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2019-2020年高中英语 Unit 3Amazing People-grammar and usage教案5 牛津译林版必修2Here we will learn to recognize situations where the past perfect tense is used and the time expressions used together with the tense. We will also see how the tense is formed. You will read two stories and plete them using the correct verb forms. Pay attention to the differences between the past perfect tense and the simple past tense.Step 1: Past perfect tensePast perfect tense is used to indicate that one action occurred before another action in the past. In other words, past perfect tense indicates the first of the two actions.Form of Past Perfecthad + past participleExamples:I had studied a little English when I came to the U.S.They had never met an American until they met John.Note: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Past Perfect (had met), adverbs often e between the first part and the second part (had never met).USE 1 pleted Action Before Something in Past The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.Examples:I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992?Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-continuous Verbs) With Non-progressive Verbs and some non-progressive uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.Examples:We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past PerfectUnlike the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.EXAMPLE:She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when before or after is used in the sentence. The words before and after actually tell you what happens first so the Past Perfect is optional. Both sentences below are correct.EXAMPLE:She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.HOWEVERIf the Past Perfect action did not happen at a specific time, Past Perfect MUST be used at all times. pare the two sentences below.EXAMPLE:She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. CorrectShe never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not CorrectACTIVE / PASSIVE FORMS of Past PerfectEXAMPLESGeorge had repaired many cars before he received his mechanics license. ACTIVEMany cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license. PASSIVEStep 2: Practice1. Read Point 1 on page 48 to see which action happens first in the sentence given. Note that the past perfect tense is often used with the simple past tense. If one action happens before another in the past, the past perfect tense is used. So these two tenses are often used together. Look at the diagram in Point 1 first, and then read the example sentence. Note how the past perfect tense is used with the simple past tense.2. Read the following two sentences to see how the predicate is changed when the sentence is turned from the direct speech into the indirect speech. Toby said, “I will/shall not be in London next week.” Toby said that he would not be in London the next week. Next lets look at another two sentences: Toby said, “I went to Africa a month ago.” Toby said that he had gone to Africa a month before. So you see if a sentence which uses the simple past tense in the direct speech is changed into the indirect speech, it will use the past perfect tense. Now go over Point 2 on page 48.3. Go over Point 3 to see in what situation the past perfect tense can be used.4. Please talk about what time expressions can be used with the past perfect tense and how the tense is formed. Then well go over Points 4 and 5 on page 48.Step 3:Present perfect or past perfect?Weve learned both the present perfect tense and the past perfect tense, but do you know when to use the present perfect and when the past perfect. 1. Please go over the guidelines and the example sentences on page 51 and identify the differences between the present perfect tense and the past perfect tense. Look at the examples:Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known. Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carters team began to fall ill and die strangely.Now from the following diagrams you can see the different times of each example sentence given.Howard Carter became famous FuturePast Present PresentPast The tomb had People began to fall been opened. ill and die strangely.2. Please read the following two sentences and identify the differences between them:Toby said, “I have stayed in Africa for more than a month.”Toby said that he had stayed in Africa for more than a month.Note that when we change a sentence from the direct speech into the indirect speech like this, the tense will be changed from the present perfect tense to the past perfect tense.Step 4: Consolidation1. Go over the notes about Amelia Earhart on Page 49 to see who she was and what happened to her and then plete the story.AnswersA. (2)moved (3)had, taken (4)had bee (5)had met (6)had begun (7)had started (8)had, gone1. Please read Part B on page 50 and plete the passage using the simple past tense or the past perfect tense.AnswersB (1)surprised (2)was built (3)spent (4)was finished (5)had wanted (6)had received (7)arrived (8)had hit(9)survived (10)had searched (11)used (12)had caused2. Look at the four pictures with sentences in the direct speech. Then plete the article using the past perfect tense by changing the sentences into the indirect speech.Answers:(1)had failed (2)had tried (3)had heard (4)had caught (5)had showed/shown4. To know more clearly about the differences between the simple past and the past perfect, do Part C1 on page 98 in Workbook. Answers1. flew, had done, kept, had hoped, believed2. went, slept, had fell, broke3. went, had planned, was, woke, noticed, had happened4. landed, managed, had travelled5. Fill in the blanks with proper forms of the verbs.(1)I asked him to let me drive as he _ for hours. (drive)(2) Since you _ the rules, you can correct these grammatical mistakes by yourselves. (learn)(3) They _ because their schoolbags are still in their desk. (not leave)(4) Mr Bell, who I _ to London, still lives in Liverpool. (think, move) (5) When the noise _ down, the schoolmaster began his speech. (die)(6) It _ cold this year, I wonder when it is going to get warmer. (be)(7) I _ cakes. Thats why my hands are all covered with flour. (make)(8) When I got back, they _ down most of the houses in the street. (pull)(9) It was not until I _ your letter that I knew the truth. (read)(10)The lady has been to the shop several times, but she _ anything. (buy, never) Answers(1) had been driving (2) have learned (3) have not left (4) thought had moved (5) had died (6) has been (7) have been making (8) had pulled (9) had read (10) has never bought ResourcesWhen we change the sentence that someone said using the present perfect tense in direct speech into indirect speech, the past perfect tense is used.“I have never visited the Great Pyramid, but I have read a lot about it,” he said to me.He told me that he had never visited the Great Pyramid, but he had read a lot about it.The time markers like by now and by the end of last year etc. can help us distinguish the two tenses.We have received more than ten letters from him by now.We had received five letters from him by the end of last year.When we talk about an action that began in the past and lasts until the present, we use the present perfect tense. When we talk about an action that ended at a time in the past, we use the past perfect tense.Step 5: Grammar execisesI. Relative items in recent years college entrance examinations:1. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness_.(xx全国)A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown2. The news came as no surprise to me. I _ for some time that the factory was going to shut down.（xx北京）A. had known B. knew C. have known D. know3. I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he _ it.（xx上海）A. doesnt mention B. hadnt mentioned C. didnt mention D. hasnt mentioned4. I arrived late; I _ the road to be so icy. （xx北京春招）A. wouldnt expect B. havent expected C. hadnt expected D. wasnt expecting5. My mind wasnt on what he was saying so Im afraid I _ half of it.（xx全国，30）A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed6. The crazy fans _ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.（xx重庆，22）A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait7. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he _ her somewhere.（xx 湖北，22）A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen8. -George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding? -No. I _. Did they have a big wedding? （xx湖北，33）A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadnt been invited D. didnt invite9. I _ Bill this morning, but I _ him since. A. have seen; havent seen B. saw; havent seen B. saw; didnt see D. had seen; havent seen10. -Dad, do you know I had long been looking forward to your staying with me for the last weekend? -Sorry, son. I _, but I was just too busy. A. had really wanted to B. have planned to C. have intended to D. had hoped me to11. He _ more that 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.(xx北京卷) A. has learnedB. would have learnedC. learnedD. had learned12. When the old man _ to walk back to his house ,the sun _ itself behind the mountain. (xx湖北卷)Astarted ;had already hiddenBhad started ;had already hiddenChad started ;was hiding Dwas starting; hid13. The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She before.(xx广东) A. hasnt flown B. didnt fly C. hadnt flown D. wasnt flying14. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I_ to a dozen other groups. (xx湖南)A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given 15. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _ for the wedding. (xx全国II) A. will planB. has planned C. would plan D. had plannedII. Filling the blanks with proper tense.（Simple Past / Present Perfect / Past Perfect）1. When I (arrive) _home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) _a beautiful candle-lit dinner. 2. Since I began acting, I (perform) _in two plays, a television mercial and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even) _publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985. 3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) _without me. My boss (be) _furious with me and I (be) _fired.4. When I (turn) _the radio on yesterday, I (hear) _a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) _the song in years, and it (bring) _back some great memories. 5. When Jack (enter) _the room, I (recognize, not) _him because he (lose) _so much weight He looked totally different! 6. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) _by the time Europeans first (arrive) _in the New World. 7. I (visit) _so many beautiful places since I (e) _to Utah. Before moving here, I (hear, never) _of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches or Canyonlands. Keys: I. 1-5 CACCD 6-10 BDCBA 11-15 DACCDKeys: II. 1. arrived, had prepared 2. have performed, had never even spoken 3. had already begun, was, was 4. turned, heard, had not heard, brought 5. entered, didnt recognize, had lost 6. had virtually disappeared, arrived 7. have visited, came, had never heard
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