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语法专项,过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作， 即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。 -|- |-|-,一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点,那时以前,那时,现在,构成：主语+助动词 had + 过去分词（ v-ed）,1.They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.,2.By nine oclock yesterday evening he hadnt got home.,3.-Had you known anything about our school before you came here? -Yes, I had. / No, I hadnt.,4.What had your sister been before she became an actress?,二、过去完成时的判断依据,1.由“过去的过去”来判定。,过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：,在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：,When I got to the station, the train had already left.,After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.,（ 1 ）状语从句中,（ 2 ）宾语从句中,当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：,She said that she had seen the film before.,They explained what had happened.,2. 由时间状语来判定,一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：,（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：,I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.,（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：,We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.,（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：,They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.,3. 根据上、下文来判定。,I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.,He felt rather tired because he had worked for the whole night.,Work out the rule: If we want to talk about two past actions in a sentence, the past perfect tense is used for the (earlier, later) action.,earlier,当我们谈论两个过去发生的动作时， 过去完成时一般用于较早发生的那个动作。,判断以下哪个动作哪个发生在前,1.Millie ran back to school because she had left her magazine in the classroom. What happened first? Millie ran back to school. Millie left her magazine in the classroom.,2.Simon left school late because the football game had started late. What happened first? a.Simon left school late. b.The football game started late.,3.Daniel arrived out of breath - he had gone to the wrong cinema. What happened first? a. Daniel arrived out of breath. b. Daniel went to the wrong cinema.,4.Amy had lost her purse and had to go to the police station. What happened first? a. Amy lost her purse. b. Amy went to the police station.,过去完成时典型错误例析：,1.昨晚我们看了电影。 a. We had seen the film yesterday evening. b. We saw the film yesterday evening.,过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”，只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。如果时间只是一个单纯的过去时间，则句子只能用一般过去时，而不用过去完成时。,2当我到达那儿时，电影已经放了五分钟了。 a. The film has been on for five minutes when I got there. b. The film had been on for five minutes when I got there.,在过去某一时间或动作之前发生或完成了的动作，要用过去完成时。它的动作的起点为过去，终点也为过去，即“过去的过去”。而现在完成时的动作起点为过去，终点则为现在。,3.到上学期末，他们已学会了五首英语歌曲。 a. By the end of last term, they have learned five English songs. b. By the end of last term, they had learned five English songs.,by the end of last term 意为“到上学期末为止”，显然它是“以过去某一时间为终点的”，故只能用过去完成时态，不用现在完成时态。,4.他昨天见到了ill，他们已有两年没见面了。 a. He saw Bill yesterday. They havent met each other for two years. b. He saw Bill yesterday. They hadnt met each other for two years.,“他们没见面”是到“昨天”为止的（而不是到现在为止），是过去的过去，故后一个句子需使用过去完成时态进行表达。,李梅很高兴，因为她期中考试及格了。 a. Li Mei was very glad, because she passed the mid-term exam. b. Li Mei was very glad, because she had passed the mid-term exam.,当我们表示某动作或存在的状态发生于过去某动作之前时，那么这个动作或状态要用过去完成时态。句中pass the mid-term exam 的动作是发生在过去动作was very glad 之前的，故pass 需用had passed表示。,6.他走进屋,打开灯,然后开始写起来。 a. He had come into the room, turned on the light and began to write. b. He came into the room, turned on the light and began to write.,当按顺序陈述过去连续发生的动作时，我们常常使用一般过去时态。注意：以上几个动作为短暂性动作，动作之间几乎没有时间间断。,Homework: 1.复习一般过去时、现在完成时、并总结出它们与过去完成时的区别 2.完成以下练习,用所给动词的正确形式填空(10/1),1.The poor girl never saw her grandpa because he _ (pass away) before she was born.,2. She_ already_ (clean) the blackboard before I entered the classroom.,had passed away,cleaned,had,句型转换 (10/1) He had stood up before he cleaned the window. _ he had stood up, he cleaned the window. His father went to Beijing. He arrived home. (用before合并句子) His father_ _ _ Beijing before he _ home.,After,had gone to,arrived,按要求改写下列句子(5/1) Simon had finished his homework before he watched TV. 否定句： 疑问句： 肯定回答： 否定回答：,Simon hadnt finished his homework before he watched TV.,Had Simon finished his homework before he watched TV?,Yes, he had.,No, he hadnt.,选择题(10/1) Millie_ some Chinese before she came to China. A. learned B. has learned C. learnt D. had learned She _ the first runner-up prize in a beauty contest before she _an actress. A. have won, became B. had won, become C. had won, became D. has won, became,改错题(101) We hadnt seen something interesting in the park before last Sunday. 2. When she woke up this morning, it stopped snowing.,anything,had stopped,翻译题(101) 1. 在我们到达电影院之前，电影已经开始了 2. 踢完足球之后我买了瓶果汁,The film _ _ _ we _ to the cinema.,_ I _ _ football, I _ a bottle of juice.,had,before,got,begun,After,had,played,bought,用所给动词的正确形式填空(10/1),1. He_ (turn off) the lights before he left the classroom. 2. _ your parents _(have) lunch when you arrived at home?,had turned off,Had,had,Good bye Thank you!,
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