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名词性从句,Related Conception (相关概念),1.名词:,表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。,2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?,名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。,The boy is li Ming.,主语,表语,Mr. Liang , a 24-year-old boy, teaches us English .,主语,同位语,宾语,在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。,什么是名词性从句?,名词性从句,主语从句 ( The Subject Clause),宾语从句 ( The Object Clause),表语从句 ( The Predicative Clause),同位语从句 ( The Appositive Clause),名词性从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,主语从句在句中做- 宾语从句在句中做- 表语从句在句中做- 同位语从句在句中-,主语,宾语,表语,同位语,1. That he will come is certain.,2. I know that he will come.,3. The truth is that I have been there.,4. The fact that she was late surprised us.,为什么叫名词性从句？ _,整个从句相当于一个名词,比较:,The man looked around. That the boy failed again in the exam disappointed his mother.,同样作主语，从句可以表示较复杂的含义,一般是个动作或性质,I know him. I know that he is writing his composition in his room,2. 为什么要有名词性从句？,那人看了看四周. (名词作主语),那孩子考试又不及格令他母亲很失望. (从句作主语),我知道他在房间里写作文.,从句的特征:,是一个句子,有一个引导词,引导词做从句的一个成分 (that 除外),名词能做的成分,从句都能做,从句表达的意思比名词复杂得多,请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句,What I want to do is taking a bath. The news that they won the game spread the whole school. I dont think he is an honest boy. The fact is that he stole the car. Do you know the fact that he stole the car? Do you know the man who is standing over there? It is said that they won the game.,(主从),(同位语从句),(宾从),(表从),(同位语从句),(定从),(主从),主语从句,that whether who whom whose what which when where why how,从 句 引导词:,1. That he knows Japanese is known to all.,他懂英语,这一点大家都知道,令我惊讶的是在这儿见到他.,3. When he will come is unknown .,4. Whether he is coming doesnt matter much.,他来不来没什么要紧的,他什么时候来不清楚.,他们是怎么登上山顶的仍是个秘密.,5. It remains a secret how they climbed up the mountain.,主语从句的位置 1.在句首 2.主语较长时通常放在后面,句首主语用 It,主语太长了!放到句尾,Details,Details,Details,Details,That无词义,不可省略,What “什么”, “所.的”,2. What surprised me was to see him here .,When “什么时候”,主语从句不用 if,位于句首,主语从句,主语从句在复合句中做句子的主语。,1. That most of these are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain.,2. Why he failed the exam wasnt clear.,4. It is a pity that she cannot come.,3. Whether he has failed the exam wasnt clear.,2） 主语从句的连接词,1. 连词that (无词义, 不作成分, 不能省略, 只起连接作用); whether(是否), 不作成分, 不用if. That he will come and help us is certain. Whether we will succeed is still a question.,注意: 已确定的事由that引导; 没决定的事由whether引导.,他星期三来这里是肯定的。,That he will come here on Wednesday is certain.,注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要加上从属连词that,他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。,Whether he will come here on Wednesday is not certain.,注意：that 引导的主语从句放在句首很少，只是为了强调或谓语较长时才这样,3.连接副词when(ever), where(ever), how(ever), why, how long, how often, how soon, how far, how many / much 等.,When the test will be given is not yet decided. How much we can spend must be agreed on.,2. 连接代词what, whatever, who, whoever, which, whichever, whose等. 在从句做主语/宾语/表语,What you said is perfectly true. (宾语) Whoever comes will be welcome. 谁来都欢迎,连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。 在主语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语 这些连接词不能省略；,注意,What caused the accident is a complete mystery. (主) Whatever she said was right. (宾语) Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 Whoever comes to the party will receive a present. （主语）,When hell be back depends much on the weather. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. (状语) 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 Why he failed the exam wasnt clear. (状语) How the book will sell depends on its author. (状语),3）注意事项：,为了使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，主语从句常用“it”作形式主语，把真正的主语放在后面。 主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：,It is known to us that he will come here.,（1） It + be + 形容词 + 主语从句 （2）It + be + 名词 + 主语从句 （3）It + 不及物动词 + 主语 从句 （4）It + 及物 动词的被动语态 +主语从句,常用句型如下：,It + be + 形容词 主语从句,It is necessary/ important that . 是有必要/重要的 It is obvious/ clear that 很明显 It is certain / true that 是肯定的 It is true that 是事实 It is strange that 很奇怪 It is natural that 是很自然的,It + be + 名词 主语从句,It is a pity/a shame 真遗憾 It is a surprise . 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact 事实是 It is an honor 是我的荣幸 It is a wonder 是奇迹,It + 不及物动词 that从句,It appears/ seems that 似乎/ 看起来 It happens that . 碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起 It doesnt matter whether,It + be + -ed分词 主语从句,It is believed/ thought that 人们相信 It is well known to us/all that . 众所周知 It has been decided that 已经决定 It is said / reported that 据听说/ 据报道 Eg:It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。,It +及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句,It is a pity that we cant go. It is certain that she will do well in her exam. It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. It depends on the climate whether they are going shopping today.,2. 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”， 常用的句型有：,It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that,主语从句中的虚拟语气,It is suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted + that (should) do It is important, necessary, natural, desirable, strange, advisable, impossible+ that (should) do It is a pity, a shame, no wonder (难怪)+ that (should) do,what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语, 宾语, 表语，而that 则不然。例如： 1) _you said yesterday is right. 2) _she is still alive is a good thing.,It is right what you said yesterday.,It is a good thing that she is still alive.,What,That,3. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别,用 it 句型翻译:,据说今年高一学生要学新教材. 事实是他们靠自己完成了所有的任务. 碰巧他们已经参加过军训了. 众所周知, 比尔 盖茨是世界上最富有的人. 我们应该养成好的学习习惯这很重要.,It is said that the Senior Grade one students will learn a new text this year.,It is a fact that they finished all the work by themselves.,It happened that they had had their military training.,It is well-known that Bill Gates is the richest person in the world.,It is important that we (should) form a good habit of studying.,II. 表语从句,在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。,1. That is why he didnt pass the exam.,2. The question is where he has gone.,3. The problem is that he has gone.,4. It looks/seems as if/though it were going to rain.,表语从句,从 句 同主语从句 (11个), 外加as if / 引导词: as though,1. The truth is that he has never been to the countryside.,2. The question is whether w can finish the experiment by Friday.,3. It looks as if it were going to rain.,实际情况是他从未去过农村. that 一般不省略,问题在于我们能否在明天下午之前完成这项实验. 表语从句不用 if,4. This school is no longer what it was before.,这所学校已不再是从前的那个样子了. what =the thing that,More,系动词后面,注意下列表语从句中where, how, why 的译法,This is where Lu Xun once lived. That was how they won the match. This is why she got up so early this morning.,这就是鲁迅曾经住过的地方.,他们就是这样赢得这场比赛的.,这就是她为什么今天早上起得这么早的原因.,我们就是这样克服困难的. 那就是他昨天缺席的原因. 这就是我们上星期碰头的地方.,This is / That was how we overcame the difficulties.,That is why he was absent yesterday.,This is where we met last Sunday.,This is 总是现在时That is 表示性质 That was 指过去动作,固定句型: This is where This is why This is how.,这就是的地方,这就是的原因,这就是的方法,试区分以下句子,Is this museum what you visited?,Is this the museum that you visited?,Is this museum the one that you visited?,注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。,(表从),(定从),(定从),II 表语从句,在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be动词后面)叫做表语从句。,我们的目的是他能认识到错误。,Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.,注意：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。,问题是它是否值得做。,The question is whether it is worth doing.,注意：表语从句表示“是否” 只用“whether” 而不用“if”,2.1 引导表语从句的关联词,引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。 其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句， 引导表语从句的词有that，whether，who，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever，when，where，why，how，because等。,(1) that, whether引导的表语从句,that在引导表语从句时无词义，不做成分， 而whether有词义，意为、“是否”,不做成分 。 这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如 question, trouble, problem, result, chance, suggestion，idea，reason等。 eg: The reason is that you dont trust her. The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。,(2) 连接代词引导的表语从句,连接代词what, who, whom, which, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever 在句中作主语/宾语，不能省略。 eg: The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 Thats what he is worrying about. 那就是他在担心的事。,(3) 连接副词引导的表语从句,连接副词 where, when, how, why 在表语从句中做状语 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。,(4) 连词because, as if ,as though,He was late this morning. That was because he was caught in a traffic jam. All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句， 但as if却可引导表语从句， 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。 It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。,难点,1. 连词because可引导表语从句。如： eg: I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2. 引导表语从句的that不省略，that仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何意义。 eg: The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person. 他给我的印象是他是一个可靠的人 3. whether可引导表语从句，表“是否”，它在从句中不充当成分，if不能引导表语从句。 eg: Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.,4. the reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导，易犯“the reason is because” 的错误 eg: The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way. 5. 在表示命令order, advice, suggestion, desire, proposal, demand, request, requirement等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要 用虚拟语气：should+动词原形，should可省略 eg: His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the problem.,最具代表性的表语从句,1. That is why practice is the most important in learning English. 2. The village is no longer what it used to be ten years ago. 3. That was because he was caught in a traffic jam. 4. The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way.,I know him . 2. I know who he is .,主语,谓语,宾语,（简单句）,主语,谓语,宾 语 从 句,连词,从句主语,从句谓语,主 句,复合句,III. 宾语从句,在句中充当及物动词或介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词或形容词之后。,1. I think that it will be of no use.,2. I wonder if you can do me a favour.,3. It depends on whether the boss will agree to you or not.,4. Im sure that you will win the game.,1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 动词后直接+宾语从句 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that he joined the army. 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： She did not know what had happened. I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (2) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.,3. 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. I am sure (that) he will win the game.,2. 作介词的宾语 I dont care for who marries him. We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.,宾语从句三要素：,连 接 词,时 态,语 序,3.1引导词,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,连接代词 Who,whom,whose,which what 连接副词 where,how,why,when 引导的宾语从句,由从属连词 whether, if 引导的宾语从句,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,注：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分， 在口语或非正式文体中往往省略,e.g. I hear (that) _. （一小时后他会回来） He said (that) _. （他非常想念我们） The teacher told us (that) _. （地球围着太阳转）,he will be back in an hour,he missed us very much,the earth moves around the sun,由从属连词whether, if 引导的宾语从句,e.g. 1. I want to know _. （他是否跟我们一起去公园） 2. Ask him _. （他是否能来） 3. I dont know _.（是否要下雨）,if (whether) he will go to the park with us,whether (if) he can come,whether it is going to rain or not,whether, if在从句中不能充当成分， 当句末为or not时，引导词只能用whether而不能用if.,由连接代词what, whom, whose, which, what 连接副词 when, where, how, why引导的宾语从句,3.2 语序,宾语从句的语序用陈述语序： 连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,3.3 时态,I know he lives here . I know he lived here ten years ago . I have heard that he will come tomorrow .,主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态， 根据实际情况而定。,2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时）， 从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态 （一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）,I knew who lived here. I saw she was talking with her mother. He asked whether his father would come back tomorrow. He said that he had seen it.,The teacher told me she was born in 1960. I heard that he went to Paris last night.,3. 从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时， 仍用一般现在时。,Dad told us that it is better to do than to say. He told the boy that three and three is six. He told me the earth moves around the sun.,4. 从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍用一般过去时。,The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow. (be) The headmaster hopes everything _ well. (go) I hear they _ (return) it already. He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948. (be) Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east. (rise),will be,goes,have returned,had been,rises,3.4 宾语从句注意事项,1) 当从句的原句为以下句子以及what, who作主语时，语序不变： Whats wrong? Whats the matter? eg: I dont know whats the matter. Can you tell me who is over there?,2)在宾语从句中，只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句,(1)在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether Let me know whether he will come or not (2)在介词的后面 Im thinking of whether we should go to see the film. (3)在带to的不定式前 We decided whether to walk there. (4)宾语从句提前时，不能换用if。 Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真的我说不上来。,3）否定的转移,若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等， 其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。,I dont think this dress fits you well. I dont think you are right.,我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。 我认为你是错的。,I dont believe you will finish the work today.,我认为你今天无法完成工作。,4）宾语从句中用it作形式宾语,We think it our duty that we should help others. I find it impossible that he should finish the work in two days.,注意：如果主句中有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，一般用it来作形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在宾补后面。,5) 宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词 insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, demand, require, request, desire, decide, determine, recommend, deserve (值得提及) 等词后的宾语从句，从句需用 should +动词原形，should 可以省略。,一个坚持：insist 一个想要desire 一个宁愿 prefer 两个命令：order, command 三个建议：advise, suggest, propose 四个要求：demand, require, request, ask,宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略： （1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省； （2）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。 （3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.,宾语从句,whether与if的辨用,表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。 a. 主语从句 b. 表语从句 c. 同位语从句 e. 介词后的宾语从句 f.后接动词不定式 (whether to do sth.) g .whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if,1).whether和if都可以引导宾语从句 a当whether后紧跟or not时,不用if. eg: I dont know whether or not I will stay. b.介词后面的宾语从句不能用if. eg: I worry about whether I hurt her feeling.,2.注意 whether和if的使用区别,宾语从句经常做介词的宾语,The Swede stood still, except _ his lips moved slightly. She is not satisfied with _ she has achieved. Mary always thinks of _ she can do more for the class. He wrote a letter of thanks to _ helped him. (任何一个),5. It depends on if we have enough time.,whether we have enough time.,介词后面不用 if,that,what,how,whoever,6. Are you sorry for which you have done?,what you have done?,介词后面不用 which,that 从句只跟在 except,but, in ,besides, save五个介词后面,宾语从句经常作表语形容词的宾语,Im afraid (that ) Ill be late. We were surprised that he lost the game.,此类表语形容词有: afraid pleased happy satisfied anxious sure surprised certain glad aware用它们造句,We think that middle school students master one foreign language possible . (改用形式宾语 it ) 2. We have made that a foreign language is useful weapon in the struggle of life clear. (改用形式宾语 it ),我认为学好英语是必要的.,I consider that we should learn English well necessary.,We consider her suitable for the job.,consider find think feel make 等动词常带宾语补足语,这时要用形式宾语 it ,宾语从句放到宾补之后,We think it possible that middle school students master one foreign language.,We have made it clear that a foreign language is useful weapon in the struggle of life.,More,correction,The emperor was pleased by which the minister told him about it. Are you sorry for that you have annoyed him? I find that this should be kept secret for the time being necessary. Can you doubt if she will succeed? I worried about if my brother will return in time. She said that she has never told a lie. Will you tell me when he leaves for Paris? Our football team won the match last Sunday excited all of us.,what,it necessary that this should be kept secret for the time being,that she will succeed ?,whether my brother will return in time.,had,will leave for Paris?,which不做介词宾语,that不做介词宾语,从句缺少引导词,IV 同位语从句,在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。 功能：同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明其前面的名词的具体内容 。 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.,2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news last night.,_,The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.,_,We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.,4.Time travel is possible./ There is no scientific proof for the idea.,5.Chinese students should be given more free time./ The suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.,3.Teenagers should not spend too much time online./ Many British parents hold the view.,_,Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online.,_,There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible.,_,_,The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.,4.1 同位语在句子中的位置,同位语从句一般紧跟在所说明的名词 有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. Word came that Napoleon would come and inspect his grand army.,4. 2同位语从句的引导词,1. 同位语从句多用that来作连接词，而且不能省略。 2. 同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“是否”的含义，用whether引导同位语从句(不用if)。 eg: Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time. 我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。,3. 如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候”、“ 什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义，应用what， when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。 Its the question how he did it. 问题是他是如何做这件事的。,注:,在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.,I have no idea where he has gone. I have no idea when he did it. I have no idea what he did.,4.3 同位语从句常修饰的名词,同位语从句一般跟在抽象名词 fact, belief, idea, news, hope, doubt, thought, possibility, opinion, problem, information, suggestion, word, result, promise, evidence, order, plan, decision, answer, reply等后面, 用以说明或解释前面的名词. eg: The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.,The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway. He gave her a promise that he would come back after two months.,Tom got a message from Mr Smith that there would be a test soon. Word came that China launched its first manned spaceship on Oct.15,2003. The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.,2.I have no idea that he has already gone abroad /when he will be back /who broke the window /why she went home. 3.I have no doubt / There is no doubt that he will succeed. 4.I have some doubt /There is some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.,5.The belief that all roads lead to Rome is shared by many people. 6.The possibility that people would have to walk to the farm was mentioned. 7.He cant answer the question how he got the money. 8.We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice.,4.4 注意事项,同位语从句中的虚拟语气 同位语从句和定语从句的相似 同位语从句和定语从句的区别,1） 同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在 order, advice, suggestion, desire, proposal, demand, request, requirement, idea等名词后面的同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。 eg: He gave an order that the work be done at once.,考题点击： His suggestion that you _ once more sounds reasonable. A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try,A,试区分以下句子,Do you know the fact that he stole the car?,Do you know the fact that they were talking about?,注意：1. 如果是定语从句，它的从句肯定是不完整的，关系词肯定在句中充当成分的；而同位语从句中的that只起连接作用。 2. 定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，而同位语从句则解释说明先行词的具体内容。,(同从),(定从),2）同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处,（1）两种从句都可以译成定语,The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （同位语从句） 我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。 The news that you told us is really encouraging. （定语从句） 你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。,（2）两种从句都可以用that引导,The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering. （同位语从句） 学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。 The suggestion that is worth considering is that the students should learn something practical. （定语从句） 值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。,4. It depends on _ we will have enough money. 5. _ they can do it matters little to us.,a.主语从句、表语从句、同位语从 句、 介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether， 不能用if ； b.后面紧跟 or not 时, 用whether c.宾语从句是否定结构时只用if,whether,Whether,
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