2019-2020年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列专题20阅读理解-议论文类含解析.doc

2019-2020年高考英语备考中等生百日捷进提升系列专题20阅读理解-议论文类含解析题型介绍：议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。相对于其它文体，议论文阅读要难一些，因此要多加重视。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。命题形式：从近几年观的高考英语试题来看，议论文类阅读理解的命题类型主要有：1. 主旨题考查考生对于议论文基本观点的理解，是主旨题设题的目的。做这种类型的题目要弄清作者想说什么，即作者写此文章的目的。2. 推理判断题这种题型的特点是以事实为依据，但其结果有绝不是事实本身。它主要测试考生的逻辑思维能力，侧重于推理。3. 细节题细节题也是议论文试题的主要题型。这种题要求考生理解文中的具体观点和具体事实。三、议论文阅读理解题解题技巧第一，抓论点、寻论据阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我们就把我了中心。第二，注重文章结构，理清文章脉络。把握文章结构，有利于对文章大意的理解。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：1. Put forward a question Analyze the question Solve the question这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程。2. Argument/Idea Evidence Conclusion/Restating the idea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。第三，体会文章语言特点，把握作者写作态度，准确进行推理判断。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。解题技巧：解答此类试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因结果（Cause & Effect）型。还有一种比较常见的是问题答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题（相当于一个现象），然后给出该问题的答案（相当于解释）。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点:答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案) ，然后从中心、态度或利用解的特征等其他角度对选项进行检验;如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑;次之从解的特征方面考虑。考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案1.【xx浙江】AFrom the very beginning of school we make books and reading a constant source of possible failure and public humiliation. When children are little we make them read aloud, before the teacher and other children, so that we can be sure they “know” all the words they are reading. This means that when they dont know a word, they are going to make a mistake, right in front of everyone. After having taught fifth-grade classes for four years, I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books, and to get them to read oftener and more adventurously.One day soon after school had started, I said to them, “Now Im going to say something about reading that you have probably never heard a teacher say before. I would like you to read a lot of books this year, but I want you to read them only for pleasure. I am not going to ask you questions to find out whether you understand the books or not. If you understand enough of a book to enjoy it and want to go on reading it, thats enough for me. Also Im not going to ask you what words mean. “The children sat stunned and silent. Was this a teacher talking? One girl, who had just e to us from a school where she had had a very hard time, looked at me steadily for a long time after I had finished. Then, still looking at me, she said slowly and seriously, Mr Holt, do you really mean that?” I said just as seriously, “I mean every word of it.During the spring she really astonished me. One day, she was reading at her desk, From a glimpse of the illustrations I thought I knew what the book was. I said to myself, “It cant be,” and went to take a closer look. Sure enough, she was reading Moby Dick , in edition with woodcuts. I said, “Dont you find parts of it rather heavy going?” She answered, Oh, sure, but I just skip over those parts and go on to the next good part. “This is exactly what reading should be and in school so seldom is, an exciting, joyous adventure. Find something, dive into it, take the good parts, skip the bad parts, get what you can out of it, go on to something else. How different is our mean-spirited, picky insistence that every child get every last little scrap of “understanding” that can be dug out of a book.41. According to the passage, childrens fear and dislike of books may result from_.A. reading little and thinking little B. reading often and adventurouslyC. being made to read too muchD. being made to read aloud before others42. The teacher told his students to read_ .A. for enjoyment B. for knowledgeC. for a larger vocabulary D. for higher scores in exams43. Upon hearing the teachers talk, the children probably felt that_.A. it sounded stupidB. it was not surprising at allC. it sounded too good to be trueD. it was no different from other teachers talk44. Which of the following statements about the girl is TRUE according to the passage?A. She skipped over those easy parts while reading.B. She had a hard time finishing the required reading tasks.C. She learned to appreciate some parts of the difficult books.D. She turned out to be a top student after ing to this school.45. From the teachers point of view,_ .A. children cannot tell good parts from bad parts while readingB. children should be left to decide what to read and how to readC. reading is never a pleasant and inspiring experience in schoolD. reading involves understanding every little piece of information42.A 细节理解题 根据第二段作者的话“Now Im going to say something about reading that you have probably never heard a teacher say before. I would like you to read a lot of books this year, but I want you to read them only for pleasure. I am not going to ask you questions to find out whether you understand the books or not. If you understand enough of a book to enjoy it and want to go on reading it, thats enough for me. Also Im not going to ask you what words mean.”“,but I want you to read them only for pleasure.” 意为“现在我要说一些关于阅读的事情，你可能从来没有听说过一个老师说。我希望你读很多书，但今年，我想让你读书只为乐趣。我不想问你问题，是否理解文章。如果你足够理解一个喜欢这本书，想去读它，这对我来说已经足够了。我也不想问你单词的意思。” 在这里enjoyment，enjoy和pleasure是同义词。所以答案选A43.C细节理解题 根据“The children sat stunned and silent. 孩子们震惊和沉默地坐着。”第三段第四行“seriously, Mr. Holt, do you really mean that?”不能得出答案。当老师说了这些话之后，孩子们都很震惊耶，很奇怪，所以他会确定问老师是不是真的这样？这表明学生是很不太相信的。答案选项的it sounded too good to be true，意为听起来太好了以致不相信这是真的。44.C细节理解题这种题目是判断正误题，答题时一定要细心选择是错误还是正确的。此题选择的是正确的，也就意味着有3个是错误，只有一个是正确的。根据第四段最后一句话“She answered, Oh, sure, but I just skip over those parts and go on to the next good part. “她回答说，哦，当然，但我只是跳过这些部分，继续读下一个好的部分。“可以得出答案是这个女孩知道如何欣赏这些文章。45.B细节理解题 四个选项的意思分别是A孩子在阅读的时候不能够区别好的部分以及不好的部分；B应该留给学生孩子自己去选择，读什么以及如何读；C在学校阅读永远不会是一个愉快和启发性的体验；D阅读需要理解每一部分的信息。其实根据常识可以判断C和D是错误的，然后再结合全文大意，作者认为孩子不应该是强迫去读，要让他们自己读，选择材料读。【考点定位】 这是一篇记叙文。【名师点睛】 记叙文的文章相对而言是比较容易做的，细节题占多数，但需要的是一个细心。答案都是在文章中可以找到，必须一个一个选项匹配排除，最终才能够得出最佳答案。当遇到答案比较接近的时候，尤其需要细心，比如说41题的CD选项，两者都用到了being made to read。其实这种表达也间接说明了答案就是在两个中选择一个。2.【xx安徽】C As Internet users bee more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remember less? If you know your puter will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how. In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a puter. The first group of people understood that the puter would save the information. The second group understood that the puter would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it. In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the Internet. The information was in a specific puter folder (文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remember the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called transactive memory (交互记忆). According to Sparrow, we are not being people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, puter users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesnt mean we are being either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.64. The passage begins with two questions to _. A. introduce the main topic B. show the authors altitudeC. describe how to use the Interne. D. explain how to store information65. What can we learn about the first experiment?A. Sparrows team typed the information into a puter. B. The two groups remembered the information equally well.C. The first group did not try to remember the formation. D. The second group did not understand the information.66. In transactive memory, people _.A. keep the information in mind B. change the quantity of information C. organize information like a puter D. remember how to find the information67. What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrows research? A. We are using memory differently.B. We are being more intelligent.C. We have poorer memories than before.D. We need a better way to access information.【答案】64. A65. C66. D67. A65. C 细节理解题。根据第二段“People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.”可知答案。66. D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called transactive memory (交互记忆)”可知，在交互记忆里，人们记得怎样找到信息。67. A 细节理解题。根据最后一段“but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing”可知，互联网对人们的记忆产生的影响是它改变了我们使用记忆力的方式。【考点定位】心理类短文阅读【名师点睛】一般来说，举例的目的是为了引出即将讨论的话题，可以从例子后面找到总结性的话语。“Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.”就是举例的意图。后三道题都属于细节理解题，可以直接从文章找到提示性的语句；最后一道题有一定的难度，需要进行一些推理和排除。模拟新题精选1.【辽宁省实验中学分校xx届高三12月月考】“People are ruder today because they are rushed and more time poor than ever before,” says Patsy Rowe, “ Manners have fallen off the radar(雷达).” Due to our strong attraction to electronic equipment it is a wonder that more people dont wake up each morning and greet the singing birds with plaining about the noise. Here are some examples of rudeness.Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet. To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward. It feels very slow because humans dont work at 4G speeds. When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone. We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life-changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with. What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous（匿名的）rude messages by email.However, rudeness is never acceptable. Dont assume it is OK to be rude if the person youre in touch with wont recognize you. If you have something awful to say, have the courage to face the person and say it, write a letter or email and sign it, or forget it. Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.We shouldnt blame technology for our shortings. Technology is here to help us, but we should not allow it to take over our lives. An important step is acknowledging our shortings. People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even more helpful if wed publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.28What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 1?A. People can tell good from bad behavior.B. Radar is able to observe human behavior.C. People care little about their behavior.D. Radar can be used to predict human behavior.29Some people are less willing to deal with humans because_.A. they are being less patientB. they are growing too independentC. they have to handle many important messagesD. they have to follow an evolutionary step backward.30The author thinks sending unsigned awful messages is _.A. Ridiculous B. disgusting C. acceptable D. reasonable31What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. We should applaud good behavior.B. Technology can never be blamedC. We should keep pointing out mistakes.D. Technology will take over lives one day.28. C 猜测词义题。根据“ Manners have fallen off the radar(雷达).”礼貌已经从雷达中消失了。该句说明现在很多人都不讲礼貌。结合第一段其余内容可知是在分析人们不讲礼貌的原因。故C正确。29. A 推理题。根据第二段第三句It feels very slow because humans dont work at 4G speeds.可知现在的人不愿意与他人交流主要是因为嫌回应的速度不够，也就是没有耐心。故A正确。30. B 细节题。根据第三段最后一句Upsetting people with unsigned messages is cruel and disgusting.可知发匿名短信给别人是令人厌恶的事情。故B正确。31. A 推理题。根据文章最后一句People spend a lot of time pointing out bad manners but it would be even more helpful if wed publicly acknowledge good manners when we see them.可知如果我们看见好的行为，表扬这些好的行为更重要。因为弘扬正能量比批评糟糕的行为更有意义。故A正确。考点：考查社会现象类短文2.【吉林省东北师范大学附属中学xx届高三上学期第二次模拟】An environmental group called the Food mission is unhappy and disappointed because of the sales of bottled water from Japan. The water, it angrily argues in public, has traveled 10,000 “food miles” before it reached Western customers. Transporting water halfway across the world is surely the extremely stupid use of fuel when there is plenty of water in the UK. It is also worrying that we were wasting our fuel by buying prawns from Indonesia (7,000 food miles ) and carrots from South Africa (5,900 food miles). Counting the number of miles traveled done by a product is a strange way of trying to tell the true situation of the environmental damage due to industry. Most food is transported around the world on container ships that are extremely energy efficient. It should be noticed that a ton of butter transported 25 miles in a truck to a farmers market doesnt necessarily use less fuel on its journey than a similar product transported hundreds of miles by sea. Besides, the idea of “food miles” ignores the amount of fuel used in the production. It is possible to cut down your food miles by buying tomatoes grown in Britain rather than those grown in Ghana. The difference is that the British ones will have been raised in heated greenhouse and the Ghanaian ones in the open sun.What is the idea of “food miles” does provide, however, is the chance to cut out Third World countries from First World food markets. The number of miles traveled by our food should, as I see it, be regarded as a sign of the success of the global trade system, not a sign of damage to the environment.32. The Food mission is angry because it thinks that _. A. UK wastes a lot of money importing food products B. some imported goods causes environmental damage C. growing certain vegetables causes environmental damage D. people wasted energy buying food from other countries33. The phrase “food miles” in the passage refers to the distance _. A. that a food product travels to a market B. that a food product travels from one market to another C. between UK and other food producing countries D. between a Third World country and a First World food market34. By paring tomatoes raised in Britain and in Ghana, the author tries to explain that _. A. British tomatoes are healthier than Ghanaian ones B. Ghanaian tomatoes taste better than tomatoes ones C. cutting down food miles may not necessarily save fuel D. protecting the environment may cost a lot of money35. From the passage we know that the author is most probably _. A. a supporter of free global trade B. a member of a Food mission C. a supporter of First World food markets D. a member of an energy development group【解析】试题分析：本文为议论文，作者论述把环境的破坏归因于产品从生产到市场的距离是相当的奇怪，相反的产品从生产到市场的公里数是世界贸易体系成功的标志。32D 考查细节理解。在第一段第一句找到题目关键词“Food mission”，第二句找到关键词“angrily”向下继续研读，根据第三，第四句“Transporting water halfway across the world is surely theextremely stupid use of fuel when there is plenty of water in the UK. It is also worrying that we were wasting ourfuel by buying prawns from Indonesia (7,000 food miles ) and carrots from South Africa (5,900 food miles).”既然英国有大量的水资源，那么跨越半个地球把水运到英国肯定是极愚蠢的燃料利用。我们浪费燃料来从印度尼西亚从南非购买胡萝卜是令人担忧的。故选D。33A 考查细节理解。从第一段第二句“has traveled 10,000 “food miles” before it reached Western customers.”到达西方消费者之前，已经走了一万公里的“食物里程”。可见“food miles”指的是到达消费市场的路程。故选A。34C 考查细节理解。从第二段第三句中“market doesnt necessarily use less fuel”第四句“.Besides, the idea of “food miles” ignores the amount of fuel used in the production. 可知，除此之外“食物公里”的观点忽视了在生产过程中的燃料耗费量，减少食物里程在珍惜燃料方面是不必的。故选C。35A 考查推理判断题。从第二段第一句“Counting the number of miles traveled done by a product is a strange way of trying to tell the true situation of the environmental damage due to industry.”和第三段第二句“The number of miles traveled by our food should, as I see it, be regarded as a sign of the success of the global trade system, not a sign of damage to the environment.照我看来，食物的公里数应该被认为是经济全球化的一个成功的标志而不是环境破坏的标志。可知，作者是贸易全球化自由化的支持者。故选A。考点：考查议论文阅读3.【宁夏银川市第二中学xx届高三上学期统练（五）】The largest land animal remaining on the earth, the African elephant is of much importance to African ecosystem. Unlike other animals, the African elephant is to a great extent the builder of its environment. As a giant plant-eater, it significantly shapes the forest-and-savanna (大草原) surroundings in which it lives, therefore deciding the conditions of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat. It is the elephants great desire for food that makes it both a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat. In its continuous search for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day, it kills small trees and underbushes, as well as pulls branches off big trees. This results in numerous open spaces in not only deep tropical forests but also the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas. In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth, which attract a variety of other plant-eaters. Take the rain forests for example. In their natural state, the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor. By pulling down trees and eating plants, elephants create open spaces, allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor. In such situations, the forests bee suitable for large-hoofed plant-eaters to move around and for small-sized plant-eaters to obtain their food as well. Scientists are worried now that the African elephant has bee an endangered species. If the elephant dies out, scientists say, many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna, greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem. 29. What is the passage mainly about?A.Disappearance of African elephants.B.Forests and savannas as habitats for African elephants.C.The effect of African elephants search for food.D.The eating habit of African elephants.30. The African elephant influences the ecosystem in the following ways except that . A. it creates open areas in deep tropical forests as well as woodlands B. it pulls off the branches and leaves, shutting out the sunshine C. its eating habit can be made use of by large-hoofed and small-sized animals D. it encourages some kinds of plants growing in an indirect way31. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. Numerous grown plants are the favorites of plant-eaters. B. The extinction of the African elephant has nothing to do with the ecosystem. C. Quantities of plants are consumed by African elephants, including branches and underbushes. D. The forest floor in rain forests is scarcely dotted with new shoots. 32. The passage is developed mainly by .A. presenting the changes in time order B. making parisons and giving examplesC. classifying similarities and differences D. showing the effect and then explaining the reasons 【解析】试题分析：本文主要叙述的是非洲大象对于非洲草原的生态系统有巨大的影响，同时分析了原因。29. C 主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是非洲大象对于非洲生态系统的重要作用，非洲大象在寻找食物的时候会把很多树木掀翻，这样就给地表植物带来阳光的照射。这对整个非洲草原的生态系统影响很大。故C正确。30. B 细节题。根据第三段1、2句Take the rain forests for example. In their natural state, the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor. By pulling down trees and eating plants, elephants create open spac