.Hehasshownthatblackholesdonotonlyabsorbeverythingaroundthembut,fromtimetotime,throwoutmatteraswell.Thismaymarkthebeginningofnewgalaxies.Thisisanadvanceontheoldtheorywhichsaidthatblackholeseat”everythingtheycomeacross.,StephenHawking,JohnSnow,(1813-1858),JohnSnowwasborninYorkonMarch15th,1813,theoldestofninechildren.,York,London,Reading,Presentation,WhatisCholera?,CholeraistheillnesscausedbyabacteriumcalledVibriacholerae.Itinfectspeoplesintestines(肠),causingdiarrhea(腹泻),vomitingandlegcramps.Themostcommoncauseofcholeraisbysomeoneeatingfoodordrinkingwaterthathasbeencontaminatedwiththebacteria.,Afteradisaster,thisisaveryrealdanger,sinceregular,cleanwaterandfoodsuppliesareoftenunavailable.Thediseasecanbespreadevenfurtherbyinfectedpeopleusingalreadydirtywatersourcestocleanthemselvesordisposeofwaste.Choleracanbemildorevenwithoutsymptoms,aseverecasecanleadtodeathwithoutimmediatetreatment.Thediarrheaandvomitingbroughtonbytheinfectionquicklyleavesthebodywithoutenoughfluid.Thefollowingdehydration(脱水)andshockcankillapersonwithinhours.,Choleracanbemildorevenwithoutsymptoms,aseverecasecanleadtodeathwithoutimmediatetreatment.Thediarrheaandvomitingbroughtonbytheinfectionquicklyleavesthebodywithoutenoughfluid.Thefollowingdehydration(脱水)andshockcankillapersonwithinhours.,Lookatthepicture,thetitleandthemap,guesswhatisthecontentofthetext?Thenskimitquicklytoseeifyouwereright.,Germany,GreatBritain,DeathoffirstcholeracaseinLondonduringthe1848-49epidemic,London,PreviouscholeraepidemicinGreatBritainin1831-32,Thespreadofcholera,“Ifoundthatnearlyallthedeathshadtakenplacewithinashortdistanceofthepump.”,Snowoncholera,Snowsuspectedcontaminationofpumpwater.,Small,white,flocculentparticles,Findaproblem,The_ofcholera,causes,Comprehending,Theorytwo:Whenpeople_choleraintotheirbodieswithmeals,theirbodieswereattackedandsoontheydied.,Theoryone:Cholera_intheairanddangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.,Makeupaquestion,multiplied,absorbed,Thinkofamethod,To_thesecondtheorywascorrect.,prove,Collectresults,Someinformationwas_onhowmanypeoplediedandwheretheygotwater.,Analyzeresults,_thewatertoseeifthatisthecauseoftheillness.,gathered,Analyze,Repeatifnecessary,Withextra_,itwasannounceddefinitelythat_watercarriedcholera.,Makeaconclusion,Pollutedwaterspreadcholera.“KingCholera”was_.,evidence,polluted,defeated,MakeaconclusionThinkofamethodCollectresultsMakeupaquestionFindaproblemAnalysetheresultsRepeatifnecessary,Readthetextcarefullyandchoosethebestanswers.1.Whatsthepurposeofthetext?A.Toshowushowdifficultitwastofindacureforcholera.B.TotellushowJohnSnowfoundthecauseofcholeraandthecureforit.C.Toshowushowdifficultitwastocarryoutexperimentsatthattime.D.Totellusthewaycholeraspreadandhowseriousitwas.,B,2.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?A.JohnSnowbecamefamousaftercholerahitEnglandinthe19thcentury.B.JohnSnowbegantocollectinformationlongbeforecholerahitEnglandinthe19thcentury.C.ThemotherandherdaughtermentionedinthetextbothlivedinBroadStreet.D.JohnSnowfeltunsureaboutthecauseofcholeraafterhefinishedthemap.,D,3.Whywascholeracalled“KingCholera”inthetext?A.Becausecholeracausedmanydeaths.B.BecauseitgotitsnamefromQueenVictoria.C.Becausecholerawasthemostdeadlydiseaseofitsday.D.Becauseitwasdefeatedwiththehelpoftheking.,C,Whatshouldyoudoifyouretravellingtoacountrythathasacholeraoutbreak?,Drinkonlywaterthatyouhaveboiledortreatedwithchlorineoriodine.Othersafedrinksincludeteaorcoffeemadewithboiledwaterandcarbonated,bottledbeverageswithnoice.Eatonlyfoodthatsbeenthoroughlycookedandisstillhot,orfruitthatyouvepeeledyourself.Avoidundercookedorrawfishandshellfish.Boilit,cookit,peelit,orforgetit.,1.itkeepsyouwarmorcool;itpreventsyourbodyfromlosingtoomuchwater;itiswhereyoufeelcold,heatorpainanditgivesyouyoursenseoftouch皮肤能保暖或御寒，保持体内水分不过多流失，正是皮肤让你感到冷热和疼痛，皮肤还使你有触觉。,Importantsentences:,senseoftouch触觉其他表示各种感觉的词还有:senseofsight视觉；senseofhearing听觉；senseoftaste味觉senseofsmell嗅觉；senseofhumor幽默感senseofdirection方向感senseofurgency紧迫感,2.Soasyoucanimagine,ifyourskingetsburned,itcanbeveryserious.该句是一个主从复合句，主句为：Soifyourskingetsburned,itcanbeveryserious；从句为：asyoucanimagine。as引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面的内容，有“正如”或“就象”的意思；它所引导的从句位置较灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句末。另外，该句的主句中还含有一个if引导的条件状语从句。请看类似的句子：Asyoucansee,iftheyarenotproperlyprotected,thefarmlandswillbecomedessertssoonerorlater.正如你所看到的，这些农田如果保护不当迟早会变成沙漠。,3.Examplesincludemildsunburnandburnscausedbytouchingahotpan,stoveorironforamoment.（一度烫伤或烧伤的）例子包括轻微的晒伤，以防碰到热锅、炉子或烙铁而导致的烫（烧）伤。mild在这个句子中的意思是“轻微的、不严重的”。如：Edwardsufferedamildheartattack.爱德华犯了轻微的心脏病。mild还可以表示“温和的、暖和的；味淡的”,4.Removeclothingusingscissorsifnecessaryunlessitisstucktotheburn.除非衣服粘贴在烧伤面上，否则都要把衣服脱掉。如果需要的话，可以使用剪刀。,如：ShesthemildestpersonIhaveevermetinmylife.她是我平生见到过的最温柔的人了。amildclimate温暖的天气mildcheese淡味奶酪,unless除非；如果不。如：DontmakeitpublicunlessIagree.除非我同意，否则不能公布于众。Unlessthedestructionoftheozonelayerisstopped,thepolaricecapswillmeltwithterribleconsequences.如果不停止对臭氧层的破坏的话，南北两极的冰冠就可能融化并造成可怕的后果。,问题：你还能再列举几个这样的单词吗？,5.Coolburnsimmediatelywithcoolbutnoticywater.立即用凉水给伤口冲凉，但不要用冰水。-y是个形容词后缀。如：windy有风hilly多小山的sleepy困倦的greeny略呈绿色的spicy辛辣的woody树木茂密的,6.Holdthebandageinplacewithtape.用胶布把绷带固定。,inplace在适当的地方。如：Thelibrarianputthereturnedbooksinplace.图书馆员把还回的图书放到原处。Youdbetterputthingsbackinplace.你最好把你的东西放回原位。inplace还有“准备就绪”的意思。如：ThearrangementsfortheconcertnextSaturdayareallinplace.周六的音乐会已经准备就绪。,7.Ifburnsareonarmsorlegs,keepthemhigherthantheheart,ifpossible.如果烧伤的部位在臂部或腿部，要尽可能反手臂或腿抬到高于心脏的位置。上下肢被烧伤后，应将患肢抬高于心脏，这是为了促进血液回流，防止烧伤处出现水肿。,Importantwordsaboutreading,1.aid作动词帮助;援助Heaidedmeinbusiness.Iaidedhertocontinueherstudy.AtChristmas,manyorganizationsaidthepoor.作名词帮助;援助(不可数)Teachersgivetheirlessonswiththeaidofcomputers.Heraisedmoneyinaidofthesick.,2.temporary暂时的，临时的temporaryrelieffrompain短暂的解痛temporarywork/solution临时工作/解决办法,3.fallill生病,fall+adj.睡着了_清醒了_安静下来_Hissonsuddenly_lastweek.他儿子突然生病了。Shehas_foraweek.她已经病了一个星期。,fallasleep,fallawake,fallsilent,fellill,beenill,4.injurev._n._adj.injurytosth.（部位）的伤他干活时腿受了重伤。(injury)Hegot_atwork.他在意外事故中受了伤。(injure)He_intheaccident.,injuriestothelegs,gotinjured,injury,injured,hurt/wound/injure区别：Youllhurtherfeelingsifyouforgetherbirthday.Thesoldierwaswoundedinthearm.Hewasbadlyinjuredintheaccident.Lastnightaterriblestormhittheareaandmanypeoplewereinjured.MystomachhurtsbecauseIhaveeatentoomanyapples.,5.bleed流血bleedbledbledMyheartbleedsforthosepoorchildren.Hisnoseisbleeding./Heisbleedingatthenose.bloodya.,6.barriern.界线,屏障,障碍物Thehorsetookthebarriereasily.那匹马轻松地越过了障碍。Poorhealthmaybeabarriertosuccess.健康欠佳可能成为取得成功的障碍.,7.get+过去分词表被动或状态Thecomputergotdamagedwhenweweremoving.Mybikeisgettingrepairednow.MyglassesgotbrokenwhileIwasplayingbasketball.PeterandMarygotmarriedlastyear.,8.swell肿Thedoctorexaminedtheswellingonmyback.Thesprainmademyankleswellup.我的脚踝扭伤肿了起来。,9.Removeclothingusingscissorsifnecessaryunlessitisstucktotheburn.stick1)sticksth.onsth.贴在上Stickalabelonyoursuitcase.2)sticksth.tosth.粘住Stickthegluetomyfingers.3)sticksth.insth.陷在里Stickthekeyinthemud.,10.jewellery/jeweljewelleryn.珠宝的总称(不可数)jeweln.珠宝，首饰(可数)Thejewelswerekeptinthesafe.Sheappearedatthereceptionwearingherfinestjewels.Herjewellerywasinsuredforonemilliondollars.,Shelockedher_inthe_box.,jewels,jewellery,11.squeeze挤；压；塞Isqueezedmyselfontothecrowdedtrain.Thecarwasfull,butImanagedtosqueezein.Hesqueezeeverythingintoasuitcase.squeezefrom从身上榨取squeezeout挤出squeezethrough挤着通过squeezeup使挤在一起,I.用括号内所给词的适当形式填空。1.Thereareover115differentkindsof_(poison)snakesinAustralia.2.Doctorsinthathospitalaredevelopinganew_(treat)forcancer.3.Heisa_(mildly)personwhonevershouts.4.Thismachinehasan_(electric)fault.5.Hisfacewas_(swell)upwithtoothache.6.Ifhe_(blood)toomuch,hislifewillbeindanger.7.Hisfootwasburnedbyhotwaterandtherewereseveral_(water)blistersonit.,poisonous,treatment,mild,electrical,Exercises,swollen,bleeds,watery,II.根据句意,选择适当的单词或短语并用其适当形式填空。1.protect;defenda.Takinganumbrellacan_youfromrain.b.Schoolsshouldgivechildrenlessonsonhowto_themselves.2.wound;injure;hurta.Shewasbadly_whenshefelloffherbike.b.Hisleg_whenhewalks.c.Thesoldiergotaserious_inthewar.,protect,protect/defend,hurt/injured,hurts,wound,3.insiston;sticktoa.Onceadecisionhasbeenmade,allofusshould_it.b.They_leavingthatday.c.Healways_hispromise.4.cutoff;cutout;cutupHewas_themeatandwantedtomakedumplings.b.Youcan_theunimportantdetails.c.Thevillagewas_byheavysnowforamonth.,sticksto,stickto,insistedon,cuttingup,cutout,cutoff,III.用适当的介词填空。1.Wedontwanttohearyouropinions;stick_thefacts.2.Therobberrobbedthebank_force.3.Whetherwewillhaveapicnictomorrowdepends_theweather.4.Hewas_greatpainafterhebrokehisarm.5.Theydecidedtojointofight_theenemyanddefendtheircountry.6.Assoonasallthechairsare_place,wecanletthepeoplein.7.Donttakeanynotice_whathesays.8._theaidofourteacher,wegotthroughallthedifficulties.,to,by,on,in/of,against,in,of,With,Homework,1.Surftheinternettofindout:Whatshouldwepayattentiontoinourdailylifetopreventourselvesfromgettinginfectedwithalltheseinfectiousdiseases?2.Domoreexercisestoknowtheusagesofimportantwordsandsentences.,
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