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Period Four Grammar：The Attributive Clause,定语从句 .引导定语从句的关系词,1引导定语从句的常用关系词的用法,There are occasions when(on which) one has to yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born. 北京是我出生的地方。,2定语从句中关系词的选用 方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动 词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动 词，要用关系副词。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年待过的山村。 The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father. 昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。,方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主、 宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 关系词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，应用关系代词 (who，whom，that，which，whose)；关系词在从句中作状 语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，when作时间状语， why作原因状语)。,3that和which引导的定语从句的区别 that和which都是关系代词，都可在从句中作主语或宾语， 但两者存在着不同：,We should do everything that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。 When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes into our mind is the West Lake.我们谈论杭州时，首先想到的是西湖。 This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.这是目前发现的世界上最小的计算机。,【单项填空】 The old town has narrow streets and small houses_are built close to each other. Athey Bwhere Cwhat Dthat 解析 考查定语从句。句意：这个古老的小镇拥有建造得彼 此靠得很近的狭窄街道和小房子。先行词是narrow streets and small houses，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that。 A和C不能引导定语从句；B是关系副词，不能作主语。,D,The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. Awhen Bthat Cwhere Dwhich 解析 考查定语从句的用法。句意：体力是谋生的唯一所需 的时代一去不复返了。先行词为the days，将其代入定语从 句后为：On the days physical strength was all.由此可见先 行词在定语从句中作时问状语，故用when引导。本题先行 词与定语从句隔开，构成了“分割性定语从句”，增加了试 题难度。,A,.“介词关系代词”的用法 1“介词关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法。 (1)根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。 The witness to whom the policemen referred was killed last night. 警察所提到的那个目击证人昨晚被杀了。(refer to提到) (2)根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。 I dont know the reason for which he was late for school. 我不知道他为何上学迟到。 (3)根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。,2“介词关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或 whom，不用that。 Ill never forget the day on which I joined the army. 我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。 This is the pencil with which I draw pictures. 这是我画画用的那支铅笔。 3关系副词where，when，why可替换成“介词 which”，介词取决于先行词及介词which在从句中的作 用。why可替换为for which。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这就是两年前我居住的那个房子。,4“不定代词或数词十介词 which/whom”引导的定语从 句说明整体中的部分。 Last week, only two people came to look at the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it. 上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。 5“the名词of which”可替换“whose名词”，引导定语从句。 The house，the windows of which were damaged，has now been repaired.窗子遭破坏的那所房子现在已经修好了。,【单项填空】 She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction_had taken more than three years. Afor which Bwith which Cof which Dto which 解析 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她带领游客参观了这 个博物馆，建设这个博物馆花了三年多的时间。由于本题中 两个分句之问既没有从属连词，又没有并列连词，所以此处 应该是一个限制性定语从句，其中先行词是the museum， construction和museum之间具有所属关系，所以应该用介词 of，故答案为C项。,C,.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别如下：,【单项填空】 I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends， _ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. Awhich Bwhere Cwho Dthat 解析 考查定语从句。句意：我和朋友们一起登上山顶，从 山顶上我们欣赏了湖光美景。本句中没有并列连词也没有从 属连词，故判断逗号后为非限制性定语从句。先行词为the top of the hill，还原到从句后为：on the top of the hill we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake，由此可见先行词在从句 中作地点状语，故选B项。,B,.as/which引导的非限制性定语从句,As we all know，smoking is harmful to health. 我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。 He finished the task ahead of time，which is very important to us.他提前完成了任务，这对我们很重要。,【单项填空】 Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others，_，of course, made all the others upset. Awho Bwhich Cwhat Dthat 解析 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：玛丽对杰克要比对其 他人友好得多，当然，这使得其他人都不太高兴。分析句子 结构和句意可知空格处应该引导一个非限制性的定语从句， 故排除C、D两项；空格处的关系词用来指代前面整个句子 内容，作made的主语，所以排除A项，选B项。,B,英语中的对称结构 先看下面利用对称结构分析法巧解对称结构题。 1English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it? Yes._more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate. AKnow BKnowing CTo know DKnown 解析 因为第二个and后面是一个句子，所以前面也必定是 一个句子，但前面这个句子没有主语，只能选用动词原形， 构成一个祈使句，因此，正确答案是A。,A,2On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market，_some bananas and visited her cousin. Abought Bbuying Cto buy Dbuy 解析 因为and后面是过去式visited，前面也必定是动词的 过去式，所以正确答案是A。,A,英语中对称结构做题出错的情况有以下几种： 一、关联词前后的不对称 并列连词(and，but，as well as，or)及复合并列连词( not only.but also，neither.nor.，either.or.，both.and.)连 接的应是两个结构相等的成分两个对等的名词、谓语形式 或非谓语形式。 1误：I like her not because she is beautiful but that she is kind. 正：I like her not because she is beautiful but because she is kind. 2误：One of the articles is interesting, informative and it is easy to read. 正：One of the articles is interesting, informative and easy to read.,3误：Bob has sat at the table for a couple of hours and drank considerably more wine than is good for his health. 正：Bob has sat at the table for a couple of hours and drunk considerably more wine than is good for his health. 4误：The high school graduate, if he is eighteen or nineteen, has these alternatives: attending college, finding a job, or the army. 正：The high school graduate, if he is eighteen or nineteen, has these alternatives: attending college, finding a job, or joining/entering the army.,5误：Sitting up late last night, Tom not only read the assignment but also many poems by one of his favorite poets. 正：Sitting up late last night, Tom read not only the assignment but also many poems by one of his favorite poets. 6误：Water both flows over and through porous soil. 正：Water flows both over and through porous soil.,7误：I was advised to either telephone or to write to the hotel. 正：I was advised either to telephone or to write to the hotel. 8误：We wondered whether to believe him or should we try to verify his story. 正：We wondered whether to believe him or to try to verify his story.,二、语法结构的不对称 有些句子带有一系列修饰性的词或短语，如果这些词或短语 在句子中起相同的语法作用，那么他们就应该属于相同的词 性，如形容词、动词或副词，或属于相同的语法结构。而有 些句子中相应的语法结构不对称，主要是混用了不定式(to do)与动名词( doing)。 1误：He was young, strong, and feeling happy.(表语结构 不对称) 正：He was young, strong and happy. 2误：He sings, dances, and playing the guitar.(谓语结构不 对称) 正：He sings, dances and plays the guitar.,3误：You can go to Beijing by land, taking a plane or a ship.(状语结构不对称) 正：You can go to Beijing by land, by air or by sea. 4误：He likes to swim, to jog, and playing tennis.(宾语结构 不对称) 正：He likes to swim, to jog, and to play tennis. /He likes swimming, jogging, and playing tennis. 5误：To speak to a friend is easier than speaking to a stranger.(主语结构不对称) 正：To speak to a friend is easier than to speak to a stranger./Speaking to a friend is easier than speaking to a stranger.,三、与“比较”相关的不对称 有些句子中的对称结构错误是由于比较句型不完整，或比较 的事物不一致，或由于未能正确使用双重比较而引起的。 1误：The living standard in Hong Kong is higher than Chinese mainland. 正：The living standard in Hong Kong is higher than that in Chinese mainland. 2误：The paintings of Van Gogh are perhaps better known than Cezanne. 正：The paintings of Van Gogh are perhaps better known than those of Cezanne.,3误：The Yangtze is longer than any river in China. 正：The Yangtze is longer than any other river in China./The Yangtze is longer than any of the other rivers in China. 4误：My handwriting is much better than anyone else in our class. 正：My handwriting is much better than anyone elses in our class. 5误：He runs as fast but not faster than his brother. 正：He runs as fast as but not faster than his brother.,四、介词的漏用 误：The emperor cared more for new clothes than anything else. 正：The emperor cared more for new clothes than for anything else. 析：本句所比较的部分是短词动词，than之后应重复和动词 搭配的介词。,
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