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111Grammar and usage Introduction to non-restrictive attributive clausesStep 1: non-restrictive attributive clauseA non-restrictive attributive clause is used to add extra information to the main clause of a sentence. Lets see the formation of a non-restrictive attributive clause the occasion to use it.1. Please read the five example sentences in Point 1 to find the similarities and the differences between the restrictive attributive clause and the non-restrictive attributive clause. For reference:These two kinds of attributive clauses are both used after a noun. But the non-restrictive clause is used to add extra information to the sentence, and there is usually a comma between the antecedent and the clause. The non-restrictive clause can be omitted without causing any confusion. But for a restrictive attributive clause, if it is omitted, the meaning of the whole sentence will not be so clear. For example, in the sentence We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions, the clause from whom we could expect good decisions cant be omitted. If it is omitted, we dont know what the sentence means.2. Please read the Tip box in this part and note that the relative pronoun that cant be used to introduce anon-restrictive attributive clause. 3. Please read the example sentence in Point 2 and tell me what which refers to in this sentence. (Sometimes a non-restrictive attributive clause introduced by which can be used to refer to the whole main clause.)4. After reading the two example sentences in Point 3, you will know a non-restrictive attributive clause introduced by all / some of which / whom can express a complete or partial quantity. Here which refers to the antecedent different types of exercises in the first sentence, and whom refers to the antecedent many people in the second sentence.Here are more sentences for you to compare:The dress, which you can get at any shop, is popular this spring.The dress which you want can be found at any shop.In the first sentence, the clause which you can get at any shop gives extra information. It tells you where you can get the dress. In the second sentence, the clause tells us that the dress is just what you want, not anyone else.She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before.She introduced me to the man who is her husband. In the first sentence, we can know who she introduced. The clause just tells us that this was thefirst time I met her husband. In the second sentence, the clause tells us who the man is. His sister, who is studying in England, will be back this summer.His sister who is studying in England will be back this summer. The first sentence tells us that he has a sister and she is now studying in England and will beback this summer, while the second sentence tells us that maybe he has more than one sister and oneof them is now studying in England and will be back this summer. The books, in which there are beautiful pictures, are for children.The books in which there are beautiful pictures are for children. In the first sentence, we know the books are all for children and they have beautiful pictures inthem. In the second sentence, we know only the books with beautiful pictures are for children, whilethe books without beautiful pictures are not for children.5. More examples1) All the magazines here which have beautiful pictures in them were written by him. 2) All the magazines here, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.3) This is the place where I lived ten years ago.4) She is going to spend the winter holiday in Macao, which returned to China in 1999.5) I have a sister who works in a hospital.6) I have a sister, who works in a hospital.7) Tom sold his house which was in downtown. 8) Tom sold his house, which made his father very angry.9) Romeo and Juliet, which was written by Shakespeare, is popular all over the world.10) At the Barcelona Olympic Games the Chinese team got 16 gold medals, 12 of which / of which 12 were won by women.11) There are 54 students in my class, three of which/ of which three come from US.12) The professor has two sons, both of whom are teaching in the same university.13) New York is famous for its skyscrapers, the highest of which has more than 100 storeys.14) As we all know, he studies very hard. 15) As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. 相关高考试题：（2004浙江）Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place. A. when B. where C. what D. which解析： 首先识别本题考查非限制性定语从句，先行词是that evening，虽然是时间名词，但代替其含义的关系词需在定语从句中做tell you about的宾语，所以使用关系代词which答案：D6. Deal with Parts A and B on pages 48 and 49.Answers: A 1. Li Dong, who is Chinese, donated more than half of his liver to Amy to save her life.2. The doctors at the hospital, where Amy spent about two months, tried their best to save Amy. / The doctor at the hospital tried their best to save Amy, who spent two months there.3. Amy eats lots of fruit and vegetables, which are good for her health.4. Amy sometimes goes for a walk in the afternoon, when it is fine and warm.5. My uncle, whom I told you about yesterday/about whom I told you yesterday, is an engineer and is working in Beijing.6. Mike, whose hobby is traveling, has decided to visit the Great Wall next month.B. (1) who (2) where (3) which (4) which (5) which (6) which (7) whose (8)when (9) who (10) who7. Finish Part C1 on page 96 in Workbook, so you may have a chance to distinguish between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.Answers:*If you take a walk around the city, you will find some teenagers who are overweight.*You might often see overweight boys and girls, which means that young peoples weight has become a big problem.*I think there are two main reasons why so many boys and girls are overweight.*Some teenagers, who like to play computer games or watch TV in their free time, dont take enough exercise.*Some other teenagers like eating in fast-food restaurants, which you can see everywhere in our city.*So there is a Keep Fit Summer Camp in our city, where the overweight teenagers can take enough exercise and have a healthy diet.Step 2: Question tags1. Read the guidelines at the beginning of this part to discover in what situations question tags are used. Question tags are often usedto start a conversation. For example, we may begin a conversation with Its a lovely day, isnt it?to request information in a more polite way. e.g. Neither of you has heard the news, have you?to soften an order or a request. e.g. Pass the plate on the table to me, will you?to ask for agreement or confirmation. When we expect the other person to agree with what we are saying, we use a falling intonation at the end of the sentence. When we ask about something we are not sure about, we use a rising intonation at the end of the sentence. Take Youre a high school student, arent you? for example. If we use a falling tone at the end of the sentence, we are sure about what we are saying. If we use a rising tone, we are not sure and want to know whether youre a high school student or not. 2. Read the five points in this part to learn about different ways to form question tags.3.Generally speaking, after negative statements, the ordinary interrogative is used, while after affirmative statements, the negative interrogative is used. And we use auxiliary verbs, modal verbs or be in their proper forms to form a question tag. For example,You didnt see him at the party, did you?Ann was there, wasnt she?Mary cant swim, can she?Peter often helps the old man, doesnt he?Note: Im late, arent I?When the main clause of the sentence begins with I think/ suppose/ guess and is followed by an object clause introduced by that, the question tag is like this:I think everyone will be interested in these after school activities, wont they?I guess they havent heard about our plan, have they?I dont think John went back home early last night, did he?Note the question tag in sentences with s or d. For example,Youd watch the football match rather than go to the party, wouldnt you?Hed written to you before you phoned, hadnt he?Hes a very good teacher, isnt he?Shes been in hospital for two weeks, hasnt she?4. 反意疑问句 反意疑问句是疑问句的一种，基本结构是“陈述句+简略问句”。（1）肯定陈述句+ 否定问句 （2） 否定陈述句+ 肯定问句注意：陈述句中含有否定词never, no , none, nobody, no one, nothing, few, little(几乎没有),seldom, barely, scarcely等时, 简略问句用肯定形式。陈述句中只是有带否定前缀（im- , un-, il-, dis-）或后缀（-less）的词时，简略问句仍用否定形式。e.g.:You still go to the gym every day, dont you?She has been to the Great Wall three times, hasnt she? Nobody has heard from his, have they? Neither of them can speak French, can they? Seldom does he have lunch at school, does he? Hes unable to finish his homework on his own, isnt he? Your father dislike noisy music , doesnt he? 5. 相关链接：(1)一般情况下， 当陈述句部分是主从复合句时，简略问句的主语和谓语动词与主句的主语和谓语动词一致。(2)当陈述句部分属于否定前移情况时，简略问句的主语和谓语与从句的主谓语一致，而且要把否定考虑在内。(3)对“否定陈述句+ 肯定句”回答时，注意其形式和汉语意译。-He doesnt like talking too much , does he? -Yes, he does. (不，他喜欢。)-No, he doesnt. (是的，他不喜欢。)-I dont believe you are serious in your studies, are you? Yes, I am.（不，我认真。） No, I am not. (是的，我不认真。)(4)祈使句加简略问句，表示请求。常为以下几种情况：肯定/否定祈使句+ will you ?Let us , will you? Lets , shall we? Let me, shall I ?6. Now lets deal with Parts A and B in Question tags on page 51. 高考试题赏析（2002上海）Mrs. Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera, _?A. is she B. isnt she C. doesnt she D. does she解析：该题考查反意疑问句，按照前否后肯的原则，应是does she。答案：DAnswers:A. (1) dont you (2) isnt he (3) does he (4) doesnt she (5) arent they (6) can you (7) dont they (8) cant youB. (2) You have completely recovered, havent you?(3) You thought you were going to die, didnt you?(4) You never thought you would be saved by a stranger in China, did you?(5) Its dangerous to take weight-loss pills, isnt it? (6) There is nothing more important than good health, is there?7. Do with Part C2 on page 96 in Workbook. (It can be assigned as homework.)Answers:1. has she 2. didnt they 3. are there 4. hasnt he 5. does she 6. wont they7. did they 8. could he 9. shall we 10. will you111
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