2019-2020年高考英语语法精讲精练精析-主谓一致.doc

2019-2020年高考英语语法精讲精练精析-主谓一致谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这被称为主谓一致。但是如果主语不是单一的，或主语名词的数比较特殊时，其主谓一致一般要根据语法一致遵循三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和邻近一致原则。一、语法一致原则一般来说，语法形式是单数的主语，谓语动词用单数形式；语法形式是复数的主语，谓语动词用复数形式。The number of errors was surprising. 错误之多是惊人的。They often play football on the playground. 他们经常在操场上踢足球。 二、意义一致原则主、谓语的一致不是根据其外部语法形态来决定，而是取决于主语所表达的内在含义。主语形式虽为单数，但在意义上却为复数，谓语动词应采用复数形式；主语形式虽为复数，但在意义上视为单数，谓语动词应采用单数形式。The crowd were fighting for their lives. 这些人正为生存而战斗。Three years in a strange land seems like a long time. 在异乡生活的三年，仿佛是很长的时间。(一)谓语动词为单数的情况 1由and 连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现。The worker and writer is from Wuhan. 那个工人兼作家来自武汉。比较：The worker and the writer are from Beijing. 那位工人和那位作家来自北京。Bread and butter is a daily food in the West. 黄油面包是西方的日常饮食。2every.and (every).，each.and (each)., no.and (no)., many a.and (many a).连接两个单数名词作主语。 Every desk and every chair is made of wood. 桌子和椅子都是木头做的。Many a student has been to Shanghai. 许多学生到过上海。3one / every one / each / either / the numberof 复数名词作主语。 Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位。 Every man and every woman is at work. 每个男人和女人都在工作。 4clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage 等无生命的集合名词作主语。 Clothing is badly needed in this flooded area. 洪水灾区急需衣物。5以“s”结尾的词，但表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称作主语。6表示时间、距离、金钱、等复数名词作主语，表达一个整体概念时。 Twenty years has passed since he left his hometown. 他离开家乡已经二十年了。7由any， some， no和one, thing, body等所构成的不定代词作主语。 8非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语。 Collecting stamps is what he likes. 他很喜欢集邮。9单数名词、抽象名词、物质名词作主语。(二)谓语动词为复数的情况 1由and 连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念。 Both bread and butter are sold out. 面包和黄油都已卖完了。2people, police, cattle 等有生命的集体名词作主语。 The police are looking for the missing child. 警察正在寻找失踪的孩子。3goods, stairs, arms 等名词作主语。 4由山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等“s”结尾的专有名词作主语。 The Olympic Games are held once every four years. 奥运会每四年举办一次。5a number of / quantities of / a group of 名词作主语。(三)谓语动词单、复数视情况而定1class, family, army, team, club, population, enemy, party, crowd, crew, audience, public, government等集体名词作主语。强调整体用单数，指各个成员用复数。His family is a great one. / His family are music lovers. 他有个大家庭。/ 他的家人都喜欢音乐。2means (方法), works (工厂), pains (辛苦), series (系列), species (物种)等词，根据主语表达的概念而定。Not every means is useful. / Not all means are useful. 并非每种方法都有效。/并非所有的方法都有效。3all, none, some, any 等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定。All are present. / All the food tastes good. 所有人都在场。/这些东西尝起来都很好。4“half / most / enough / part / the rest / the last / lots / plenty /分数/ 百分数 of 名词”作主语， 谓语动词要和of之后的名词的单复数保持一致。Half of the students have finished their position. / Half of the apple is bad. 一半学生完成了作文。/这苹果一半都坏了。三、就近原则 谓语动词根据和它最邻近的名词或代词或其他词的数的形式来决定其自身的数的形式。1由or, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常和靠近的作主语的名词单复数上保持一致。 Not only he but also I am invited. 我和他都受邀请了。Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it. 学生和老师都对此一无所知。但注意“with / along with / together with / including / but / except / like / among / as well as / no more than / besides / rather than 名词”置于主语后，谓语和前面的名词在单复数上保持一致。The teacher with a number of students is in the classroom. 学生们和一位老师在教室呢。2在由there或here引起的句子及倒装句中。There is a pen and two books on the desk. 桌子上有一支笔和两本书。There are two books, some paper and a pen on the desk. 桌子上有两本书，一些纸和一支钢笔。四、其他注意事项肯定与否定一致：下列形容词、副词、代词从肯定句变成否定句时须作相应的变化。Weve had some (money). We havent had any (money)I was talking to someone. I wasnt talking to anyone.They sometimes visit us. They rarely (never, seldom) visit us.He has arrived already. He hasnt arrived yet.Li is ing too. Li isnt ing either.Both of us are going. Neither of us are going.He likes both of them. He doesnt like either of them.so / neither助动词名词/代词结构中须用倒装语序。My wife likes classical music very much and so do I.She doesnt like jazz and neither do I.分析近五年来的高考题可以发现，高考对主谓一致的考查几乎每年都有所涉及，但题量不大，其因为是这项语法用法比较固定、单纯，要理清主谓一致的“三大原则”，记住这些用法就能很好地把这项语法学会；当然高考命题多以特殊点为切入点，要注意三大原则里边的一些变化。尤其注意：主语从句作主语时谓语的确定；主语as well as, with, together with, along with, rather than, but, except, besides等词时的主谓一致；定语从句中谓语动词的数与定语从句所修饰的名词或代词的数保持一致。【xx安徽卷）27】The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _ saved for other purposes.A. is B. are C. was D. were 【答案】D【考点】考查主谓一致和时态。【解析】定语从句中先行词是the raw materials，故定语从句应与先行词数的一致，用复数，上文时态为过去式，故选D。句意为：工厂用了这种原材料的65%，剩余部分节省出来作他用。【xx湖南卷)26】One third of the country _covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_black people. A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is【答案】A【考点】考查主谓一致。【解析】整个国家为整体，三分之一的部分当然也应用单数；而the majority of citizens主要指人，是可数名词，此时的谓语动词用复数，表示“大多数，大部分”。10全国Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _ evening dress.A.wear B.wears C.has worn D.have worn答案B考点考查主谓一致和时态。解析首先the only one of .为先行词时, 定语从句修饰的是one, 即one是主语, 而非后面的复数women, 根据主谓一致的原则, 谓语动词应该用复数, 排除A, D。另外, 从 “is”可以看出句子是要表示一种习惯, 因此要用一般现在时, 排除C, 故选A10湖南Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers.A. is B. are C. has D. have答案C考点主谓一致解析根据动名词短语作主语, 句子的谓语动词用单数形式, 由此排除B、D两项, 根据主语与caused的主动关系, 排除A项10四川Such poets as Shakespeare widely read, of whose works, however, some difficult to understand. A. are；are B. is；is C. are；is D. is：are答案A考点考查主谓一致。解析主句中的主语应为poets, 谓语动词用复数, 其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为some of whose works, 谓语动词也应是复数。故选A。09山东The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since1990. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been 答案C考点本题考查主谓一致和时态。解析主语是 the number故谓语动词用单数, 又因时间状语是since 1997所以用完成时态。09四川The teacher together with the students _ discussing Reading Skills that _ newly published in America. A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was D. is; was 答案B考点考查主谓一致。解析A together with B作主语时谓语动词与A的单复数保持一致；第二空为定语从句that指代Reading Skills, 由于Reading Skills是书名所以谓语动词用单数。 09湖南Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.A. are B. is C. have D. be答案B考点主谓一致的用法。解析Either or. 连接两个主语, 按就近原则来确定谓语的单复数。One of your students 谓语应用单数形式。09陕西Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, visit Beijing this summer.A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to答案A考点考查动词时态和主谓一致。解析主语中心词是Dr. Smith, 表单数, 谓语动词用单数形式；时间状语是this summer, 表计划性的将来, 故时态用一般将来时, 选A。09江西According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer _ a woman. A. than B. such C. so D. as 答案D考点本题考查比较级的结构。解析as . as , 注意句中的more than 只是修饰twice。09辽宁Peters jacket looked just the same as Jacks, but it cost his. A. as much twice as B. twice as much as C. much as twice as D. as twice much as 答案B考点考查as-as同级比较前的修饰语位置。解析twice应该放在第一个as之前, 选B符合。08陕西Did you go to the show last night?Yeah.Every boy and girl in the areainvited.A.were B.have been C.has been D.was答案D考点本题考查主谓一致。解析主语是every boy and girl, 表示单数概念, 故谓语动词用单数, 且询问昨晚的情况, 有明确的过去时间, 所以应选择was。07江西A survey of the opinions of expertsthat three hours of outdoor exercise a week good for ones health.A.show; are B.shows; is C.show; is D.shows; are答案B考点本题考查主谓一致。解析由a survey可知第一个空用shows, 首先排除A、C两项；第二个空前的时间three hours of outdoor exercise a week表示抽象概念, 看作单数, 故其谓语动词用单数形式。07湖南We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeksso small that a day is unimportant.A.is B.are C.has been D.have been答案A考点本题考查主谓一致。解析句意为:几天和几周的时间是如此的渺小, 以致于一天根本微不足道。本句用来陈述事实, 用一般现在时态；空白处所在句子的主语是the time, 谓语动词应用单数形式。07陕西As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area.A.need repairingB.needs to repairC.needs repairingD.need to repair答案A考点本题考查主谓一致和非谓语动词。解析分数、百分数修饰名词, 谓语动词的单复数取决于名词, 此处two-thirds修饰buildings, 故谓语动词取决于名词复数buildings , 排除B、C两项, need doing=need to be done意为 “需要被做”。07上海A survey of the opinions of experts that three hours of outdoor exercise a week good for ones health. A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are答案B考点本题考查主谓一致。解析由a survey可知第一个空用shows, 首先排除A、C两项；第二个空前的时间three hours of outdoor exercise a week表示抽象概念, 看作单数, 故其谓语动词用单数形式。07浙江Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _ yet. A. hasnt been decided B. havent decided C. isnt being decided D. arent decided答案A考点本题考查主谓一致及动词的时态。解析根据句意, 此处应用被动语态, 不用主动语态, 故排除B；又因为when and where表示单数意义, 故排除D；再根据句末的yet可知, 最好用现在完成时, 故选A最佳。07浙江It is reported that the floods have left aboutpeople homeless.A.two thousandB.two-thousandsC.two thousandsD.two thousands of答案A考点本题考查数词的用法。解析hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score等指具体数字时, 不用复数形式；指大约数字时, 常用复数形式。如：one hundred, two thousand, three million, hundreds/thousands/millions/billions/dozens/scores of。06北京She went to the bookstore and bought.A.dozen booksB.dozens booksC.dozen of booksD.dozens of books答案D考点本题考查dozen的用法。解析dozen意为 “一打, 十二个”, 与数词连用时要用单数形式。与of连用时要用复数形式。dozens of意为 “若干, 许许多多”。dozen与数词或many, several连用时其后不加s；dozen前有基数词表示确切数字时, 其后一般不与of连用。06浙江The pany had about 20 notebook puters but only one-thirdused regularly.Now we have 60 working all day long.A.is B.are C.was D.were答案D考点本题考查主谓一致及动词的时态。解析当分数、百分数作主语时, 要根据其后面的名词来决定其谓语动词的单复数。此处one-third应是one-third of the notebook puters的省略形式, 因此谓语动词用复数, 且句子的时态用了过去时, 所以D项正确。06安徽Most of what has been said about the Smithsalso true of the Johnsons.A.are B.is C.being D.to be答案B考点此题考查主谓一致的用法。解析名词性从句作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。另外句中be true of意为 “对也适应”。06江苏A poet and artist ing to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.A.is B.are C.was D.were答案A考点此题考查主谓一致的用法。解析由时间状语 “tomorrow afternoon”判断, 此处应用现在进行时表将来, 故排除C、D两项。 “a poet and artist”指一位诗人兼画家, 谓语动词用单数, 故选A项。06辽宁The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going答案C考点此题考查主谓一致的用法。解析从语法讲解的角度来看, 主语The father是单数概念, 尽管后面跟有as well as his three children,谓语动词仍要用单数形式。every Sunday afternoon in winter暗示该空表示经常性、习惯性动作, 因此应用一般现在时。从命题方式的角度看, 此题学生易弄混淆主语为his three children而出错, 在主语后添加his three children容易误导学生对主语的判断。模拟试题探究1(xx浙江慈溪中学月考)The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as _ its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans. Ahas Bdo Cis Dare【答案与解析】Das后引导的句子主语为“its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans”故须用复数，又因as前的句子用的是动词is，可以推出应用一般现在时。2(xx河南驻马店高中摸底考试)Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Aare Bis Chave Dbe【答案与解析】Beither.or.句型中动词单复数形式采取就近原则。 3(xx湖南浏阳一中月考)Several department stores, including the one we usually go to, _ sidewalk sales this week.Lets go and have a look.Ais having Bare havingChas Dhave had【答案与解析】Bincluding the one we usually go to 是插入语，句子真正的主语为several department stores, 故动词应用复数形式，且对话时态为一般现在时。4(xx江西九江一中月考)Butter and bread _ their daily food, but the bread and the butter _ up now.Ais; is eatenBare; have been eatenCare; are eatenDis; have been eaten【答案与解析】D句子前半句将butter and bread 看做一个整体，意为“黄油面包”，故第1空用is；后半句由于bread与butter前均加了定冠词the，故应看做两个个体，且由后文up now的提示，应用一般完成时。5(xx辽宁抚顺一中月考)An average of 200 letters a week _ received by the newspapers offer. Such _ the case with us at present.Aare; is Bhas been; has been Chave been; is Dis; ar【答案与解析】A第1句的主语为an average of 200 letters，故谓语动词用复数形式；第2句中such指代的是每周平均收到200封信这个事实，故谓语动词应用单数形式。且文中时态并没有过去时作为参照，故应用一般现在时。6(xx江苏扬州中学月考)Britain _ many other industrialized countries, _ major changes over the last 100 years. Atogether with; have experienced Bas well as; have experiencedCin mon with; has experiencedDinstead of; has experienced【答案与解析】Cin mon with“和一样”，与其后的名词是插入语，真正的主语为Britain, 故其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。together with与as well as虽意义也符合，但和in mon with一样，也只能作插入语，所以其后的谓语动词也应用单数形式，故排除A、B两项，D项instead of 与题意不符。7(xx吉林实验中学一模)We all feel it is Jack as well as his wife that _ for their sons bad behaviour at school. Aare to blame Bis to be blamed Care to be blamed Dis to blame【答案与解析】Dthat引导主语从句，指代上文中的主语，而前半句的实际为Jack as well as his wife为插入语，故谓语动词用单数形式，而blame用法为主动形式表被动含义。8(xx吉林东北师大附中摸底)Wed like a double room, please.Im sorry, but all but two single rooms with sea view _.Ahave been reservedBhas been reservedCwere reserved Dhas reserved【答案与解析】A答句的主语为all指代rooms，故谓语动词应用复数形式，且all与reserve之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态。 9(xx江西师大附中月考)So far a series of problems _ brought about by this decision.Ahave Bhas Chave been Dhas been【答案与解析】D由于problems前加了a series of，故主语为单数，谓语动词应用单数形式，由于bring与the decision之间为动宾关系。10(xx山西太原五中月考)The sheep farmer used their dog to _ the cattle that _ eating the grass here and there.Adrive up; was Bpick up; wereCround up; was Dround up; were【答案与解析】Ddrive up “使上升”； pick up “拿起；取”； round up “把聚拢起来”；根据题意可以排除A、B两项。由于the cattle为集体名词，故第2空谓语动词应用复数形式。11(xx江西九江六校一联)WHO, together with the medical workers in the different parts of the world, _ trying to find a way to prevent the disease H1N1 from _.Ais; spreading Bare; spreading Care; spread Dis; spread【答案与解析】Atogether with与其后的名词作为插入语，故真正的主语为WHO, 故谓语动词应用单数形式，prevent sb from doing sth为固定搭配。 12(xx湖南长郡中学月考)The number of children who have lost both parents to Aids _ to rise, reaching more than 26 million in xx.Aare expected Bexpect Cis expected Dexpects【答案与解析】C句子的主语为the number of children，故谓语动词应用单数形式。the number of children与expect为动宾关系，故选C项。13(xx天津耀华中学月考)All possible means _， but we cant persuade him to change his mind. A.has tried Bhas been tried Chave tried Dhave been tried【答案与解析】D句子的主语为all possible means，故谓语动词用复数形式，且means与try之间为动宾关系，故选D项。14(xx山东实验中学诊断性测试)A certain number of tourists _ plaining about the high acmodation price during the last month.Ais BAre Chas been Dhave been【答案与解析】D句子的主语是tourists, a certain number of 只是一个定语，故谓语动词用复数形式，由下半句during last month的提示，应用现在完成时。15(xx浙江杭州学军中学期中考试)If you think there _ huge quantities of oil for the use of drivers, you are wrong.Ais Bare Chas Dhave【答案与解析】Bthere be 句型中，be 动词是单数还是复数取决于其后所跟名词时单数还是复数，本题中划线后所跟名词为huge quantities of oil，为复数，故选B项。