2019-2020年高三英语大一轮复习讲义 语法知识 专题五 动词的时态和语态 新人教版.doc

2019-2020年高三英语大一轮复习讲义 语法知识 专题五 动词的时态和语态 新人教版一、动词时态的用法1一般现在时(1)由连词if，unless，however等引导的时间(条件、让步)状语从句，需用一般现在时表将来。However much advice you give him，he will do exactly what he wants.(2)安排或计划要做的动作(有时间状语)限于begin，e，leave，go，arrive等一类动词。I arrive in Beijing at 300 pm. tomorrow.2一般过去时过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的行为，常与every day，often，sometimes等时间状语连用。I used to play football when I was young.3一般将来时(1)willdo表示将来的动作或状态，常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用；或表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。Fish will die without water.注意：临时决定做某事，只能用此时态。The lights in the classroom are still on.Sorry，Ill go and turn them off.(2)be going todo表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。此外还表示根据现在的迹象，对未来进行推测。Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.(3)be about todo表示即将发生的动作，意为“正要；很快，马上”。后面一般不跟具体的时间状语，但是可以由when连接一个并列句。We are about to leave.(4)be todo表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情；还表示可能性、必要、责任、义务、禁止等。She is to get married next month.(5)用现在进行时表示将来。表示位置转移的动词(go，e，leave，start，arrive等)，可用现在进行时表示将来。Uncle Wang is ing.4现在进行时表示说话人对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等感情色彩，常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用。She is always asking the same question.5现在完成时现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，或者还要延续下去，句中常有since，for，yet，already等表示一段时间的状语。Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.6过去进行时过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的过去某个阶段正在做的事情。He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.7过去完成时(1)表示在过去某个时刻前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，或者从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态。My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.(2)表示希望或打算的动词(如hope，want，expect，think，suppose，plan，mean，intend等)的过去完成时，后接不定式to do时，表示未曾实现的愿望或打算，即“本来希望或打算做某事(但却没做)”。I had planned to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so.(3)用于下列特殊句型中：hardly/scarcely/barely had.done.when.；no sooner had.done.than.。从句中用一般过去时，表示“刚刚就”。Hardly had I opened the door when he told me.It/That/This was the first/second.timethat从句。that从句要用过去完成时态。It was the second time he had been out with her.8过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句中，主句常是一般过去时。He always said that he would study hard at that time.二、被动语态的用法1不知道动作的执行者是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.2当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关注而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.3含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语，间接宾语前则需加介词to或for。The pianist gave the pupils(间接宾语) some advice (直接宾语)The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.4在主动语态句中，动词make，have，let，see，watch，hear，feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都需加上to。The boss made them work ten hours a day.They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.三、注意事项1现在进行时用法注意点(1)状态性动词不用进行时态。(2)进行时态和副词always，forever等连用时，往往带有一定的感情色彩，如赞扬、批评、不满、抱怨等。2过去进行时与一般过去时的区别过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性，着眼于动作的过程；一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过，且已结束，着眼于结果。She was writing a report last night and I dont know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在写)She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚写了，并且写好了)3语态(1)动词sell，write，read等与well，smoothly，easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”、“特点”，用主动表示被动。(2)表示状态特征的连系动词如smell，taste，feel，sound，look，prove等无被动语态，用主动形式表示被动意义。(3)不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：e up，run out，give out等。(4)以被动的形式表主动意义：有些动词devote，surprise，seat，hide，station，dress等，由于能接反身代词，因此，可用被动形式表主动意义。时态答题技巧技巧1熟练掌握常见的固定句型在一些固定句型中，对谓语动词的时态有特别的规定，我们可以把这作为判断时态的一个依据。如下面的常见句型：1This/It/That is the first/second/last.timethat.如主句中动词用is，则that从句中动词用现在完成时；如主句中动词用was，则that从句动词用过去完成时。This is the first time I have visited China.这是我第一次参观中国。It was the first time Id had visitors since Id moved to London.那是我搬到伦敦以后第一次有人来看我。2主句since 从句。在该句型中，主句常用现在完成时，(若主句主语是it或表示时间的词时，还可用一般现在时)，since从句常用一般过去时(偶尔会出现用现在完成时的情况)。Cath hasnt phoned since she went to Berlin.Cath自从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。It is three years since I joined the army.我参军3年了。3It is (high) time that.在that从句中常用动词过去时或should do。Its time that we went to school.到我们上学的时间了。4It be.before.这种结构意为“要时间才”或“在时间以后才”。若be动词用一般过去时，则before从句中常用一般过去时；若be动词用将来时，则before从句中常用一般现在时。It will be a long time before we meet again.要过很久我们才能重逢。It was half a year before I heard from him.半年之后我才收到他的信。5hardly/scarcely.when.；no sooner.than.在这两个句型中，when从句和than从句中常用一般过去时，主句常用过去完成时。意为“一就”。No sooner had I left than he came.他一来我就离开了。6was/were about to do.when.在when从句中常用一般过去时。I was about to leave when he came.我正要离开这时他来了。考题印证The book has been translated into thirty languages since it_on the market in 1973.(xx重庆，24)Ahad e Bhas eCcame Des答案C解析句意为：自从1973年上市以来，这本书已经被翻译成了30种语言。主句是现在完成时，since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，表示动作发生在过去。技巧2利用试题中提供的时间状语确定时态时态往往和一些特定的时间状语连用。如：every., sometimes, at., on Sunday等常和一般现在时连用；.ago, the other day, in xx, last week, just now等常和一般过去时连用；now, at present, at this time等常和现在进行时连用；tomorrow, next week, in 时间段等常和一般将来时连用；by the end of last week, before I went there等常标志着过去完成时。同时要注意，像副词always, forever, constantly等常与进行时连用，表示说话者的赞扬、批评、生气等语气。考题印证Why do you know the pany so well?Oh，I_there for three years.A.worked B.would workC.had worked D.was working答案A解析有些考生认为“for three years”是完成时的标志，于是误选C。其实，过去完成时表示过去某个时间点之前的情况，显然与语境不符，因此正确答案为A。技巧3利用上下文语境推测时态很多试题中没有时间状语，但是我们可以从试题所提供的语言环境或上下文来推测出动作发生的时间或从双方的交谈中“捕捉”到时间点，这就要求学生要有宏观把握句子和分析句子的能力。考题印证Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No.I_the book，so I already knew the story.(xx安徽，28)Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave read答案B解析句意为：你对这部电影的结局惊讶吗？不，我已经读过这本书，早知道结局了。从上下文句意看，应用过去完成时。技巧4利用时态的呼应来把握时态若主句是一般过去时，宾语从句的时态常用与过去相关的时态(表客观事实、科学真理的从句总用一般现在时)；若主句是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态不受主句的限制，可根据需要选用时态。在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，若主句为一般将来时，从句往往用一般现在时表将来，或主句为过去时，则从句也用相对应的过去时。He said that he had helped Tom.他说他已经帮过汤姆了。I think he is ill today.我认为他今天病了。You will fail the test if you dont work hard.如果你学习不努力，你考试会不及格。考题印证If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring，you_fresh watermelon in the fall.(xx浙江，5)Aeat Bwould eatChave eaten Dwill be eating答案D解析句意为：如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么(整个)秋天就会吃上新鲜的西瓜了。因为从句用了一般现在时代替将来时，那么主句就要用一般将来时。因in the fall在此句中意为“在整个秋天”，相当于during the fall，强调了完整的时间段，故用will be eating将来进行时，表示在未来一段时间内一直进行的动作或存在的状态。语态答题技巧技巧1固定搭配法英语中有许多固定短语，如make use of, pay attention to, find fault with, take care of, take advantage of, keep pace with等，在试题中，常把短语中的名词拿出来作句子的主语，剩下的动词作谓语动词，如果能够看出它们构成固定的短语动词，则问题迎刃而解。考题印证The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune_.(xx大纲全国，32)Ais made Bwould makeCwas to be made Dhad made答案C解析句意为：在澳大利亚发现黄金这件事情使成千上万的人相信要发财了。thousands在此处指代成千上万的人，由led的时态可知A项不符合句意；而had made为过去完成时，发生在led动作之前，不符合语境；would make应该为would be made；故只有was to be made正确。技巧2习惯表达法在英语中有一些习惯表达，它们往往用主动形式表被动意义，如need/want/require/deserve doing need/want/require/deserve to be done，be worth doing.等，在平时的学习中，要注意归纳和总结。考题印证Would you please make up a topic worth_in tomorrows conference?Adiscussing Bto be discussedCto discussed Dbeing discussed答案A解析worth作后置定语，修饰the topic；worth后常用doing，主动形式表被动。1Until we have discussed all the details，no decision _ about any new operations.Awill be made Bis madeCis being made Dhas been made答案A解析考查时态。 until引导的时间状语从句中现在完成时表示的是将来的动作，所以，主句用一般将来时。2In the past few years thousands of films _ all over the world.Ahave produced Bhave been producedCare producing Dare being produced答案B解析In the past few years为现在完成时的标志，主语“电影”和谓语动词“produce”为动宾关系，所以用完成时的被动语态。3Sorry.I would have e earlier，but I _that you were waiting.Adidnt know Bhadnt knownCdont know Dhavent known答案A解析考查动词的时态。句意为：对不起，我该早来的，但是我不知道你一直在等我。前半部分用的是虚拟语气，是对过去情况的虚拟，后半部分叙述的是一个事实，意思是当时我不知道你在等，所以用一般过去时。4Wed better take umbrellasIm sure it _ when we arrive in London；its always wet there at this time of year.Awill rain Bis rainingCwill be raining Dwould rain答案C解析考查动词的时态。when引导的是时间状语从句，一般现在时表示的是将来的动作，表示将来某个时间点正在进行的动作，用将来进行时，故选C。5Close the door of fear behind you，and you _ the door of faith open before you.(xx湖南，25)Asaw Bhave seenCwill see Dare seeing答案C解析句意为：关上你身后的惧怕之门，你就会看到信心之门在你面前敞开着。该句为：祈使句and陈述句。根据句意，陈述句谓语应该用一般将来时态。6I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers_before my eyes.(xx新课标全国，33)Aswim BswumCswam Dhad swum答案C解析句意为：整个下午我都在做数学题，众多数字在我眼前晃来晃去。本题中的误导信息是had been working on，这是过去完成进行时态，受其误导易选D项，但是这里应用swam陈述过去的事实，所以选C项。7Youve got your flat furnished，havent you?Yes.I _ some used furniture at the Sunday Market and it was a real bargain.Awill buy Bhave boughtChad bought Dbought答案D解析考查时态。由后面的was可以看出，买二手家具是过去的一个动作，所以用一般过去时。8In the weeks before the Academy Awards ceremony，movie reviewers make predictions about which movies and actors_.Ahave awarded Bwill awardCare awarded Dwill be awarded答案D解析考查时态和语态。由make predictions可以看出，动作还没有发生，所以用将来时，电影和演员是被奖励的，所以用被动语态，故选D。9Look! Somebody_the sofa.Well，it wasnt me.I didnt do it.(xx江西，26)Ais cleaning Bwas cleaningChas cleaned Dhad cleaned答案C解析从后面的回答可以看出事情已经完成了，前面一句是着重谈对现在的影响，用现在完成时态。句意为：看，有人已经清理了沙发。嗯，不是我，我没有做。10Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry，but by then I _ to Beijing.How about five？(xx陕西，24)Afly Bwill flyCwill be flying Dam flying答案C解析考查动词时态。根据问句中的two oclock和答句中的by then可知所填词表示的动作在当时正在进行，用将来进行时，故选C。11It was a pity that when we got to the cinema，the movie _，so we saw only the end of t.Awas finishing Bhas just finishedCjust finished Dhad just finished答案A解析考查时态。由下文的so we saw only the end of it可以看出，我们到的时候电影还没有放完，看到的是结尾，也就是说马上要放映完了，所以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。12She _ volleyball regularly for many years when she was young.Awas playing BplayedChas played Dhad played答案B解析考查时态。由后面的时间状语when she was young来判断，这是客观的叙述过去的一个动作，所以应该用一般过去时。如果忽略了when she was young，仅仅从for many years判断，就会误选C。13Have you seen Tom recently?No.He _ for a software pany overseas.Aworked Bhad workedCis working Dwas working答案C解析考查时态。答语承前省略了标志词recently，所以用现在进行时。14Next month a new road_in that part of the city.Ais built Bwill be builtCwill have built Dis being built答案B解析next month 与一般将来时连用，且句子的主语a new road 与 build之间为被动关系，故B项正确。15You are not allowed to go into the meeting room.A secret plan_there.Ais being discussedBis discussedCwas discussedDis discussing答案A解析句意为：你不被允许进入会议室。一个秘密计划正在被讨论。应用现在进行时的被动语态。